甲壳素黄原酸酯/聚丙烯腈复合纳滤膜的研究

甲壳素黄原酸酯溶液浇铸在聚丙烯腈超滤膜上,并与戊二醛交联制得一种新型的荷负电复合纳滤膜,研究了复合膜的制备影响因素及操作条件对膜性能的影响.0.4MPa下制备的纳滤膜对1000mg/LNa3PO4、K2SO4、Na2SO4、MgSO4、KCl、NaCl和MgCl2的截盐率分别为90.25%、89.01%、85.15%、36.42%、32.60%、28.90%和15.81%.利用复合膜对PO34-、SO24-有较高的截留率,此膜可用于脱除PO34-、SO24-等阴离子及水的净化.     

膜上荷电量对超滤膜的渗透性和牛血清蛋白透过率影响的研究

改变化学反应时间获取一系列荷电量不同的改性再生纤维素(RC)超滤膜,定量地考察了超滤膜上荷电量对膜的渗透性和牛血清蛋白(BSA)透过率的影响.研究结果表明:反电渗透现象造成荷电量不同的超滤膜上的水透过系数均减小,减小的程度与膜的荷电量和溶液离子强度有关;溶液pH值为7.0的条件下,荷负电的BSA与荷负电改性RC膜之间的静电相互作用,使BSA的透过率减小,减小的程度同样与膜的荷电量和溶液离子强度有关.研究结果提供了荷电量对超滤膜渗透性和BSA透过率影响的定量数据;揭示了相对于传统超滤膜而言,荷电超滤膜具有更好的渗透性和分离选择性相结合的优势.     

聚丙烯酸酯木塑复合材料

本文研究了丙烯酸类单体浸渗木塑复合材料的制备工艺和性能,对影响浸渗率和单体转化率的因素进行了探讨,并对其塑化改性的作用进行了分析。实验结果表明,聚丙烯酸酯木塑复合材料具有优良的力学性能和抗湿、耐磨等性能。      

pH值敏感响应膜的制备和性能研究

研究了两步光接枝法制备pH敏感响应分离膜的过程中接枝率随实验条件的变化及其对响应性的影响.实验以聚丙烯为基膜、丙烯酸(AA)为接枝单体,用水作溶剂,考察了光引发剂二苯甲酮(BP)的浓度、丙烯酸的浓度以及反应时间对接枝率的影响,采用傅氏变换红外光谱和扫描电镜分别对高分子膜的化学成分和膜的形貌进行了表征.研究结果表明,控制接枝率在1%～6%时,接枝膜具有较为显著的pH值响应性;接枝率为3%时,接枝膜的pH值响应系数达2.3,当接枝率大于6%和接枝率小于1%时,膜几乎不具pH值敏感响应性.为获得满意的pH值敏感响应性,必须将其接枝率控制在适当的范围内.     

层层自组装PDADMAC/PSS纳滤膜的制备

以荷负电的聚砜超滤膜为基膜,采用静态层层自组装技术,制备了PDADMAC/PSS多层聚电解质纳滤膜.考察了支撑盐的种类、浓度、自组装层数对膜的分离性能、荷电性能、亲水性等的影响.研究结果表明,以NaCl为支撑电解质制得的膜具有较高的性能,聚合电解质溶液中支撑电解质的浓度以0.5mol/L为宜;在较优的条件下所制备的(PDADMAC/PSS)5对2g/L Na2SO4的截留率可达93%,通量在1.0MPa下接近60L/(m2.h),对NaCl的截留率仅为9%～13%,通量可达80L/(m2.h).膜表面的荷电量和接触角的变化均反映了聚电解质的交替自组装.以PSS为最外层的膜表面具有很好的负电性和很低的接触角.随着双层数的增加,膜表面的负电荷量的绝对值先逐渐增大,达到一个极大值后又逐渐减少,说明层数并非越多越好;以PSS作为最外层的膜具有很好的亲水性.     

活性炭填充对聚砜超滤膜性能的影响

采用相转化法制备聚砜(PSF)超滤膜,通过正交实验确定了较优的制膜条件,并用活性炭填充制备了共混的聚砜超滤膜,考察了活性炭加入量对膜的水通量、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)截留率及孔隙率的影响,以及操作条件对填充膜性能的影响。结果表明,最优化制膜条件为:添加剂聚乙二醇(PEG-400)含量为8%,蒸发时间为60s,纯水作为凝固浴,在此条件下制得的膜水通量达到212.6L/(m2.h),BSA截留率为84.1%。活性炭填充对膜水通量和截留率有明显影响,在活性炭含量为0.5%～1.5%时,膜通量随操作压力增大而增大,而截留率变化不大。     

紫外分步辐照接枝制备亲水性荷负电纳滤膜

通过在聚醚砜(PES-C)微孔膜表面紫外分步辐照接枝甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)和苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)制备了一种新型的亲水性荷负电纳滤膜。通过测定膜的纯水通量和对不同盐溶液的表观截留率的变化,系统研究了制备条件对膜分离性能的影响。结果表明,采用该方法制成的纳滤膜对高价阴离子盐溶液Na2SO4的表观截留率和渗透通量都较高,如HEMA先辐照接枝120s、SSS再继续接枝15min制得的膜对Na2SO4截留率大于95%,而渗透通量则高达19.02L/(m2.h)。     

茶多酚/壳聚糖/海藻酸钠纳米微球的制备

目的探讨各因素对制备茶多酚/壳聚糖/海藻酸钠纳米微球载药率、包埋率的影响,研究纳米微球体外释放行为,为后期缓释抗菌膜的制备提供基础。方法采用单因素实验、正交实验考察海藻酸钠溶液浓度、壳聚糖溶液浓度、CaCl_2溶液浓度、茶多酚溶液浓度对纳米微粒载药率、包封率的影响,并考察其体外释放率。结果当海藻酸钠溶液、壳聚糖溶液、CaCl_2溶液、茶多酚溶液的质量浓度分别为15,10,15,0.8 mg/m L时,该工艺条件下制备的纳米微粒载药率为22.71%,包封率为61.38%,且粒径集中在500 nm左右,有较好的缓释效果。结论所得的最佳工艺制备条件为后期做缓释抗菌膜打下良好基础。     

聚乙烯醇(PVA)偏光膜的制备及性能研究

本文采用流延法制备出聚乙烯醇偏光膜,并用紫外可见分光光度仪分别对含碘及含碘、镍、钴的2种偏光膜的光学性能进行了研究。结果表明,偏光膜中加入镍、钴后,偏光膜的单片透光率增加,单片偏光系数及组合偏光率增加;垂直组合时,泄漏光的波峰值左移。     

添加聚合物中间层对NaA分子筛膜的合成与性能的影响

采用浸涂法涂敷晶种,并通过二次生长法在α-Al₂O₂中空纤维外壁制备了NaA分子筛膜,考察了添加聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）中间层对成膜和膜分离性能的影响.采用扫描电镜（SEM）对膜的表面形貌进行表征,通过75℃渗透汽化分离质量分数为90%的乙醇/水溶液表征膜层的分离性能.研究发现,采用浸涂法涂敷晶种,无PVP中间层制备的膜层对乙醇/水溶液的分离因子仅为3 000左右,而添加了PVP中间层制备的膜层的分离因子可超过10 000.考察了PVP添加量对膜通量的影响.研究发现,添加了PVP中间层制备的膜（其分离因子>10 000）的通量比无PVP中间层的膜（浸涂-滚擦法涂敷晶种,分离因子>10 000）的通量[7.83 kg/（m²·h）]低,且随着制备中间层的PVP溶液浓度的升高,膜的通量相应降低,当PVP质量百分浓度分别为1%,3%和5%时,膜的通量分别为7.35,5.82和5.51 kg/（m²·h）.     

络合-超滤耦合过程处理含锡工业废水

以废水回用为目的,研究了络合-超滤耦合过程处理含锡工业废水.利用聚丙烯酸钠(PAASS)为络合剂络合去除含Sn2+的重金属废水,讨论了各种因素,如操作压力、膜面流速、重金属与络合添加剂的质量比L、pH、体积浓缩因子Fvc对超滤过程的影响.在络合质量比L=0.055 nag Sn2+/mg PAASS时,重金属可达到95.23%截留.经过浓缩的重金属锡废水,可回收重金属,而透过液可达到回用水的标准.     

Insights into structural difference between sodium polyacrylate PAA and sodium polymethacrylate PMA in salt solutions investigated by molecular simulations

Journal of Materials Science - The difference in the structural properties of highly charged polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polymethacrylic acid (PMA) is investigated by atomistic molecular dynamics...     

Electrodeposited MOFs Membrane with In Situ Incorporation of Charged Molecules for Osmotic Energy Harvesting

Ion-selective membranes are considered as the promising candidates for osmotic energy harvesting. However, the fabrication of highly perm-selective membrane is the major challenge. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with well-defined nanochannels along functional charged groups show great importance to tackle this problem. Here, a series of dense sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) incorporated MOFs composite membranes (PSS@MOFs) on a porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane via in situ anodic electrodeposition process are developed. Benefiting to the novel structural design of the confined Ag layer, PSS@MOFs dense composite membrane with less defects formed. The sulfonated nanochannels of the PSS@MOFs composite membrane provided rapid and selective transport of cations due to the enhanced electrostatic interaction between the permeating ions and MOFs. While osmotic energy conversion, 860 nm thick negatively charged PSS@MOFs composite membrane achieves an ultrahigh cation transfer number of 0.993 and energy conversion efficiency of 48.8% at a 100-fold salinity gradient. Moreover, a large output power of 2.90 µW has been achieved with an ultra-low internal resistance of 999 Ω, employing an effective area of 12.56 mm². This work presents a promising strategy to construct a high-performance MOFs-based osmotic energy harvesting system for practical applications.     

Filtration by a novel nanofiber membrane and alumina adsorption to remove copper(II) from groundwater

The elevated level of heavy metals in groundwater poses a substantial risk potentially to local resource users and the natural environment. Micellar-enhanced filtration (MEF) and alumina adsorption are considered from the viewpoint of copper(II) removal in groundwater, by taking copper(II) as an example. In MEF, copper(II) cations are collected electrostatically on micelles of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and separated from the mother liquor by filtration using a novel nanofiber membrane prepared from chloridized polyvinyl chloride by high-voltage electrospinning process. After MEF with 10-layer filtration and SDBS concentration of 5 mmol/L, the removal of copper(II) in groundwater is above 70%. However, the final solution contains a large amount of surfactant causing serious second contamination in groundwater. This problem is overcome by alumina adsorption, where negatively charged surfactants are adsorbed on positively charged alumina particles and then recovered by conventional filtration. The hybrid process of MEF and alumina adsorption is successfully applied to removing almost 100% of copper(II) from groundwater. Finally, the characterization of the membrane and filtration mechanism are presented here.     

Polyacrylic acid sodium salt film entrapped Ag-nanocubes as molecule traps for SERS detection

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy （SERS） is a fast analytical technique for trace chemicals; however, it requires the active SERS-substrates to adsorb analytes, thus limiting target species to those with the desired affinity for substrates. Here we present networked polyacrylic acid sodium salt （PAAS） film entrapped Ag-nanocubes （denoted as Ag-nanocubes@PAAS） as an effective SERS-substrate for analytes with and without high affinity. Once the analyte aqueous solution is cast on the dry Ag-nanocubes@PAAS substrate, the bibulous PAAS becomes swollen forcing the Ag-nanocubes loose, while the analytes diffuse in the interstices among the Ag-nanocubes. When dried, the PAAS shrinks and pulls the Ag-nanocubes back to their previous aggregated state, while the PAAS network ＂detains＂ the analytes in the small gaps between the Ag-nanocubes for SERS detection. The strategy has been proven effective for not only single- analytes but also multi-analytes without strong affinity for Ag, showing its potential in SERS-based simultaneous multi-analyte detection of both adsorbable and non-adsorbable pollutants in the environment.     

内交联型高吸水性树脂的合成及性能研究

采用反相乳液聚合法合成内交联型高吸水性树脂。研究了交联剂用量、丙烯酸中和度和浓度、引发剂用量对树脂性能的影响。制得的树脂吸水速度快,吸水倍数高,在4min内可吸去离子水1800(g/g)左右,吸0.9％NaCl水溶液150(g/g)左右。     

壳聚糖-聚磷酸钠聚离子复合物渗透汽化膜研究(Ⅱ)聚合条件和操作条件对膜分离性能的影响

选用聚阳离子电解质壳聚糖和聚阴离子电解质聚磷酸钠为膜材料，采用聚离子复合反应的方法制备出了一种新型的渗透汽化透水膜：壳聚糖—聚磷酸钠复合物膜(CS—SPP)，通过控制聚离子反应的条件如聚磷酸钠浓度，反应时间，从而改变聚离子反应程度，制备出了不同性能的聚离子膜．研究了壳聚糖-聚磷酸钠聚离子膜分离乙醇／水溶液的特性，探讨了聚离子反应条件、操作条件对膜分离性能的影响．     

纳米氧化镁表面修饰制备荷正电微孔陶瓷膜及其性能研究

以硅藻土陶瓷膜为基膜,氯化镁和尿素为原料合成含镁先驱体溶胶,通过浸渍-热分解法对硅藻土基膜进行表面改性制得纳米MgO/SiO_2荷正电微孔陶瓷膜,并对其组成结构及水中四环素去除性能进行研究。结果表明,荷正电的纳米MgO涂层呈现立方型晶粒,并均匀地附着在基膜表面,因此使得荷正电微孔陶瓷膜具有较高的电性能,并且在较宽的pH值范围内带正电,其等电点为10.8。最后对水中四环素的去除性能进行研究,结果表明荷正电微孔陶瓷膜对水中四环素具有很好的去除效果,在室温、常压条件下,其对四环素的COD去除率高达98.8%,色度去除率为99.7%。     

Fabrication of mesoporous titanium oxide nanotubes based on layer-by-layer assembly

Titanium oxide (TiO2)/polyacrylic acid (PAA) composite nanotubes were firstly fabricated through the sol-gel process of titanium alkoxide in the inner pores of alumina template followed layer-by-layer assembly with polyacrylic acid (PAA). Mesoporous TiO2 nanotubes could be obtained after the removal of PAA component by calcination and etching of the template with concentrated sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. The surface area of as-prepared porous TiO2 nanotubes was measured as twice larger than that of the conventional TiO2 nanotubes and the pore diameter in the wall of the tubes is several nanometers. Such assembled mesoporous nanotubes can serve as carriers for catalysis release and biomolecules.