复合材料调制热像检测的数值模拟

为了给复合材料结构的调制热波成像检测提供基础理论依据和操作参数窗口,用基于有限单元法的计算机数值模拟研究了复合材料层压板分层、脱粘的调制热像检测规律。分析了相位差与调制频率及缺陷深度的关系,提出了最佳检测频率、半高频带和盲频的预测方法,验证了利用盲频来估计缺陷深度的方法,提出利用最佳检测频率来估计缺陷深度的新方法。研究结果表明：最佳调制频率和盲频近似与缺陷深度的平方成反比;最大相位差及半高频带宽随缺陷深度的增大而减小;利用盲频和最佳调制频率都可以对缺陷深度进行定量估计,在缺陷深度为1~4 mm的范围内,两种方法的估计误差分别在约9%和11%以内。     

海床土体减缓坠物对海底管道撞击作用的研究

海底管道受坠物撞击的损伤分析中,海床土体是不宜忽略的因素。基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日算法（CEL法）,该文建立了模拟坠物撞击海底管道过程中土体变形的有限元模型,并进行了物理模型试验,二者结果吻合较好。针对粘土海床,分析了海床柔性、海床土质、管道埋深、摩擦及坠物形状对海底管道损伤的影响。研究表明：对于裸置管道,海床柔性使一部分撞击能量转化为管道的整体变形,减轻管道局部损伤;对于埋置管道,基于软件的二次开发,考虑了正常固结粘土及均质粘土两种情况,二者的安全埋深相差较大。综合考虑上述土质的影响,2 m的埋深可提供有效的保护;埋深超过1 m时,坠物与土体间的摩擦系数对管道损伤的影响更加明显;形状尖锐的坠物受到土体的阻力较小,对管道造成的损伤程度较大。不同形状的坠物撞击管道时,管道的变形特征存在差异。研究结果对管道的风险评估及安全埋深设计具有指导意义。     

High-speed digital holographic interferometry for vibration measurement

A system based on digital holographic interferometry for the measurement of vibrations is presented. A high-power continuous laser (10 W) and a high-speed CCD camera are used. Hundreds of holograms of an object that has been subjected to dynamic deformation are recorded. The acquisition speed and the time of exposure of the detector are determined by the vibration frequency. Two methods are presented for triggering the camera in order to acquire at a given phase of the vibration. The phase of the wavefront is calculated from the recorded holograms by use of a two-dimensional digital Fourier-transform method. The deformation of the object is obtained from the phase. By combination of the deformations recorded at different times it is possible to reconstruct the vibration of the object.     

Designing waveforms for temporal encoding using a frequency sampling method

In this paper a method for designing waveforms for temporal encoding in medical ultrasound imaging is described. The method is based on least squares optimization and is used to design nonlinear frequency modulated signals for synthetic transmit aperture imaging. By using the proposed design method, the amplitude spectrum of the transmitted waveform can be optimized, such that most of the energy is transmitted where the transducer has large amplification. To test the design method, a waveform was designed for a BK8804 linear array transducer. The resulting nonlinear frequency modulated waveform was compared to a linear frequency modulated signal with amplitude tapering, previously used in clinical studies for synthetic transmit aperture imaging. The latter had a relatively flat spectrum which implied that the waveform tried to excite all frequencies including ones with low amplification. The proposed waveform, on the other hand, was designed so that only frequencies where the transducer had a large amplification were excited. Hereby, unnecessary heating of the transducer could be avoided and the signal-to-noise ratio could be increased. The experimental ultrasound scanner RASMUS was used to evaluate the method experimentally. Due to the careful waveform design optimized for the transducer at hand, a theoretic gain in signal-to-noise ratio of 4.9 dB compared to the reference excitation was found, even though the energy of the nonlinear frequency modulated signal was 71% of the energy of the reference signal. This was supported by a signal-to-noise ratio measurement and comparison in penetration depth, where an increase of 1 cm was found in favor for the proposed waveform. Axial and lateral resolutions at full-width half-maximum were compared in a water phantom at depths of 42, 62, 82, and 102 mm. The axial resolutions of the nonlinear frequency modulated signal were 0.62, 0.69, 0.60, and 0.60 mm, respectively. The corresponding axial resolutions for the reference waveform were 0.58, 0.65, 0.62, and 0.60 mm, respectively. The compression properties of the matched filter (mismatched filter for the linear frequency modulated signal) were tested for both waveforms in simulation with respect to the Doppler frequency shift occurring when probing moving objects. It was concluded that the Doppler effect of moving targets does not significantly degrade the filtered output. Finally, in vivo measurements are shown for both methods, wherein the common carotid artery on a 27-year-old healthy male was scanned.     

Interior imaging using spatial frequency sampling

A new acoustic synthetic aperture geometry is demonstrated in which the image field is sampled in the spatial frequency domain. This means the sampled field is recorded in a particularly convenient form for presentation to the back propagation algorithms used to reconstruct the field at the object plane. The method has applications in interior visualization. It is difficult to image the interior of solid objects using lens based imaging systems because a different lens geometry must be used for each distinct object material. The system presented here overcomes such problems since both the angular variation of the transmission coefficient at the object-water interface and the aberrations introduced by the velocity mismatch at the object surface may be readily compensated for in the back propagation routine. Experimental results are presented illustrating the detection of four half wavelength diameter defects, spaced by three wavelengths, at a depth of eight wavelengths below the surface of an aluminum block.     

Fiber-based polarization-sensitive Mueller matrix optical coherence tomography with continuous source polarization modulation

We report on a new configuration of fiber-based polarization-sensitive Mueller matrix optical coherence tomography that permits the acquisition of the round-trip Jones matrix of a biological sample using only one light source and a single depth scan. In this new configuration, a polarization modulator is used in the source arm to continuously modulate the incident polarization state for both the reference and the sample arms. The Jones matrix of the sample can be calculated from the two frequency terms in the two detection channels. The first term is modulated by the carrier frequency, which is determined by the longitudinal scanning mechanism, whereas the other term is modulated by the beat frequency between the carrier frequency and the second harmonic of the modulation frequency of the polarization modulator. One important feature of this system is that, for the first time to our knowledge, the Jones matrix of the sample can be calculated with a single detection channel and a single measurement when diattenuation is negligible. The system was successfully tested by imaging both standard polarization elements and biological samples.     

Characterizing an Image Intensifier in a Full-Field Range Imaging System

We are developing a high precision full-field range imaging system. An integral component in this system is an image intensifier, which is modulated at frequencies up to 100 MHz. The range measurement precision is dictated by the image intensifier performance, in particular, the achievable modulation frequency, modulation depth, and waveform shape. By characterizing the image intensifier response, undesirable effects can be observed and quantified with regards to the consequence on the resulting range measurements, and the optimal operating conditions can be selected to minimize these disturbances.      

Time-averaged in-line digital holographic interferometry for vibration analysis

Time-averaged in-line digital holography is applied for vibration analysis. In particular, by use of a double-exposure approach, simultaneous determination of vibration mode shape and mean static state deformation during a vibration cycle are obtained. The subtraction of two numerically reconstructed digital holograms recorded at the same resonant frequency but with a small difference in amplitude shows the mixing of Bessel-type time-averaged fringes owing to vibration and of the double-exposure fringes owing to differences in the mean deformation of the object. It is shown that separation of these fringe patterns can be readily accomplished numerically. An experimental demonstration of this effect by use of in-line digital holography for relatively small membranes is demonstrated.     

Deformation behavior during nanoindentation of epitaxial ZnO thin films on sapphire substrate

Nanoindentation studies were carried out on epitaxial ZnO thin films on (0001) sapphire substrates grown by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. A single discontinuity (‘pop-in’) in the load–displacement curve was observed at a specific depth (13−16 nm) irrespective of the film thickness. The physical mechanism responsible for the ‘pop-in’ event in these epitaxial films may be due to the nucleation, propagation and interaction behavior of the glissile threading dislocations during mechanical deformation. Indentation well below the critical depth was found to be plastic deformation behavior (residual impression of 4 nm).     

Heterodyne temporal speckle-pattern interferometry

In temporal speckle-pattern interferometry deformation information is extracted by a Fourier transform technique from the speckle pattern that is recorded over a period of time as the object is deformed. A limitation of the experimental arrangements reported to date is that the direction of the deformation cannot be determined. We propose removing this limitation by using the heterodyne principle. Some experimental results that were obtained by use of a rotating half-wave-plate frequency shifter are presented.     

水中目标辐射噪声调制谱提取方法

分析了小波多分辨率分解方法引起的频率混叠的问题,提出了直接采用窄带FIR滤波的方法提取感兴趣的数据,然后利用Morlet复解析小波变换方法提取螺旋桨轴频。通过设置合适的中心频率和带宽,提取调制信号的包络,对包络信号进行谱分析,提取螺旋桨的轴频等信息,对于推算目标速度具有重要价值。     

聚焦参量阵原频声场抑制方法的研究

在近距离海底底质原位探测中,使用多阵元聚焦技术能弥补参量阵中差频信号能量较低的不足,但也会使得声焦点处的原频信号能量过高,导致接收系统信号波形限幅,引起波形失真,此外在声场测量时也容易造成传感器损坏.基于KZK(Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov)方程和Berktay包络自解调理论,以声焦点...     

Frequency division transmission imaging and synthetic aperture reconstruction

In synthetic transmit aperture imaging only a few transducer elements are used in every transmission, which limits the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The penetration depth can be increased by using all transmitters in every transmission. In this paper, a method for exciting all transmitters in every transmission and separating them at the receiver is proposed. The coding is done by designing narrow-band linearly frequency modulated signals, which are approximately disjointed in the frequency domain and assigning one waveform to each transmitter. By designing a filterbank consisting of the matched filters corresponding to the excitation waveforms, the different transmitters can be decoded at the receiver. The matched filter of a specific waveform will allow information only from this waveform to pass through, thereby separating it from the other waveforms. This means that all transmitters can be used in every transmission, and the information from the different transmitters can be separated instantaneously. Compared to traditional synthetic transmit aperture (STA) imaging, in which the different transmitters are excited sequentially, more energy is transmitted in every transmission, and a better signal-to-noise-ratio is attained. The method has been tested in simulation, in which the resolution and contrast was compared to a standard synthetic transmit aperture system with a single sinusoid excitation. The resolution and contrast was comparable for the two systems. The method also has been tested using the experimental ultrasound scanner RASMUS. The resolution was evaluated using a string phantom. The method was compared to a conventional STA using both sinusoidal excitation and linear frequency modulated (FM) signals as excitation. The system using the FM signals and the frequency division approach yielded the same performance concerning both axial (of approximately equal to 3 wavelengths) and lateral resolution (of approximately equal to 4.5 wavelengths). A SNR measurement showed an increase in SNR of 6.5 dB compared to the system using the conventional STA method and FM signal excitation.     

Photothermally modulated magnetic resonance applied to the study of the magnetic phase transition in gadolinium thin films

We explore the photothermally modulated magnetic resonance technique to investigate gadolinium thin films deposited on fused quartz substrate, as a function of thickness and thermal treatment, around the magnetic phase transition temperature. It has been observed that the maximum amplitude of the photothermally modulated magnetic resonance (PM-MR) signal takes place near the phase transition temperature, similarly to the magnetocaloric effect, for which Gd has been the prototype material. The reason is that both depend on the temperature derivative of the magnetization, which maximizes at the phase transition. Besides, there is a narrowing of transition with thermal treatment, confirming that thermal treatment stabilizes the film structure. For frequency scan measurements, the heat diffusion in a two-layer system was considered, and a depth profile study was carried out in order to investigate heterogeneities along the film thickness. From the PM-MR response as a function of the modulation frequency it was possible to estimate the thermal properties of the Gd film. Magnetization, X-ray and electron spin resonance measurements were used to complement the analysis and support the conclusions.     

Thickness-shear vibrations of a quartz plate under time-dependent biasing deformations

Incremental thickness-shear vibrations of a Y-cut quartz crystal plate under time-harmonic biasing extensional deformations are studied using the two-dimensional equations for small fields superposed on finite biasing fields in an electroelastic plate. It is shown that the incremental thickness-shear vibrations are governed by the well-known Mathieu's equation with a time-dependent coefficient. Both free and electrically forced vibrations are studied. Approximate analytical solutions are obtained when the frequency of the biasing deformation is much lower than that of the incremental thickness-shear vibration. The incremental thickness-shear free vibration mode is shown to be both frequency and amplitude modulated, with the frequency modulation as a first-order effect and the amplitude modulation a second-order effect. The forced vibration solutions show that both the static and motional capacitances become time-dependent due to the time-harmonic biasing deformations.     

Multi-directional shearography based on multiplexed Mach–Zehnder interference system

ABSTRACT

Shearography is only sensitive to deformation in the shearing direction, and the deformation of object defects after loading may occur in multiple directions. This work reports a multi-direction shearography system that uses spatial phase-shift methods to detect the object from multi-shearing directions, effectively avoiding the missed detection of directional defects. A single laser is utilized to illuminate an object, and a single CCD camera records images in the multiplexed Mach–Zehnder interference system. First, the aperture stops in suitable size and location are set to produce different spatial carrier frequencies. Second, the shearing amount is independently adjusted by using different devices. Finally, the Fourier transform method is used to extract the phase information from the frequency domain. This system can be used for nondestructive testing of multi-directional defects and the feasibility of the method is verified by theoretical analysis and experiment.     

Viscoelastic property measurement in thin tissue constructs using ultrasound

We present a dual-element concave ultrasound transducer system for generating and tracking of localized tissue displacements in thin tissue constructs on rigid substrates. The system is comprised of a highly focused PZT-4 5-MHz acoustic radiation force (ARF) transducer and a confocal 25-MHz polyvinylidene fluoride imaging transducer. This allows for the generation of measurable displacements in tissue samples on rigid substrates with thickness values down to 500 microm. Impulse-like and longer duration sine-modulated ARF pulses are possible with intermittent M-mode data acquisition for displacement tracking. The operations of the ARF and imaging transducers are strictly synchronized using an integrated system for arbitrary waveform generation and data capture with a shared timebase. This allows for virtually jitter-free pulse-echo data well suited for correlation-based speckle tracking. With this technique we could faithfully capture the entire dynamics of the tissue axial deformation at pulse-repetition frequency values up to 10 kHz. Spatio-temporal maps of tissue displacements in response to a variety of modulated ARF beams were produced in tissue-mimicking elastography phantoms on rigid substrates. The frequency response was measured for phantoms with different modulus and thickness values. The frequency response exhibited resonant behavior with the resonance frequency being inversely proportional to the sample thickness. This resonant behavior can be used in obtaining high-contrast imaging using magnitude and phase response to sinusoidally modulated ARF beams. Furthermore, a second order forced harmonic oscillator (FHO) model was shown to capture this resonant behavior. Based on the FHO model, we used the extended Kalman filter (EKF) for tracking the apparent modulus and viscosity of samples subjected to dc and sinusoidally modulated ARF. The results show that the stiffness (apparent modulus) term in the FHO is largely time-invariant and can be estimated robustly using the EKF. On the other hand, the damping (apparent viscosity) is time varying. These findings were confirmed by comparing the magnitude response of the FHO (with parameters obtained using the EKF) with the measured ones for different thin tissue constructs.     

高速旋转物体的频闪结构光三维面形测量系统

提出了一个用于测量高速旋转物体三维面形的频闪结构光照明系统。系统自动跟踪检测旋转物体的转动信息,再用该信息同步控制光源发光和摄像系统工作,记录下旋转物体在闪光时刻的瞬间“静止”图像。使用该系统产生持续时间为424s的同步频闪结构光,对转速为每分钟1080转的家用电风扇旋转叶片三维面形进行测量,证明该系统能够准确地获得旋转叶片的瞬间静止图像,便于重建旋转叶片每个瞬间时刻的三维面形。同时,该系统还具备人工设定光源发光频率的功能,可以拓宽应用到无重复特征信号的高速运动物体三维面形测量。     

超声波测振信号的能量算子解调方法

连续超声波束遇到振动物体表面会产生多普勒效应,反射超声波信号是受振动信号调制的非线性调相信号。对反射波信号求导获得调幅调频信号,再采用能量算子对称差分法,求取该调幅调频信号的瞬时幅值及瞬时频率。鉴于超声波反射回波信号存在幅值衰减现象,而超声波频率不易受外界干扰,故通过调幅调频信号的瞬时频率提取被测物体的振动速度,并由振动速度求导得到振动加速度。同时,从幅值及频率两个方面探讨振动测量范围。仿真及实验结果表明:基于能量算子的超声波测振信号解调方法能有效地提取振动信号,与传统的相位解调方法相比,具有更大的测量范围。