干湿循环对不同粒径组崩解性砂岩改良膨胀土的影响

基于引江济淮工程研究利用河道开挖弃料崩解性砂岩改良膨胀土的长期效果.试验结果表明:①崩解性砂岩改善膨胀土的压实性和强度特性,岩屑粒径小于2 mm时改良土的压实性最优,砂岩物理改良土的直剪指标与岩屑粒径正相关,砂岩水泥复合改良土的直剪指标主要受水泥改良作用控制,岩屑粒径的影响不明显;②崩解性砂岩对改良土干湿循环过程中的开...     

电石渣改良膨胀土试验研究

膨胀土吸水体积膨胀,失水体积收缩的特性,给工程建设带来的危害屡见不鲜。因此如何改良膨胀土,显得尤为突出。化学改良法是膨胀土改良的常用手段之一。电石渣是工业制乙炔的主要废弃物,其堆放不仅占用大量土地,而且会造成环境及地下水污染等。通过系统的室内试验,探讨利用电石渣改良膨胀土的方法,掌握电石渣改良膨胀土的物理、力学性质及胀缩性特征。试验结果表明:随电石渣掺量的增大,改良土的最优含水率逐渐增大,最大干密度逐渐降低;塑性指数随电石渣掺量的增大先增大后降低;改良土的自由膨胀率、膨胀量、膨胀力与线缩率均随着养护龄期的增长呈减小趋势;随养护龄期的增长,改良土的压缩模量呈增大趋势,压缩系数呈减小趋势;改良土的抗剪强度随养护龄期增长主要体现在黏聚力、内摩擦角及无侧限抗压强度均随养护龄期的增长而增大;通过试验得到电石渣改良膨胀土的最优掺量为10%。扫描电镜的结果也验证了随养护龄期的增长,改良土的强度增大,胀缩性减弱。     

电石渣改良路基过湿土的微观机制研究

 为揭示电石渣改良路基过湿土的强度增长机制,通过无侧限抗压强度、酸碱度、压汞和热重分析试验,从微观角度出发,探讨改良土强度与pH值、孔径分布、火山灰反应产物含量的内在联系,并与石灰改良土进行比较。结果表明,电石渣改良路基过湿土早期强度与生石灰改良土接近,而后期强度为生石灰改良土的1.05～1.16倍;电石渣细粒含量约为生石灰的1.72倍,比表面积大5倍,可保障电石渣与土颗粒接触更充分;电石渣活性Al,Si成分含量约为生石灰的1.71倍,且电石渣改良土pH值可维持在12.4～12.6(而生石灰改良土pH值低于12.4),为火山灰反应提供较好的碱性环境,水化反应更持久;28和120 d龄期时,电石渣改良土的火山灰反应产物含量约为生石灰改良土的1.06和1.10倍,且微孔隙(＜0.007 μm)和小孔隙(0.007～0.900 μm)的体积百分比之和分别约为生石灰改良土的1.05和1.23倍,结构更致密。     

开山石渣改良膨胀土胀缩及击实性试验研究

本文针对目前改良膨胀土施工控制困难、污染环境、成本过高等问题,提出了利用掺石渣对膨胀土进行改良的研究思路。通过室内试验,研究了掺石渣对膨胀土基本物理参数、胀缩特性、力学特性的影响。试验结果表明,掺石渣之后,改良土的渗透系数显著增大,随着石渣掺比增加,改良土的膨胀率逐渐下降并趋于稳定。掺石渣改良膨胀土的最佳掺石渣比例为40%～50%,膨胀土初始含水率应控制在17.8%附近。开山石渣的加入明显的改善膨胀土施工时的碾压密实特性。     

石灰改良膨胀土高铁路堤离心模型对比试验研究

为研究石灰对膨胀土高铁路堤的改良效果,以膨胀土和石灰改良膨胀土为原材料,设计两组路堤模型,对其开展3次干湿循环条件下坡体响应离心模型试验研究,重点分析二者作为高铁路堤填料的工程特性差异。结果表明:随深度增加,路堤受大气影响减弱,改良土路堤的大气影响深度为20 cm,较之未改良土路堤深度小,石灰改良膨胀土可以作为高铁路堤填料;膨胀土和未改良土路堤浅部饱和含水率均在40%左右,其深部含水率都小于40%,但未改良土路堤中含水率变化较改良土路堤更为敏感;干湿循环条件下,5%的石灰掺入量可以有效抑制膨胀土变形,较好地遏制其膨胀潜势、渗透性、导热性、透水性等特性参数。     

石灰改性膨胀土团聚体的试验研究

采用南京下蜀土和汤山膨润土的重塑土形成大小不同的团聚体颗粒与不同含量的石灰混合,进行一系列的室内试验,得出石灰土的性质不仅与石灰含量有关还与团聚体的大小有关。膨胀土的最佳掺灰量与团聚体的大小有关,团聚体小于5mm时,最优含灰量为6%,而团聚体大于5mm时,最优含灰量应大于或等于9%。石灰土的破坏特征,对于团聚体较小的石灰土多发生剪切破坏,而团聚体大的石灰土则多发生碎裂破坏。     

粉煤灰及电石渣改良膨胀土干湿循环特性研究

向膨胀土中加入火山灰类添加剂可有效改善其胀缩特性,但连续干湿循环气候可能改变改良土的胀缩稳定性,并导致其强度降低。通过系统的室内试验对粉煤灰、电石渣改良膨胀土进行了干湿循环试验,分析其微观结构变化特征。试验结果表明,随着干湿循环次数的增加,改良土的膨胀性增大,无侧限抗压强度降低;与未经干湿循环的试样相比,经过干湿循环的试样内部大孔隙增多,颗粒排列状态被扰动。     

团聚体大小对填筑土强度影响的试验研究

为了了解团聚体大小对填筑土强度的影响,对不同改性填筑土的12组土样进行了一系列的无侧限抗压和剪切试验。结果表明:当团聚体的平均粒径小于3.5mm时,素土、纤维土和石灰土的粘聚力随粒径的增大而减小,内摩擦角随粒径的增大而增大;当团聚体的平均粒径大于3.5mm时,随粒径的增大,素土和石灰土的粘聚力明显增大且内摩擦角明显减小,纤维土的粘聚力和内摩擦角则变化不大;在受压破坏时,素土表现为应变软化的塑性破坏,纤维土表现为应变硬化的塑性破坏,石灰土则表现为完全的脆性破坏;素土、纤维土和石灰土的无侧限抗压强度随团聚体粒径的增大而降低。在试验结果的基础上,对团聚体大小的影响机理进行了分析和讨论。试验结论对进一步认识和掌握填筑土的工程性质具有重要意义。     

合肥膨胀土阳离子改良试验及微观机制分析

以合肥典型膨胀土为研究对象,利用石灰与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)混合物作为添加剂对膨胀土进行改良,通过界限含水率试验、直剪试验、不固结不排水三轴压缩试验、自由膨胀率试验和扫描电镜(SEM)试验,对比分析了两种不同膨胀潜势膨胀土改良前、后基本物理力学性质变化情况和改良效果,并基于双电层理论进行改良微观机制分析。试验研究结果表明:膨胀土改良后,黏粒含量减小,粉粒含量增多,塑性指数降低,亲水性减弱,膨胀潜势得到有效抑制,自由膨胀率低于40%,变为非膨胀土,抗剪强度得到提高。通过SEM观察微观结构发现:改良土土粒产生团聚作用并胶结成整体,土颗粒间胶结力增强,水稳定性提高。CTMAB与石灰相互促进、激发,形成协同作用,通过离子交换、吸附、包裹、胶结等一系列复杂的表面物化反应,使土粒扩散层厚度变薄,膨胀土对水"敏感性"降低,强度提高,工程性质得到明显改善。     

崩解性砂岩改良膨胀土的裂隙发育规律研究

文章以引江济淮项目膨胀土、崩解性砂岩为研究对象,利用崩解性砂岩对膨胀土进行改良,通过室内干湿循环试验研究干湿循环对砂岩改良土的裂隙宽度发展情况的影响。试验结果表明：在持续的水分蒸发过程中,砂岩改良土的裂隙宽度发展较均匀,持续的水分蒸发对砂岩改良土的影响较小;随着干湿循环次数的增加,砂岩改良土的蒸发速率和残余含水率变化幅度较小,改良后土体水分蒸发受干湿循环的影响减小;随着干湿循环次数的增加,砂岩改良土裂隙最大宽度、裂隙平均宽度、宽度峰值差的变化幅度较纯膨胀土平缓,掺入砂岩后,膨胀土裂隙发育受干湿循环影响减小。     

Toxicological and chemical characterization of organic micropollutants in river po waters (Italy)

River Po waters were collected at the end of the drainage basin, extracted by means of XAD-2 resins and tested for toxicity on aquatic organisms (Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum) and for mutagenicity with a modified Ames test. The extracts were analyzed by HRGC/FID and selective detectors for the determination of the most common classes of toxic compounds. The relationships between toxicological responses and analytical results are discussed.     

Aquatic microbial activity and macrofaunal profiles of an Oklahoma stream

A toxicity assessment was conducted on Skeleton Creek, near Enid, Okla. This creek received effluents from an oil refinery, municipal waste treatment facility, and a fertilizer processing plant. Microbial activity assays, which focused on sediments, included: dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, glucosidase, amylase and protease activity. Microbial electron transport system activity was also measured in overlying waters and sediments. Results were compared to a study conducted at the same time by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which measured in-stream fish, plankton and benthic communities. In addition, EPA conducted 7-day Ceriodaphnia reproductive toxicity tests and 7-day larval fathead minnow growth tests. Effects occurred below the 3 discharges and similar response patterns were noted between surrogate microbial assays and stream communities. These results highlight the importance and feasibility of multi-tiered test schemes in aquatic toxicity assessments.     

The use of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis to control the nuisance fly Sylvicola fenestralis (Anisopodidae) in sewage filter beds

The effectiveness of using the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) to control the nuisance fly Sylvicola fenestralis at Rossendale Sewage Works, Lancashire, was investigated. Following a provisional trial in 1987, the whole Works (28 filter beds) was treated with a two-stage application of Bti in 1988; the first application in late April was separated from the second in late May by about half the length of the Sylvicola life-cycle. The Bti treatment was timed to reduce fly nuisance in June, the month when most complaints (71%) had been received. For each application, 0.161. of the Bti preparation, containing nearly 10¹⁰ spores·cm⁻³, was applied per square metre of bed surface. An 80 and 98% kill of Sylvicola larvae was recorded following the first and second applications respectively. The lower kill achieved by the first application was believed to be due to insufficient mixing of the Bti with the settled sewage prior to dosing. Nuisance caused by the flies was considerably reduced; there were no complaints from the public during June, although a few were received in late July, early August. Sewage purification efficiency was not affected by Bti treatment. The maximum concentration of Bti spores in the Works' effluent was 7 × 10⁴ spores·cm⁻³. This concentration did not appear to affect the already impoverished macro-invertebrate fauna of the receiving river.     

Effect of pathogen concentrations on removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by conventional drinking water treatment

The presence of waterborne enteric pathogens in municipal water supplies contributes risk to public health. To evaluate the removal of these pathogens in drinking water treatment processes, previous researchers have spiked raw waters with up to 10(6) pathogens/L in order to reliably detect the pathogens in treated water. These spike doses are 6-8 orders of magnitude higher than pathogen concentrations routinely observed in practice. In the present study, experiments were conducted with different sampling methods (i.e., grab versus continuous sampling) and initial pathogen concentrations ranging from 10(1) to 10(6) pathogens/L. Results showed that Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst removal across conventional treatment were dependent on initial pathogen concentrations, with lower pathogen removals observed when lower initial pathogen spike doses were used. In addition, higher raw water turbidity appeared to result in higher log removal for both Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts.     

Life history responses of Daphnia magna feeding on toxic Microcystis aeruginosa alone and mixed with a mixotrophic Poterioochromonas species

The toxic effects of a mixotrophic golden alga (Poterioochromonas sp. strain ZX1) and a cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa grazed by Poterioochromonas to a cladoceran were investigated through life history experiments using Daphnia magna. Poterioochromonas cultured in two ways (fed M. aeruginosa in an inorganic medium or grown in an organic medium) both induced starvation-like effects on D. magna, indicating that Poterioochromonas is neither acutely toxic nor a good food for D. magna. Despite a microcystin-LR content of 10⁻⁸ μg cell⁻¹ in M. aeruginosa, no toxins were accumulated in Poterioochromonas fed the cyanobacterium. The toxic effect of M. aeruginosa to D. magna was significantly reduced in the presence of Poterioochromonas, which may be performed in two ways: decrease M. aeruginosa cells ingestion of D. magna by grazing on M. aeruginosa; and decrease the toxicity of the medium by degrading the toxins released by M. aeruginosa. This study provides new information on the interactions between a cyanobacterium and its grazer under laboratory conditions and may increase our understanding of the ecological significance of such interactions in the aquatic food webs.     

Use of microbial and toxicant screening tests for priority site selection of degraded areas in water bodies

In this study, a new approach has been taken to evaluate Saint John River water and sediment conditions. A battery of biochemical, microbiological and bioassay tests were used to identify degraded or degrading sediments and waters. Data were obtained from waters and sediments at 38 sites within the Saint John River Basin. The data suggested that the following four sites had the highest priority concern: Little River No. 34, Grand Bay, Saint John River near Boars Head No. 33, Madawaska River below mill No. 7 and St Francois-de-Madawaska, mill stream No. 2. The data also indicated that microbial population, biochemical or bioassay tests performed independently do not provide realistic evaluations of priority concern areas and that the “battery of tests” approach is necessary to provide additional information.     

Influence of land use and watershed characteristics on protozoa contamination in a potential drinking water resources reservoir

Relative changes in the microbial quality of Lake Texoma, on the border of Texas and Oklahoma, were investigated by monitoring protozoan pathogens, fecal indicators, and factors influencing the intensity of the microbiological contamination of surface water reservoirs. The watershed serves rural agricultural communities active in cattle ranching, recreation, and is a potential drinking water source. A total of 193 surface water samples were tested over a 27-month period to determine levels of parasite contamination. The overall occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was higher in both frequency and concentration than Giardia cysts. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 99% and Giardia cysts in 87% of the samples. Although Cryptosporidium and Giardia occurrence were significantly but not strongly correlated, all other correlation coefficients including turbidity and total dissolved solids were non-significant. Statistically supportable seasonal variations were found suggesting that Cryptosporidium and Giardia were higher in summer and fall than in other seasons of the year. While Cryptosporidium levels were correlated with rainfall, this was not the case with Giardia. The maximum numbers for both protozoan parasites were detected from a site impacted by cattle ranching during calving season. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used for confirmation of Cryptosporidium in surface waters influenced by agricultural discharges. As we had expected, oocysts were of the bovine type indicating that the Cryptosporidium parvum detected in surface waters perhaps came from cattle living in the watershed.     

Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection in water bodies of Galicia, Spain

The objective of this study was to determine the mean concentration (per litre) of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in recreational river areas (n = 28), drinking water treatments plants (DWTPs; n = 52) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs; n = 50) in Galicia (NW Spain). Water samples from rivers and from the influent (50–100 l) and the treated effluent (100 l) of the water plants were filtered using Filta-Max filters (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, USA). A total of 232 samples were processed and the (oo)cysts were concentrated, clarified by IMS and then detected by IFAT. The viability was determined by applying fluorogenic vital dye (PI).In the recreational areas, infective forms of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in 16 (57.1%; 1–60 oocysts per litre) and 17 (60.7%; 1–160 cysts per litre) samples, respectively. In the water flowing into the water treatment plants, oocysts were detected in 21 DWTPs (40.4%; 1–13 oocysts per litre) and cysts were observed in 22 DWTPs (42.3%; 1–7 cysts per litre). In the effluents from the treatment plants, Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were identified in 17 DWTPs (32.7%; 1–4 oocysts per litre) and in 19 DWTPs (36.5%; 1–5 cysts per litre), respectively. The highest concentrations of (oo)cysts were found in the WWTPs; specifically, oocysts were detected in 29 (58.0%; 1–80 oocysts per litre) and cysts in 49 (98.0%; 2–14.400 cysts per litre) WWTP effluents. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in 32 (64.0%; 1–120 oocysts per litre) and 48 (96.0%; 2–6.000 cysts per litre) WWTP effluents, respectively. The percentage viability of the (oo)cysts ranged between 90.0% and 95.0%. In all samples analysed. Moreover, it was found that the effluents from coastal WWTPs were discharged directly into the sea, while inland WWTPs were discharged directly into rivers. The concentrations of both enteropathogens detected in effluents from WWTPs therefore represent a significant risk to human and animal health.These results demonstrate the wide distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the environment, the ineffectiveness of treatments in DWTPs and WWTPs in reducing/inactivating both protozoa and the need to monitor the presence, viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water bodies. In conclusion, the findings suggest the need for better monitoring of water quality and identification of sources of contamination.     

Comparison of the action spectra and relative DNA absorbance spectra of microorganisms: Information important for the determination of germicidal fluence (UV dose) in an ultraviolet disinfection of water

The action spectra of Bacillus subtilis spores (ATCC6633) and Salmonella typhimurium LT2 were characterized using physical radiometry for irradiance measurements and a multiple target model to interpret the inactivation kinetics. The observed action spectrum of B. subtilis spores deviated significantly from the relative absorbance spectrum of the DNA purified from the spores, but matched quite well with the relative absorbance spectrum of decoated spores. The action spectrum of B. subtilis spores determined in this study was statistically different from those reported in previous studies. On the other hand, the action spectrum of S. typhimurium bacteria matched quite well with the relative absorbance spectrum of DNA extracted from vegetative cells, except in the region below 240 nm. It is concluded that the common use of the relative DNA absorbance spectrum as a surrogate for the germicidal action spectrum can result in systematic errors when evaluating the performance of a polychromatic UV light reactors using bioassays. For example, if the weighted germicidal fluence (UV dose) calculated using the relative DNA absorbance spectrum as the germicidal weighting factor is found to be 40 mJ cm⁻² for a medium pressure lamp UV reactor, that calculated using the relative action spectrum of B. subtilis spores, as determined in this study, would be 66 mJ cm⁻².