The Performance of Three-Dimensional Strain Rosettes Evaluated when Embedded into a Sphere

Abstract:  Two spheres were manufactured, each containing planes of embedded strain gauges that were arranged so that individual gauge readings could be combined in a variety of ways to calculate the least squares strain tensor. Each sphere was tested by loading along its axis of symmetry. It was found that the particular pattern of rosette chosen produced satisfactory predictions of the orthogonal strains but minor off-axis gauge misalignments combined with the matrix operations in the least squares strain tensor led to misleading forecasts of the shearing strains. The method of manufacture used to embed the gauges was largely responsible for these errors. The investigation confirmed that three-dimensional strain rosettes should be made from square plugs and the direction cosines measured on the plug prior to embedment in the model.     

The Measurement of Stresses in Objects

Relations for calculating the stresses in objects from the results of measurements in them of the strains for complex forms of loading are presented. __________ Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 9, pp. 56–59, September, 2005.     

A Probabilistic Evaluation of the Least Squares Strain Tensor Derived from a Three-Dimensional Modular Strain Rosette Using the Monte-Carlo Technique

Abstract:  Strain gradients give rise to a number of problems in the field of embedded three-dimensional strain measurement. In order to avoid these problems a modular type three-dimensional strain rosette was embedded into known strain fields and the data from the individual gauges compared with theoretical predictions. Finally, the least squares strain tensor was predicted from experimental data analysed using the Monte-Carlo technique and the theoretical results forecast from finite element data taking into account the mechanical properties of the carrier, plug and prismatic bar. Some of the experimental results were found to correlate well with the theoretical values but some values in the least squares strain tensor, in particular under compression and torsional loading, departed considerably from the theoretical values. It was found that the effect of the measurement errors in the individual gauges combined with the matrix operations in the least squares strain tensor were responsible for biasing the resultant tensor data. However, the modular technique provided a solution to the problem of strain gradients.     

A Novel Strain Sensor for Reinforced Concrete Structures

Abstract:  Reinforced concrete (RC) is the most commonly used structural material in civil engineering applications. RC structures have long-term service lives under normal loading conditions; however, overload caused by misuse or statistically remote events such as earthquakes may create damages that, if not detected in time, may eventually cause failure. Hence, it is important to monitor RC structures to take necessary precautions and save human lives. A long-gauge strain (LGS) sensor has been developed to monitor these structures. While it has been developed mainly with concrete applications in mind, the new sensor can also be used in a variety of applications, including measuring strains in pipelines, steel structures, and the like. The proposed sensor system has a very low cost compared with the commercially available competing systems. Prototypes of the proposed strain sensors have been built and calibrated. Test results prove the accuracy, repeatability and reliability of the proposed strain sensor. When the LGS sensor was incorporated into a concrete beam there was very good agreement between the experimental measurement of strain using the LGS sensor when compared with two strain-gauged parallel steel rebars in the same concrete beam.     

Analysis of the Plastic Deformation Micrononuniformity Effect on the Strain Resistance of the Metal

A simplified model of micrononuniform deformation of the metal at a constant strain rate (uniaxial macrouniform stress state) is presented. The account of a temperature increase upon plastic strain and its localization due to the deformation micrononuniformity is shown to give a qualitative explanation of impact indentation results that point to a decrease in dynamic hardness over the range of high strain rates. Calculation results obtained with this model demonstrated that the localization effect was growing with strain rates and characteristic localized flow layer sizes. At small strains of the material, containing thin localized flow layers, the deformation micro- nonuniformity effect on strain resistance is insignificant.     

Ni－Mo系50℃自补偿应变电阻合金性能研究

对Ｎｉ－Ｍｏ系应变电阻合金成份、加工工艺、合金性能进行了研究。特别对典型合金的Φ０．０３ｍｍ细丝应变电阻性能及制片性能进行了详细地研究。本研究最终为５００℃自补偿应变测量，提供了良好的合金。     

Strain Measures for Rigid Crushable Foam in Uniaxial Compression

Abstract:  Progressive collapse deformation mechanisms in Rohacell-51WF foam during uniaxial compression has been studied. Measures of a macroscopic engineering strain are identified. The elastic and plastic parts of a macroscopic engineering strain can be predicted by using the compression failure strain, lock-up strain, and time dependent elastic and plastic parts of lock-up strain, which are material parameters. Identification of strain measures in a uniaxial compression test is essential to get material parameters for an elastoplastic model. The viscoelastic recovery property of Rohacell-51WF foam is also described.     

Prediction Models on Distribution of Inherent Strains in T Type Welding Structure

A fundamental theory for the analysis of residual welding stresses and deformation based on the inherent strain distribution along the welded joint is introduced. The method of predicting maximum hardness Hv(y, z) and maximum inherent strain gmax is given     

A Comparison of Various Patterns of Three‐Dimensional Strain Rosettes

Abstract: The strain tensor, principal strains and precision of the estimates of these values are derived for a range of different layouts of three‐dimensional strain rosettes. These values are based on the Monte Carlo technique applied to experimental work which was carried out on transducers tested in different laboratories. The estimates of precision are determined theoretically and compared with results based on experimental findings. A new design of a miniature tri‐rectangular tetrahedral rosette was manufactured and tested. Results suggest that this transducer does not perform as well as the rectangular patterns.     

实验应变／应力模态分析若干问题的进展评述

本文评述了实验应变／应力模态分析进展的若干基本问题。主要是：应变响应与位移响应的关系；应变频响函数矩阵的特点及其测量方法；应变模态的加权正交性及其识别方法；以及其他问题。     

《有侧限矩形钢管爆炸荷载作用下大变形分析》

使用抗爆吸能器材能有效提高国防工程抗力,钢管在爆炸荷载作用下的大变形过程对这类器材研究具有重要意义。文章根据钢管受冲击屈曲变形模态,分析了应变强化和应变率效应对变形过程的影响,在此基础上建立了模态解控制方程。实验表明,应变率效应是钢管动力大变形行为的首要影响因素,模态解结果与实验现象一致。     

X-ray strain field atlas

Considering one-axial strain fields in the penetration depth of X-rays, the corresponding measurement distribution of e versus sin² ψ are calculated for 24 different one-axial strains. The parameter is the measurement direction. The deformations of neighbouring points are calculated with Taylor series and described with linear expressions. There are five different types of curves, which can be combined linearly. The calculations are only applicable for plane surfaces.     

泡沫铝动态力学性能的实验研究

本文主要利用分离式霍布金森压杆 (SHPB)对泡沫铝进行了三种应变率 (0 6× 10 3 s、1 0× 10 3 s和 1 9× 10 3 s)动态压缩实验。实验结果表明 :泡沫铝的动态应力 应变曲线也具有泡沫材料的动态应力 应变曲线的“三阶段”特征 ,并且应变率对其影响明显 ,流动应力随着应变率的增加而增加 ,泡沫材料的力学性能更多地表现出泡沫结构特性     

Nonlocalized Fatigue Damage of Metals and Alloys. Part 1. Inelasticity,Investigation Methods,and Results

Analysis of data presented in the literature and results of unique studies revealed that nonlocalized fatigue damage of metals and alloys, which manifests itself in the initiation and propagation of a large number of microcracks distributed arbitrarily in the bulk of the material, can be considered with the use of the characteristics of inelastic deformation such as inelastic strain and inelastic strain energy per cycle. The author studied the nature of the material inelasticity and methods of its investigation. Analysis has been made of the hysteresis loop shape, width, and area, as well as of the main regularities of inelastic deformation of metals and alloys. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 4, pp. 5 – 32, July – August, 2005.     

Studying the Mechanical Behaviour of Asphalt Mixture with the Grid Method

Abstract: The aim of this work is to analyse the strain fields that take place in several asphalt mixture specimens subjected to compression tests. The grid technique is used for this purpose. The main features of this strain measurement technique are first described. The obtained results are then discussed. They show that very strong heterogeneities take place in the strain fields. They are due to the very different mechanical properties of the constituents. Various testing conditions are also investigated because they directly influence the quality of the measurements and the ability of the grid technique to detect small strain amplitudes with a good spatial resolution, this last feature being crucial here because of the very nature of the material under test.     

An Analysis of the Factors Influencing the Data Derived from a Plug Type Three-Dimensional Strain Rosette under Compression and Torsion

Abstract:  The embedding of three-dimensional strain rosettes embedded into epoxy models provides an experimental technique for analysing complex structures; however, this technique has been known to produce data that were difficult to explain in terms of their physical significance. To gain a greater insight into the behaviour of a three-dimensional strain rosette used in this way, a three-dimensional strain rosette was embedded into each of two separate prismatic bars of square cross-section and subjected to fundamental tests of compression and torsion in standard commercial testing machines. In initial tests on a bar containing a three-dimensional strain rosette (Bar A) the data derived from the individual gauges sometimes departed from the theoretical values by more that 30  μ e. After critical evaluation of the procedures used for making and testing Bar A, further tests were carried out on Bar B, which led to a reduction in the difference between theoretical and experimental data to 14  μ e, acceptable for most practical purposes. The use of square plugs containing three-dimensional strain rosettes which are embedded into square cavities in the model, and the measurement of the actual direction cosines of the gauges on the square plug prior to embedment is a distinct advantage over the use of cylindrical plugs. In addition, the use of testing machines with a fixed base as opposed to a floating lower platen is recommended.     

Bragg Edge Neutron Transmission Strain Tomography in Granular Systems

The advent of pixelated detectors for time‐of‐flight neutron transmission experiments has raised significant interest in terms of the potential for tomographic reconstructions of triaxial strain distributions. A recent publication by Lionheart and Withers [WRB Lionheart and PJ Withers, “Diffraction tomography of strain”, Inverse Problems, v31:045005, 2015] has demonstrated that reconstruction is not possible in the general sense; however, various special cases may exist. In this paper, we outline a process by which it is possible to tomographically reconstruct average triaxial elastic strains within individual particles in a granular assembly from a series of Bragg edge strain measurements. This algorithm is tested on simulated data in two and three dimensions and is shown to be capable of rejecting Gaussian measurement noise. Sources of systematic error that may present problems in an experimental implementation are briefly discussed.     

Combining upper bound and strain path methods for evaluating penetration resistance

The problem of penetration resistance involves a continuously moving zone of plastic distortion in the soil medium. This has been explored for cone penetration and pile installation, where additional volume is intruded into the soil, using the strain path method with the flow field derived from classical fluid mechanics. This paper focuses on a new generation of penetrometers, which have a much greater projected area than the cone shaft, and introduces a version of the strain path method based on classical upper bound solutions for the penetrometers. The new approach is used to explore the effects of high strain rates, and gradual strength degradation, on the penetration resistance of cylindrical and spherical penetrometers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SiC颗粒增强6061Al基复合材料的动态拉伸性能Ⅰ应变硬化

利用拉伸split Hopkinson bar实验装置研究了SiCp/6061Al复合材料及其基体合金的动态拉伸性能及应变硬化行为。结果表明，与静态加载类似，在动态加载条件下，SiCp/6061Al复合材料的强度高于基体合金的强度，其断裂延伸率低于基体合金的断裂延伸率，在低应变动态拉伸时，复合材料的应变硬化指数高于Al合金材料的应变硬化指数，随着应变的增加，复合材料的应变硬化指数迅速下降，以至低于基体合金的应变硬化指数。