改进的基于地理位置的可靠车载网络路由协议

提出了一种新的基于地理位置信息的车载网络路由协议——GDGP。GDGP是一种包转发机制,在进行包转发时将贪婪转发与方向转发相结合,通过两个独立的消息交互机制,更新各个节点上存储的目的节点的位置信息,以确保各个节点上记录的目的节点的位置信息的一致性,进而保证路由算法的可靠性。利用NS-2仿真平台,采取接近现实车辆运动情况的节点运动模式进行实验,和已有的GPSR路由协议进行比较。仿真结果表明,改进的路由协议在城市场景中有较好的性能。     

无线传感器网络中保证交付的贪心路由算法

针对传感器网络提出了一种高效的点对点的路由方法.通过对每个节点分配坐标,将网络映射到由它的若干生成树构成的度量空间,根据节点坐标使用贪婪算法路由,即总是选择离目的节点最近的邻居转发包.该方法在每个节点的路由表中只需要维护邻居的坐标,包首部开销最多为O(log2n)2比特.与很多基于位置的贪婪路由算法相比较,该方法的特点是贪婪路由算法能够保证网络中任意一对节点之间都是可达的,并且路径长度不超过这对节点在生成树上的距离.仿真表明该方法同时能够在路径拉伸度和负载平衡上取得较好的性能.     

实时响应物联网中基于查询的数据转发方案

在许多基于传感器网络技术的物联网应用中,用户需要快速的查询响应,比如智能交通物联网应用中,行驶在路上的司机即时查询附近的空停车位信息.如何为此类物联网设计一种符合传感器网络特性(如能量有效等)的快速数据转发方案是一项重要的挑战性工作.已有的传感器网络实时数据转发协议大都因未解决好转发断路带来的额外开销、孤立节点处理耗时、难以适应网络拓扑动态变化等关键性问题而未取得理想的实时性效果.为此,该文提出一种新的基于查询的快速数据转发方案,利用查询消息为每个传感器节点建立最快速的数据转发路径(有向无环图),此外文中给出的综合路径代价模型可以均衡网络能量和减少网络拥塞延时,最后设计了贪婪的分布式数据转发算法及其改进算法,并用仿真实验验证了该方案的有效性和高效性.     

A cost matrix agent for shortest path routing in ad hoc networks

Wireless ad hoc networks do not rely on an existing infrastructure. They are organized as a network with nodes that act as hosts and routers to treat packets. With their frequent changes in topology, ad hoc networks do not rely on the same routing methods as for pre-established wired networks; they require routing methods for mobile wireless networks. To select a path from a source to a destination in dynamic ad hoc networks, an efficient and reliable routing method is very important. In this paper, we introduce a cost-matrix-based routing algorithm. An agent node creates topology information in the form of the adjacency-cost matrix which shows link costs of the network.Based on the adjacency-cost matrix, the minimum-cost matrix and the next-node matrices can be calculated. Based on the minimum-cost matrix and the next-node matrices, the minimum cost between source and destination nodes and between intermediate nodes on the minimum-cost paths can be calculated.The matrices are periodically distributed by the agent to the other nodes. Based on the minimum-cost matrix and the next-node matrices, each node decides the minimum-cost path to its destination. Because none of the nodes except the agent needs to gather network topology information, the control overhead of the proposed method is small compared with those of the general table-driven routing protocols.     

基于重构SPT的单链路故障路由保护方法

为了减少故障对网络运行带来的影响,提出了一种基于重构SPT的单链路故障路由保护算法SLFRPRSPT。该算法在最短路径树SPT的基础上实现,通过制定一系列定义和规则,对SPT进行重构,搜索节点关系发生改变的节点,为每个节点计算最佳备份下一跳节点,从而达到提高路由可用性的目的。经过实验验证,其在网络拓扑中故障保护率可以达到1,并且具有较低的路径拉伸度,可以有效避免单链路故障带来的影响。该方案支持增量部署和逐跳转发,便于实现。     

基于SD-Torus网络的分布式IP地址查找

针对IP路由器的FIB(Forwarding Information Base)极限问题和分布式IP地址查找中的通信延迟问题,提出了SD-Torus(Semi-Diagonal Torus)直连网络。按照"临近存储"的原则,将路由表划分后存储在每个节点及其邻居节点上,以减少分布式IP地址查找中的通信延迟,提高整体的查找性能。在分析SD-Torus网络拓扑性质的基础上,提出了一种负载均衡的路由算法。基于SystemC的仿真结果表明,使用该结构可以大大降低分布式IP地址查找的通信延迟,提高系统的扩展性。该研究结果可以应用于高性能的分布式IP地址查找。     

采用Hull树的贪婪地理位置路由算法的设计

地理位置路由算法是指借助节点获得的地理位置信息进行无线传感网络中的路由发现与数据转发工作。本文提出一种基于Hull树的贪婪地理位置路由算法——Greedy Hull Tree Geographic Routing(GHTGR)。通过图形学中凸包的概念,在网络初始阶段分布式地在各节点上建立Hull树以探查网络局部拓扑结构;同时在数据分组的路由转发阶段,通过Hull树内的搜索,寻找下一跳转发节点,完成数据分组的转发传输。通过仿真实验表明,与现有地理位置路由算法相比,该算法能够正确地寻找数据转发路径,有效地减少网络能耗,提高网络传输性能。     

WSN中基于树型标号系统的分布式路由算法

针对无线传感器网络中数据中心存储的路由问题,提出一种基于树型标号系统的分布式路由算法。将网络中的节点组织成以参考节点为根的树型结构,通过比较目的节点标号与邻居节点标号,选择转发节点,实现数据路由。分析与仿真结果表明,该路由算法的空间开销较低、路由效率较高,并且生成的路径接近最短路径。     

Interface split routing for finer-grained traffic engineering

Legacy IP routing restricts the efficacy of traffic engineering solutions. This restriction stems from the constraint that traffic at a node must be uniformly split across all next-hop nodes corresponding to equal cost shortest path to a destination. Proposals that alleviate this constraint either completely overhaul legacy IP routing, or introduce complex control and/or forwarding plane components. This additional complexity departs from the elegant simplicity of legacy routing protocols where statically optimized link weights embed all traffic engineering semantics.

We present Interface Split Routing (ISR), which retains the basic forwarding and control mechanism of legacy IP routing. Furthermore, a set of link weights embed all traffic engineering semantics in ISR. However, ISR makes possible finer-grained traffic engineering by configuring independent sets of next-hops to a destination at each incoming interface. This lends itself well to modern router architectures where each incoming interface has its own forwarding table. Consequently, at the aggregated node level, traffic to a particular destination may be non-uniformly distributed across next-hop nodes. Hence, ISR allows additional flexibility in routing traffic as compared to default IP routing while retaining its simplicity. We conduct simulation studies on representative ISP topologies to compare ISR with traditional link-weight-optimized routing. ISR reduces the difference between optimal routing and weight-optimized routing by 50%.     

基于信任机制的机会网络安全路由决策方法

提出一种基于信任机制的机会网络安全路由决策方法TOR,该方法在节点中引入信任向量的数据结构,记录节点携带消息能力的信任度.采用层状硬币模型和数字签名机制,在消息传递过程中将节点签名的转发证据动态捆绑到消息包上,依靠消息携带方式实现证据链的采集.周期性地将具有签名和时间戳的信任向量表通过洪泛方式反馈到网络中,在每个节点,迭代形成一个由多维行向量集组成的只读可信路由表TRT,作为选择下一跳节点和副本分割策略的决策依据.在节点相遇时,选择信任度比自身大的作为下一跳转发节点,消息沿着信任梯度递增的方向传递.实验结果表明：与现有路由算法相比,TOR算法能够有效抑制恶意节点和自私节点的破坏行为,且具有较高的消息传递成功率和较低的消息转发平均时延,对缓存空间和计算能力要求较低.     

无线传感器网络中一种基于标号的贪婪转发算法

针对传统地理路由存在的路由空洞问题,提出一种新的路由算法:基于标号的贪婪转发LBGF算法。算法将网络中的节点组织为一个带环树,在构建树的同时,父节点依据子节点的位置信息为其分配隐含节点间亲缘关系的标号,从而形成一个树型标号系统,并设计相应的贪婪转发算法。分析与仿真结果表明:相对于GPSR,LBGF算法具有空洞避免、容错性强、通信与存储开销低、计算简便等优点,适于节点稀疏或障碍物较多的无线传感器网络。     

基于贪婪算法无线传感器网络中继节点布局的研究

为实现远距离的无线通信, 在网络中添加中继节点, 采用多跳路由传输数据。对于中继节点的布局问题, 依据线性结构使网络整体能量消耗最小的特征, 提出一种中继节点贪婪布局算法。该算法通过最近贪婪策略、中继节点通信容量、传感器节点数据转发跳数等约束方法限制中继节点的布局位置。理论分析和实验验证了该算法能够有效减少能量消耗, 延长网络寿命。     

一种基于稳定簇的混合路由协议CBHRP

移动算组网是一种没有有线基础结构支持的移动网络,具有带宽有限和拓扑结构易变的特点。这些特点使得设计一个合适的路由协议具有一定的挑战性。该文针对移动自组网提出了一种基于稳定簇结构、按需路由和预先路由混合、支持单播和组播通信的路由协议CBHRP。CBHRP具有路由控制开销小、主机移动对拓扑结构改变的影响小、通信的初始延迟低和应用范围广的特点。     

高动态航空自组网中考虑优先级的逐跳路由协议

针对航空自组网频繁的拓扑变化、网络断开的问题,提出一种考虑优先级的逐跳路由（priority concern hop-by-hop routing,PCHHR）协议。PCHHR依据运动方向优先、距离次之的原则选择下一跳路由节点,优先选择向目的节点运动的邻居作为下一跳节点,次优选择距离目的节点最近的邻居作为下一跳节点;区分数据报文的时延需求,优先转发时延约束小的数据。仿真结果表明,PCHHR在较低的控制开销和端到端时延下,总体数据分组投递率高于航空路由协议（aeronautical routing protocol,AeroRP）、贪婪转发路由和传统的端到端路由协议,提高了高实时性数据分组的投递率。     

基于方向预测的移动自组网概率转发算法

移动自组网中传统的路由算法大多采用拉网式的盲搜索,导致路由开销较大,针对这一问题,提出一种基于方向预测的概率转发算法。该算法通过监听网络中传输的各种数据包,从中提取节点ID和时间信息,这些信息反映了到目的节点的距离;在此基础上,计算节点的转发概率,并根据网络的变化自适应地调整,使得路由过程始终沿着目的节点所在方向进行,限定了搜索区域。仿真结果表明,该算法的路由开销比洪泛降低了70%,比经典概率转发算法降低了20%,提高了网络性能。     

基于ODMRP的分布式核心稳定路由算法

在无人机网络中,由于节点具有较强的移动性,对于组播路由的建立以及组播组的划分提出更高要求,一般的组播路由协议往往无法满足网络需求.为此,提出了一种基于ODMRP的分布式核心稳定路由算法.该算法结合了改进贪婪机制,根据路由状况对路径进行优化,为了降低源节点的数据处理负担,提出了分布式核心节点选择机制,将组播组的信息储存在多个核心节点中,同时释放了转发节点的储存空间.文章通过路由抢修机制,监控路由状态变化,对即将断裂的路由提前修复,保证了路径的有效性.仿真表明,该算法与标准的ODMRP算法及改进算法VCMP算法相比,能够优化传输路径,降低端到端时延,提高分组交付率,提升网络性能.     

机会网络中高效的文件传输机制UH-EC

为高效地在机会网络中进行文件(音、视频)传输,提出一种基于节点性质特征的编码与效用值混合的路由算法UH-EC。将源文件编码成较小数据块,在节点的下一跳转发选取上采取基于节点特征的效用值,不断寻求转发能力强的节点承担转发任务,直到数据转发到目的节点。理论分析与仿真结果证明,与经典的H-EC路由算法相比,该算法能有效降低网络开销、分组端到端时延与黑洞节点对文件传输成功率的影响。     

Efficient self-organized backbone formation in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs)

In wireless networks other than source and destination nodes, intermediate nodes play a major role for routing and other control transfer functions. Hence the network must be formed by self-organized intermediate nodes. This feature of the node is also used to protect the network from uncertainties like link, node failures. The main objective of this paper is to give the characteristics of intermediate nodes; how they support the quality of service issues. Existing research work in this area mainly concentrates on backbone construction and there is no solution for self-organized backbone formation. A new distributed localized algorithm is proposed to construct and maintain the backbone network named as SOB-T or M (self-organized backbone- tree or mark), which means that tree or marking scheme are used to construct the backbone network. The QoS parameters like throughput, delay and number of control messages are analyzed in this paper.     

Trust-based minimum cost opportunistic routing for Ad hoc networks

Recently, opportunistic routing has received much attention as a new design direction. It can exploit the wireless broadcast and more highly reliable opportunistic forwarding, so as to substantially increase the throughput of network. Due to dynamic topology, distributed collaboration, limited bandwidth and computing ability, the absence of enough physical protection in Ad hoc networks, opportunistic routing is vulnerable to attacks by malicious nodes. In order to alleviate the malicious behaviors, we incorporate the concept of trust to Ad hoc networks, build a simple trust model to evaluate neighbors’ forwarding behavior and apply this model to opportunistic routing for Ad hoc networks. A new trusted opportunistic forwarding model is proposed by choosing the trusted and highest priority candidate forwarder, then a trusted minimum cost routing algorithm (MCOR) is formally formulated, the correctness and effectiveness of this algorithm from theoretical analysis are also approved. Finally, MCOR algorithm is verified by simulation using nsclick software and compared its performance with the classic protocols: ExOR, TAODV and Watchdog-DSR. The simulation results show that MCOR scheme can detect and mitigate node misbehaviors. Furthermore, MCOR scheme outperforms the other protocols in terms of: throughput, delay, Expected ETX, security-gains and cost of routing.     

无线传感器网络中分段贪婪地理路由算法

针对基于地理位置的无线传感器网络路由中存在的路由空洞问题,提出一种新的路由模式:分段贪婪路由.在该模式中,整个路由过程被中间节点序列划分为若干段,在每一段上仅应用贪婪转发策略.为确定合适的中间节点,给出一种基于递归探测的方法,并以GPSR算法为基础探测路由构造了SGR算法.仿真实验表明,在存在不同类型、大小、数量路由空洞的网络环境中,SGR算法均能以较小的探测开销获得接近最优的路由路径,尤其是凹空洞存在的情况.