乳脂肪球膜(MFGM)的组成及生理特性

综述了MFGM的组成、结构、MFGM的分离纯化,并对MFGM对人类具有有益生理效应的组分进行了总结,为今后MFGM的研究开发和更广泛的应用提供了一定的应用参考.     

乳脂肪球膜的组成与应用研究进展

综述了乳脂肪球膜的组成、分离提取方法与应用的研究进展,对有效利用乳脂肪球膜资源提供参考。     

乳脂肪球膜的组成、营养及制备研究进展

乳中的脂肪以乳化的脂肪球形态分散于水相中,脂肪球被三层脂肪球膜包裹,近年来的研究表明脂肪球膜中的成分对婴幼儿的生长发育有至关重要的作用。本文介绍了乳脂肪球膜特别是其磷脂的组成及含量,添加入婴幼儿配方奶粉中乳脂肪球膜的营养作用,以及目前市售的富含脂肪球膜的产品及制备方式,为缩小配方奶与婴幼儿营养需求的差异提供科学依据。     

乳脂消化吸收及其功能研究进展

乳脂肪球是由甘油三酯为核心的小球组成,周围有三膜结构,即乳脂肪球膜。乳脂肪球膜含有复杂的脂质和蛋白质,具有营养、免疫、神经和消化功能。然而,这些功能和胃肠消化之间存在的联系及其影响乳脂胃肠消化的因素未得到充分的研究。文章综述了乳脂成分及其结构、乳脂功能特性、乳脂胃肠消化概况及其影响乳脂消化吸收的因素,旨在为婴儿配方奶粉的消化研究提供参考。     

乳脂肪球膜蛋白组成及其功能特性

本文介绍了MFGM的组成和结构,通过对比牛乳、羊乳以及骆驼乳等5种乳源MFGM组成,解析了不同乳源MFGM的组成、结构及含量差异。从蛋白质组学角度综述了牛乳、羊乳以及骆驼乳等不同乳源MFGM蛋白的组成成分及其含量差异,并阐述了不同乳源MFGM蛋白与人乳之间的相似性。筛选并系统地阐述了高丰度和高表达差异MFGM蛋白在乳化性和稳定性、消化稳定性以及对人体的安全性和耐受性方面的作用。综述了MFGM蛋白在抗癌、增强免疫力、修复肠道损伤、改善血脂、抗少肌症以及促进神经系统发育和提高认知能力过程中所参与的代谢途径和作用机制,为开发与利用MFGM蛋白提供了参考依据。     

乳脂肪球及其微观结构

乳是哺乳动物的乳腺所分泌的具有胶体特性的生物化学液体。乳脂肪从脂肪球状态分散在乳浆中,为“油在水中”的乳浆液。新挤出的牛乳是两相乳浊液。乳在长时间保持冷却状态后,乳脂肪球中脂肪部分结晶化并形成三相或多相乳浊液。在电子显微镜下,最完整的乳成分结构是脂肪球。     

人乳与牛乳乳脂肪球膜蛋白质组的对比研究

人乳是婴幼儿生命初始阶段唯一能够摄入的食物,蛋白质是人乳中重要的营养成分,而牛乳作为代替人乳的常用原料已经被广泛的应用于婴幼儿食品中。本研究利用SDS-PAGE电泳和LC-MALDL-TOF蛋白组学方法将人乳与牛乳中乳脂肪球膜蛋白进行分离,能够发现人乳与牛乳脂肪球膜蛋白存在较大的差异。牛乳脂肪球膜中已鉴定出488种蛋白,人乳脂肪球膜中鉴定出的蛋白为1545种。牛乳脂肪球膜具有173种特异性蛋白,人乳脂肪球膜具有1230种特异性蛋白,在人乳与牛乳中存在315种同源蛋白。从蛋白质的GO(Gene Ontology)功能注释上来看,人乳脂肪球膜蛋白参与的生物过程有37%为代谢过程;具有的分子功能55%为结合作用;34%为参与细胞器构成。人乳脂肪球膜中有24种蛋白参与免疫相关的通路,主要为抗原加工和呈递。与牛乳相比,对人乳中乳脂肪球膜蛋白质在组成及功能上的研究,能够促进深入地了解人乳蛋白,并为以牛乳为原料的婴幼儿产品添加功能性蛋白提供参考。     

乳脂肪球膜的特性、开发及在模拟母乳脂肪球结构中的应用

乳脂肪球膜（milk fat globule membrane,MFGM）是包裹在天然乳脂肪球外部的3 层膜状结构,然而牛乳基和大豆基婴儿配方奶粉缺少MFGM,脂肪球结构与母乳存在较大差异,因此添加外源MFGM以及制备与母乳脂肪球结构接近的婴儿配方奶粉成为了近期的研究焦点。本文综述了MFGM的相关特性和生产开发途径,以及牛乳MFGM在仿母乳脂肪球结构乳液和婴儿配方奶粉中的应用。体外模拟婴儿胃肠道消化实验以及啮齿动物体内实验结果表明,仿母乳脂肪球结构乳液和婴儿配方奶粉能够促进婴儿脂肪消化并且改善脂质代谢过程。     

乳脂肪球膜及其配料的科学共识

目的:富含乳脂肪球膜的乳清蛋白粉是婴幼儿配方乳粉的配料之一。有关专家在综合分析乳脂肪球膜对婴幼儿营养健康作用的研究文献基础上,形成《乳脂肪球膜及其配料的科学共识》。方法:组织科技界和产业界的相关专家,通过文献检索分析与研讨的形式开展研究。结果:乳脂肪球膜是包裹在乳脂肪液滴表面,由极性脂质、胆固醇和蛋白质等组成的复杂的3层磷脂蛋白膜,而鞘磷脂和神经节苷脂为乳脂肪球膜配料的特征性指标,其安全性和耐受性在临床试验中得到证实。现有研究表明在婴幼儿配方乳粉中添加“富含乳脂肪球膜的乳清蛋白粉”,可促进婴儿大脑认知发育,增强婴儿免疫力。目前乳脂肪球膜原料生产企业尚无统一的质量标准体系,乳脂肪球膜相关配料的组分复杂,且因获得方法不同而存有较大差异。对原料和终产品的检测方法,特别是对膜蛋白的检测方法尚不成熟,应加强乳脂肪球膜配料及主要特征成分检测方法、产品质量控制、营养功能与临床研究。政府有关部门、食品科技界及产业界也应加强对乳脂肪球膜及其配料的认知,助推我国婴幼儿配方食品产业健康发展。     

不同热处理的驼乳脂肪和脂肪球膜组成成分及特性

探究了热处理对乳脂肪球及乳脂肪球膜产生的影响,以驼原乳为研究对象,对采集的驼原乳进行4种不同的热处理(低温长时巴氏杀菌(LTLT)65℃,30 min;高温短时巴氏杀菌(HTST)85℃,15 s;超高温巴氏杀菌(UP)125℃,4 s;超高温瞬时灭菌(UHT)135℃,4 s).测定原乳及热处理乳乳脂肪球的粒径和形态...     

Temporal variation of milk fat globule diameter,fat and cholesterol content and milk epithelial cell gene expression in dairy cows

It was possible to show a connection between the temporal variation of milk fat globule diameter, fat and cholesterol content in milk and the expression of candidate genes in the mammary gland epithelial cells in milk. The beginning of lactation corresponded with higher levels of fat and cholesterol in the milk as a result of a higher expression of key enzymes in the purified bovine milk epithelial cells, paralleled with an increase in milk fat globule mean size.     

Physical,textural, and rheological properties of whipped cream affected by milk fat globule membrane protein

This work aims at improving the textural and whipping properties of whipped cream by the addition of milk fat globule membrane protein. The determination of particle size distribution and average diameter of whipped cream showed that the small particle size was shifted to a larger range after milk fat globule membrane protein was added. The average particle size (d_3,2) of whipped cream reached a maximum value of 5.05 µm at 1% milk fat globule membrane protein, while slowly decreased with increasing milk fat globule membrane protein levels from 2% to 5%. In addition, the partial coalescence of fat increased with the increase of milk fat globule membrane protein levels, and the correlation between the whipping time and the overrun of whipped cream was positive. The addition of milk fat globule membrane protein also altered the rheological behaviour of whipped cream, resulting in the increase of modulus G′ and the loss modulus G″. The results also indicated that higher milk fat globule membrane protein level decreased the serum loss of whipped cream while improved its stability. While milk fat globule membrane protein levels had no significant effect on viscosity, its increasing levels effectively improved the hardness, consistency, and viscosity of whipped cream.     

Major proteins of the goat milk fat globule membrane

Fat is present in milk as droplets of triglycerides surrounded by a complex membrane derived from the mammary epithelial cell called milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). Although numerous studies have been published on human or bovine MFGM proteins, to date few studies exist on MFGM proteins from goat milk. The objective of this study was thus to investigate the protein composition of the goat MFGM. Milk fat globule membrane proteins from goat milk were separated by 6% and 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE and were Coomassie or periodic acid-Schiff stained. Most of MFGM proteins [mucin-1, fatty acid synthase, xanthine oxidase, butyrophilin, lactadherin (MFG EGF-8, MFG-E8), and adipophilin] already described in cow milk were identified in goat milk using peptide mass fingerprinting. In addition, lectin staining provided a preliminary characterization of carbohydrate structures occurring on MFGM proteins from goat milk depending on α_S1-casein genotype and lactation stage. We provide here first evidence of the presence of O-glycans on fatty acid synthase and xanthine oxidase from goat milk. A prominent difference between the cow and the goat species was demonstrated for lactadherin. Indeed, whereas 2 polypeptide chains were easily identified by peptide mass fingerprinting matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight analysis within bovine MFGM proteins, lactadherin from goat milk consisted of a single polypeptide chain. Another striking observation was the presence of caseins associated with MFGM preparations from goat milk, whereas virtually no caseins were found in MFGM extracts from bovine milk. Taken together, these observations strongly support the existence of a singular secretion mode previously hypothesized in the goat.     

Comparison of emulsifying properties of milk fat globule membrane materials isolated from different dairy by-products

Emulsifying properties of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) materials isolated from reconstituted buttermilk (BM; i.e., BM-MFGM) and BM whey (i.e., whey-MFGM), individually or in mixtures with BM powder (BMP) were compared with those of a commercial dairy ingredient (Lacprodan PL-20; Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby, Denmark), a material rich in milk polar lipids and proteins. The particle size distribution, viscosity, interfacial protein, and polar lipids load of oil-in-water emulsions prepared using soybean oil were examined. Pronounced droplet aggregation was observed with emulsions stabilized with whey-MFGM or with a mixture of whey-MFGM and BMP. No aggregation was observed for emulsions stabilized with BM-MFGM, Lacprodan PL-20, or a mixture of BM-MFGM and BMP. The surface protein load and polar lipids load were lowest in emulsions with BM-MFGM. The highest protein load and polar lipids load were observed for emulsions made with a mixture of whey-MFGM and BMP. The differences in composition of MFGM materials, such as in whey proteins, caseins, MFGM-specific proteins, polar lipids, minerals, and especially their possible interactions determine their emulsifying properties.     

Effect of washing conditions on the recovery of milk fat globule membrane proteins during the isolation of milk fat globule membrane from milk

During the isolation of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) from milk, washing is considered the most critical stage in which loss of MFGM components occurs. In this study, using a cream separator, the influence of washing on the recovery of MFGM proteins was investigated. The residue of non-MFGM proteins in the MFGM material obtained after washing was quantitatively determined using densitometric analysis of one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE after silver staining of the gel. Using deionized water as the washing solution did not increase the loss of MFGM proteins compared with other common salt solutions in terms of recovery of MFGM proteins and contamination with non-MFGM proteins. The increase in wash temperature from 38 to 46°C did not show a significant decrease in yield of MFGM proteins because of variation between the experimental replicates. Coalescence of fat globules occurs during isolation. To increase MFGM purity while maintaining a high MFGM protein recovery, using larger volumes of wash solution is more advisable rather than increasing the number of washings from 2 to 3.     

Buffalo vs. cow milk fat globules: Size distribution,zeta-potential,compositions in total fatty acids and in polar lipids from the milk fat globule membrane

Although buffalo milk is the second most produced milk in the world, and of primary nutritional importance in various parts of the world, few studies have focused on the physicochemical properties of buffalo milk fat globules. This study is a comparative analysis of buffalo and cow milk fat globules. The larger size of buffalo fat globules, 5 vs. 3.5 μm, was related to the higher amount of fat in the buffalo milks: 73.4 ± 9.9 vs. 41.3 ± 3.7 g/kg for cow milk. Buffalo milks contained significantly lower amount of polar lipids expressed per gram of lipids (0.26% vs. 0.36%), but significantly higher amount of polar lipids per litre of milk (+26%). Buffalo and cow milk fat globule membranes contain the same classes of polar lipids; phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin (SM) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) being the main constituents. A significant higher percentage of PC and lower percentage of SM were found for buffalo milks. The fatty acid analysis revealed that saturated fatty acids, mainly palmitic acid, trans fatty acids, linolenic acid (ω3) and conjugated linolenic acid were higher in buffalo milk than in cow milk. Such results will contribute to the improvement of the quality of buffalo milk-based dairy products.     

Modulation of immune function by milk fat globule membrane isolates

The nutritional value and characterization of minor milk components on mammalian immune function are not fully understood. The aim of this research was to test the ability of a milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) isolate to modulate murine immune function in vitro, by studying its effects on splenocyte proliferation, apoptosis, and cytokine production. Proliferation of spleen cells was not affected by the MFGM isolate; however, in the presence of polyclonal activators, the MFGM isolate suppressed cell proliferation. Results obtained by flow cytometry did not support programmed cell death as the cause of the MFGM immune-modulating capacity. A mode of suppression on the splenocyte activation process was suggested from a marked decrease in the production of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α cytokines, typical indicators of immune cell activation. The effect of MFGM on IL-4 secretion was significantly less than that for the other 2 cytokines. The activity exerted by the MFGM over concanavalin A-stimulated cells differed from that observed in cells treated with lipopolysaccharide, suggesting a different mode of action depending on the activator used. These results indicate the potential of MFGM extracts as functional ingredients with bioactive modulating capacity.     

Developmental changes in the milk fat globule membrane proteome during the transition from colostrum to milk

Shotgun proteomics, using amine-reactive isobaric tags (iTRAQ), was used to quantify protein changes in milk fat globule membranes (MFGM) that were isolated from d 1 colostrum and compared with MFGM from d 7 milk. Eight Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 4 cow sample pools for a simple replication of this proteomic analysis using iTRAQ. The iTRAQ labeled peptides from the experiment sample pools were fractionated by strong cation exchange chromatography followed by further fractionation on a microcapillary high performance liquid chromatograph connected to a nanospray-tandem mass spectrometer. Data analysis identified 138 bovine proteins in the MFGM with 26 proteins upregulated and 19 proteins downregulated in d 7 MFGM compared with colostrum MFGM. Mucin 1 and 15 were upregulated greater than 7-fold in MFGM from d 7 milk compared with colostrum MFGM. The tripartite complex of proteins of adipophilin, butyrophilin, and xanthine dehydrogenase were individually upregulated in d 7 MFGM 3.4-, 3.2-, and 2.6-fold, respectively, compared with colostrum MFGM. Additional proteins associated with various aspects of lipid transport synthesis and secretion such as acyl-CoA synthetase, lanosterol synthase, lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, and fatty acid binding protein were upregulated 2.6- to 5.1-fold in d 7 MFGM compared with colostrum MFGM. In contrast, apolipoproteins A1, C-III, E, and A-IV were downregulated 2.6- to 4.3-fold in d 7 MFGM compared with colostrum MFGM. These data demonstrate that quantitative shotgun proteomics has great potential to provide new insights into mammary development.     

Changes in the surface protein of the fat globules during ultra-high pressure homogenisation and conventional treatments of milk

Disruption of fat globules upon homogenisation provokes a reduction of their size and a concomitant increase in their specific surface area. In order to overcome this phenomenon, the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) adsorbs non-native MFGM proteins. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of UHPH conditions (temperature and pressure) on the milk fat globule and the surface proteins by comparison with conventional treatments applied in the dairy industry. Transmission electron microscopy and SDS-PAGE revealed major differences. In UHPH-treated milk, casein micelles were found to be adsorbed on the MFGM in a lesser extent than in conventional homogenisation–pasteurisation. However, greater adsorption of directly bonded casein molecules, released by UHPH through the partial disruption of casein micelles, was observed especially at high UHPH pressures. Adsorption of whey proteins on the MFGM of conventionally homogenised–pasteurised milk was mainly through intermolecular disulfide bonds with MFGM material, whereas in UHPH-treated milk, disulfide bonding with both indirectly and directly adsorbed caseins was also involved.     

Preparation of liposomes from milk fat globule membrane phospholipids using a microfluidizer

The isolation of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) material from buttermilk on a commercial scale has provided a new ingredient rich in phospholipids and sphingolipids. An MFGM-derived phospholipid fraction was used to produce liposomes via a high-pressure homogenizer (Microfluidizer). This technique does not require the use of solvents or detergents, and is suitable for use in the food industry. The liposome dispersion had an average hydrodynamic diameter of 95 nm, with a broad particle-size distribution. Increasing the number of passes through the Microfluidizer, increasing the pressure, or reducing the phospholipid concentration all resulted in a smaller average liposome diameter. Changing these variables did not have a significant effect on the polydispersity of the dispersion. Electron microscopy showed that the dispersions formed had a range of structures, including unilamellar, multilamellar, and multivesicular liposomes. The composition of the MFGM phospholipid material is different from that of the phospholipids usually used for liposome production in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The MFGM-derived fraction comprises approximately 25% sphingomyelin, and the fatty acids are primarily saturated and monounsaturated. These differences are likely to affect the properties of the liposomes produced from the phospholipid material, and it may be possible to exploit the unique composition of the MFGM phospholipid fraction in the delivery of bioactive ingredients in functional foods.