Streamline strip element method for analysis of the three‐dimensional stresses and deformations of strip rolling

This paper puts forward a new method—the streamline strip element method (SSEM) for simulating the three‐dimensional stresses and deformations of strip rolling process. The rolling deformation zone is divided into a number of streamline strip elements along metal flow traces, and the streamline strip elements are mapped onto the corresponding rectangle strip elements for computation. The longitudinal distribution model of the metal lateral displacement is constructed to be a quartic plus cubic curve. The three‐dimensional deformations and stresses of the deformation zone are formulated. For the cold strip rolling on a 300 mm wide four‐high mill, the computed results of the transverse distributions of the rolling pressure and the front and back tension stresses are close to the experimental ones. For the cold strip rolling on a 1850 mm wide six‐high CVC mill, the computed results of the transverse distributions of the front tension stress are also close to the experimental ones. This proves that the streamline strip element is a reliable engineering–computation method, and of great importance to developing the mathematical model of the shape control of strip rolling. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

电动汽车参与风电场输出功率波动平抑方法研究

由于风电固有的随机性与间歇性,使得风电场输出功率往往具有较大的波动。然而考虑到储能装置的昂贵成本,单独为风电场配置储能装置不利于其经济运行。为此,文中针对考虑电动汽车参与的风电场输出功率波动平抑方法进行了研究。根据国家标准中风电“有功功率变化”的要求,通过爬坡率概念来描述风电场输出功率变化率。采用鲁棒优化的方法处理风电出力的不确定性,建立风电机组和电动汽车协调控制的双层优化模型：上层模型决策者是风电场,以风电场售电收益最大化为目标函数;下层模型决策者是电动汽车车主,以电动汽车电费支出成本最小化为目标函数。通过线性规划对偶定理和Karush-KuhnTucker（KKT）最优性条件将此鲁棒优化模型转化为混合整数线性规划问题进行求解。最后,通过仿真结果验证了所提模型和方法的有效性。     

Production scheduling optimization algorithm for the hot rolling processes

The hot rolling production scheduling problem is an extremely difficult and time-consuming process, so it is quite difficult to achieve an optimal solution with traditional optimization methods owing to the high computational complexity. To ensure the feasibility of solutions and improve the efficiency of the scheduling, this paper proposes a vehicle routing problem (VRP) to model the problem and develops an easily implemented hybrid approach (QPSO-SA) to solve the problem. In the hybrid approach, quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) combines local search and global search to search the optimal results and simulated annealing (SA) employs certain probability to avoid getting into a local optimum. The computational results from actual production data have shown that the proposed model and algorithm are feasible and effective for the hot rolling scheduling problem.     

Integrating reliability optimization into chemical process synthesis

The growing need to achieve high availability for large integrated chemical process systems demands higher levels of system reliability at the operational stage. In these circumstances, it has become critical to consider the reliability aspects of a system and its components at the design stage. Traditional reliability/availability analysis methods and maintenance optimization frameworks, commonly applied at the design stage, are limited in their application, as in most of these methods the designer is required to specify the process system components, their connectivity and their reliabilities a priori. As a result, these traditional methods do not provide the flexibility to reconfigure a process or select initial reliabilities of equipment in a way that maximizes the inherent plant availability at the design stage. In this paper, we developed an optimization framework by combining the reliability optimization and process synthesis challenges and the combined optimization problem is posed as a mixed integer non-linear programming optimization problem. The proposed optimization framework features an expected profit objective function, which takes into account the trade-off between initial capital investment and the annual operational costs by supporting appropriate estimation of revenues, investment cost, raw material and utilities cost, and maintenance cost as a function of the system and its component availability. The effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed optimization framework is demonstrated for the synthesis of the hydrodealkylation process (HDA) process.     

Transverse Distributions of Front and Back Tension Stresses in Cold Strip Rolling

In this paper,such a new lateral displacement function is proposed that the lateral flow velocity is con-tinuous at the entry and the exit of deformation zone.A new kind of finite strip method—the third powerB-spline finite strip method—is put forward to simulate strip rolling process.Front and back tension stressesare formulated.The computed results of the transverse distributions of the front and back tension stresses areclose to the experimental results.The paper lays a foundation for further analysing the three-dimensionalstresses and deformations of strip rolling.     

基于粒子群算法优化支持向量机的铝热连轧机轧制力预报

为了提高热轧带材的轧制力预报精度,提出了粒子群算法和支持向量机结合的方法来预报轧制力。根据轧制原理用支持向量机建立轧制力预报的模型,通过粒子群算法优化支持向量机参数来提高预报精度。为了进一步提高轧制力预报精度,还提出了支持向量机网络与数学模型相结合的方法,对某“1+4”铝热连轧厂现场采集的5052铝合金轧制数据进行离线仿真,仿真结果可以看出支持向量机网络与数学模型结合的方法预报轧制力,提高了轧制力预报速度并使其轧制力预报精度控制在7%以内。     

铝热连轧尾部跑偏控制模型及其仿真

跑偏是铝板带在强压变形下宽度方向逐渐失去横向对称性,中心线偏离并急剧扩大的横向失稳演变过程．跑偏会引起铝带拉断、卷取时不对中、工作辊损伤等,跑偏严重时还会引发安全事故,造成停产．在板带轧制过程中,轧件尾部由于缺少张力控制,容易产生跑偏．针对轧件跑偏,采用回归分析方法,建立轧制力差和跑偏量之间的线性回归模型,得到稳定轧制的轧制力差区间．对于偏离稳定轧制力差区间的轧制过程,给出调整轧机两侧辊缝差进行纠偏的调整模型．通过对工业现场工艺条件和运行数据分析,轧件尾部跑偏以F3,F4机架跑偏较为严重,利用MATLAB软件对F3,F4机架尾部进行仿真,验证跑偏模型的准确性．     

FINITE ELEMENT SOLUTION OF A MODEL FREE SURFACE PROBLEM BY THE OPTIMAL SHAPE DESIGN APPROACH

Optimal shape design approach is applied to numerical computation of a model potential free boundary value problem. The problem is discretized using the finite element method. To test the approach the problem is formulated in both velocity potential and stream function formulation and four different finite element discretizations are used. Associated minimization problem is solved using the quasi-Newton method. Gradient of the cost function is computed by solving the algebraic adjoint equation. Gravity and surface tension forces are included in the model. Viability of the method is showed by solving problems with important effects of gravity and surface tension forces. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Economic design of water distribution systems in buildings

This article discusses an engineering optimization problem which arises in hydraulics and is related to the use of a new criterion for sizing water distribution piping in large buildings. The optimization model aims to find the most suitable interior pipe diameters for the various pipes in the system, using commercial sizes and minimizing the overall installation cost according to some boundary conditions. The problem is formulated as a non-convex nonlinear program and a branch-and-bound algorithm is introduced for its solution. A procedure is proposed to obtain a feasible solution with standard values from the optimal solution of the non-convex program. The performance of the algorithm is analysed for a real-life problem and the cost of the computed solution is assessed, showing the appropriateness of the model and the optimization techniques.     

低碳环境下冷链物流企业库存-配送优化

目的 优化冷链物流企业库存-配送的路径,以降低企业冷链物流的成本.方法 考虑冷链物流企业库存和配送环节产生成本的因素,并结合我国关于碳减排的碳交易政策,将企业的碳排放代价同其他代价综合考虑,建立以总代价最低为目标的成本模型,设计并改进麻雀搜索算法进行计算.结果 通过使用MatlabR2018b进行仿真实验,将采用麻雀搜索算法计算的仓储-配送作业总代价与其他经典算法进行比较,在1个仓储配送任务内,代价可减少2％～4％,验证了麻雀搜索算法解决文中代价模型的有效性.结论 该研究为冷链物流企业库存-配送优化问题提供了一种新型的解决方法,具有较强的操作性和实际意义.     

基于区块链的食品冷链质量安全信息平台构建

目的 研究区块链技术在食品安全领域,尤其是在生鲜食品冷链物流质量安全监测中的具体应用,以加强食品质量安全管理,提高食品冷链供应链效益.方法 分析生鲜食品冷链物流质量安全管理的薄弱环节,论证区块链技术的食品冷链质量安全监测适用性基础上,以区块链为底层技术构建食品冷链质量安全信息平台,研究区块链技术的创新应用对食品冷链质量安全管理的提升效果.结果 应用区块链技术构建了数据统一、运营高效的生鲜食品冷链质量安全信息平台,对食品质量安全信息进行了实时采集,实现了质量安全风险即时预警、质量安全问题有效溯源,有助于重塑食品质量安全生态系统.结论 区块链作为分布式账本、数字签名、溯源存证等一系列核心技术的组合,基于区块链技术创建食品冷链质量安全信息平台,能够强化微生物污染监测、缩短食品冷链在途时间,并使质量安全问题得到有效追踪溯源,对于加强食品质量安全管理、促进生鲜食品供应链优化有重要意义.     

具有时间窗的开放式车辆路径的改进微粒群算法

分析了车场开放的带时间窗的车辆路径问题,在完成配送服务的车辆数目不确定的条件下,建立了该问题的数学模型,同时运用改进的微粒群算法求解该问题,算法采用一种基于客户的序数编码方法构造初始种群,对微粒群算法的进化方程进行了改进,使改进微粒群算法的搜索过程具有自适应性。最后根据第三方物流配送的实际,基于问题的不同目标,运用数值检验了模型和算法的有效性。     

基于低碳理念的多目标闭环供应链网络设计

针对低碳环境下的供应链网络设计,研究具有供应商、制造商、消费者、配送中心、回收中心及处理中心的多层级闭环供应链网络。考虑网络设施约束、碳排放、顾客服务等因素的影响,以网络运营成本、碳排放成本和顾客需求响应时间成本为目标建立多目标规划模型,解决网络内设施建设、选址、设施间流量分配等网络资源优化配置问题。利用Lingo11.0软件对模型求解,通过算例分析设施能力限制、碳税税率以及时间延迟成本对设施建设方式和网络成本的影响,为企业提供决策支持并在生产实践中发挥指导作用。     

Springback and forward slip compensation in designing roller cavity surfaces for net-shape rolling compressor blades

Designing roller cavity surfaces for rolling blades is a nontrivial task. This paper presents a new method to design cavity surfaces for rolling compressor blades with considering the springback and forward slip compensation. Firstly, a springback compensation model was proposed to modify the shape of section curves, and a forward slip model was proposed to determine the location of section curves to compensate the springback and forward slip in rolling process. Secondly, an algorithm was proposed to transform the updated section curves to the cavity section curves around the roller axis. The cavities were reconstructed through the transformed section curves. Finally, the designed roller cavities for a variable cross-section compressor blade were validated by the finite element method and experiment. The results revealed that the designed cavities meet the net shape precision at pressure and suction surfaces of the blade. The compensated design of cavities for blade rolling can save both time and costs while keeping excellent design quality.     

条层法及其对板带轧制三维变形的仿真

提出一种模拟板带轧制过程三维变形的新的数值方法——条层法。首先沿高向将变形区均匀地划分为若干层,然后再沿着金属的流动轨迹将变形区内的每层带材划分为若干流线条元,为了方便分析和计算,又将流线条元映射为矩形条元。横向位移的纵向分布被构造为四次曲线,横向分布用三次样条插值函数表示,高向分布用二次曲线拟合。根据塑性力学流动理论,分析推导了变形区三维变形和应力的数学模型。与作者曾经提出的流线条元法相比,考虑了应力与变形沿高向的不均匀分布,实现了精确的三维分析和计算。关于热带钢连轧和厚板轧制的仿真实例表明,提出的方法和模型符合实际,为板带轧制过程的三维力学仿真提供了一个新的实用工程数值方法。     

Effect of Load Distribution on Strip Crown in Hot Strip Rolling

In order to establish precision model, a software to calculate the strip crown of four-high hot rolling mill was developedby using affecting function method according to the strip crown calculation theory. The effect of work roll diameter,unit width rolling load, roll bending force, work roll crown, initial strip crown and reduction, etc, on load distributioneffect rate was simulated by using the software. The results show that the load distribution effect rate increaseswith the increase of strip width, work roll diameter, unit width rolling load, roll bending force, work roll crown,initial strip crown and reduction. Based on the simulation results, base value of load distribution effect rate andfitting coefficients of six power polynomial of load distribution effect rate modification coefficient were determinedconsidering all of the above parameters. A simplified mathematical model for calculating load distribution effect ratewas established.     

基于参考点和差分变异策略的高维多目标冷轧负荷分配

为提高高维多目标进化算法收敛精度,分析了参考点及2个差分变异策略的特性,提出了RN2-DE算法改进变异策略,用以替代高维进化算法R-NSGA-II的变异策略。4维函数DTLZ2的实验结果表明,所提算法收敛精度得到明显改善。通过等功率裕量、最小轧制功率、预防打滑、末机架板形良好4个目标函数建立冷轧负荷分配的高维多目标优化问题,并使用所提算进行优化。     

FFS重膜印刷机收卷部双锥度张力控制方法

目的解决FFS重包装膜在高速印刷过程中带卷过大所引起的卷膜中心处皱折和端面不齐等产品质量问题。方法提出一种双锥度张力控制方法,通过对收卷张力和辊筒压力分别采用锥度张力控制来有效控制卷膜内部张力的分布,令卷膜内部张力分布更加均匀。基于等效张力的概念,对卷膜中的单元体进行受力分析,得到卷膜受力和卷膜自身张力的变化规律。建立卷膜张力的数学模型,对双锥度控制方法的性能进行理论分析。结果通过集成到设计的平台上,对所提出方法的有效性进行验证,实验结果表明该方法使收卷张力更加稳定,可减少卷膜内层抓心变形,产品合格率提高至98%以上。结论实验结果验证了所提出方法和研制装置的有效性,可有效解决产品出现的质量问题。     

Industrial waste recycling strategies optimization problem: mixed integer programming model and heuristics

Manufacturers have a legal accountability to deal with industrial waste generated from their production processes in order to avoid pollution. Along with advances in waste recovery techniques, manufacturers may adopt various recycling strategies in dealing with industrial waste. With reuse strategies and technologies, byproducts or wastes will be returned to production processes in the iron and steel industry, and some waste can be recycled back to base material for reuse in other industries. This article focuses on a recovery strategies optimization problem for a typical class of industrial waste recycling process in order to maximize profit. There are multiple strategies for waste recycling available to generate multiple byproducts; these byproducts are then further transformed into several types of chemical products via different production patterns. A mixed integer programming model is developed to determine which recycling strategy and which production pattern should be selected with what quantity of chemical products corresponding to this strategy and pattern in order to yield maximum marginal profits. The sales profits of chemical products and the set-up costs of these strategies, patterns and operation costs of production are considered. A simulated annealing (SA) based heuristic algorithm is developed to solve the problem. Finally, an experiment is designed to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method. By comparing a single strategy to multiple strategies in an example, it is shown that the total sales profit of chemical products can be increased by around 25% through the simultaneous use of multiple strategies. This illustrates the superiority of combinatorial multiple strategies. Furthermore, the effects of the model parameters on profit are discussed to help manufacturers organize their waste recycling network.     

COST OPTIMIZATION OF STEEL STRUCTURES

While the weight of a steel structure is a major component of the total cost, the minimization of the cost should be the final objective for optimum use of available resources. The total cost of a steel structure includes (a) the material cost of structural members such as beams, columns, and bracings, (b) the fabrication cost including the material costs of connection elements, bolts, and electrodes and the labor cost, (c) the cost of transporting the fabricated pieces to the construction field, and (d) the erection cost including the material costs of connection elements, bolts, and electrodes and the labor cost. In this article, a chronological review of the journal articles on cost optimization of steel structures is presented. Articles on deterministic, reliability-based, and fuzzy logic-based optimization of steel structures are reviewed. Research on cost optimization can encourage the use of the optimization approach in structural steel design practice by providing a more realistic way of modeling structural steel design and resulting in additional savings compared with the weight optimization problem.