An Efficient Resource Allocation Mechanism for LTE–GEPON Converged Networks

Optical–wireless convergence is becoming popular as one of the most efficient access network designs that provides quality of service (QoS) guaranteed, uninterrupted, and ubiquitous access to end users. The integration of passive optical networks (PONs) with next-generation wireless access networks is not only a promising integration option but also a cost-effective way of backhauling the next generation wireless access networks. The QoS performance of the PON–wireless converged network can be improved by taking the advantages of the features in both network segments for bandwidth resources management. In this paper, we propose a novel resource allocation mechanism for long term evolution–Gigabit Ethernet PON (LTE–GEPON) converged networks that improves the QoS performance of the converged network. The proposed resource allocation mechanism takes the advantage of the ability to forecast near future packet arrivals in the converged networks. Moreover, it also strategically leverages the inherited features and the frame structures of both the LTE network and GEPON, to manage the available bandwidth resources more efficiently. Using extensive simulations, we show that our proposed resource allocation mechanism improves the delay and jitter performance in the converged network while guarantying the QoS for various next generation broadband services provisioned for both wireless and wired end users. Moreover, we also analyze the dependency between different parameters and the performance of our proposed resource allocations scheme.     

Service level agreements (SLAs) parameter negotiation between heterogeneous 4G wireless network operators

We are currently witnessing a growing interest of network operators to migrate their existing 2G/3G networks to 4G technologies such as long-term evolution (LTE) to enhance the user experience and service opportunities in terms of providing multi-megabit bandwidth, more efficient use of radio networks, latency reduction, and improved mobility. Along with this, there is a strong deployment of packet data networks such as those based on IEEE 802.11 and 802.16 standards. Mobile devices are having increased capabilities to access many of these wireless networks types at the same time. Reinforcing quality of service (QoS) in 4G wireless networks will be a major challenge because of varying bit rates, channel characteristics, bandwidth allocation and global roaming support among heterogeneous wireless networks. As a mobile user moves across access networks, to the issue of mapping resource reservations between different networks to maintain QoS behavior becomes crucial. To support global roaming and interoperability across heterogeneous wireless networks, it is important for wireless network operators to negotiate service level agreement (SLA) contracts relevant to the QoS requirements. Wireless IP traffic modeling (in terms of providing assured QoS) is still immature because the majority of the existing work is merely based on the characterization of wireless IP traffic without investigating the behavior of queueing systems for such traffic. To overcome such limitations, we investigate SLA parameter negotiation among heterogeneous wireless network operators by focusing on traffic engineering and QoS together for 4G wireless networks. We present a novel mechanism that achieves service continuity through SLA parameter negotiation by using a translation matrix, which maps QoS parameters between different access networks. The SLA matrix composition is modeled analytically based on the G/M/1 queueing system. We evaluate the model using two different scheduling schemes and we derive closed form expressions for different QoS parameters for performance metrics such as packet delay and packet loss rate. We also develop a discrete event simulator and conduct a series of simulation experiments in order to understand the QoS behavior of corresponding traffic classes.     

基于二分图的两级动态异构网络选择方案

通信技术的发展,使多种接入技术并存的异构网络成为未来通信网络的发展趋势,随着用户业务QoS需求的提高和传输带宽的增加,现有的网络选择算法已经不能满足用户高质量的通信需求。针对异构无线网络频谱资源日益紧缺的问题,提出了由用户端和网络端共同参与的两级动态网络选择方案。该方案包括灰度关联分析法和二分图联合优化匹配算法,通过用户端和网络端的共同决策,算法在有效满足移动用户业务服务质量需求的前提下,优化了系统吞吐量,均衡了网络负载。仿真实验表明,相对传统算法,该方案极大地提高了异构网络频谱资源利用率并降低了用户在无线网络间的切换概率,实现了用户需求和网络资源的合理配置。     

QoS guaranteed integration methodology for a WLAN-WiMAX heterogeneous network

Wireless technologies which serve multimedia applications have to guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) demands along with seamless connectivity. The complexity in attaining such demands increases if the network is heterogeneous in nature. This paper proposes a QoS guaranteed integration methodology for a heterogeneous wireless local area network (WLAN) - worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) network. An integrated protocol stack for the mobile terminal which could work in a WLAN-WiMAX heterogeneous network is proposed. The proposed integrated protocol stack, a blend of two modules namely generic virtual link layer (GVLL) and media independent handover (MIH) is placed above the media access control (MAC) layer which includes both WLAN and WiMAX MAC. The impact of GVLL in guaranteeing the QoS on QoS deterioration and the impact of MIH in attaining seamless handover are analyzed and the results are presented.     

Optimization of QoS parameters using scheduling techniques in heterogeneous network

Multimedia applications in wireless communication have been increased in recent years. A variety of wireless access technologies is introduced for various needs. The abundant increase in mobile computing devices and different networking systems leads to the support of user’s mobility on heterogeneous network. In general, the roaming users migrate between two different wireless technologies and their service must be supported by vertical handover (HO). Since the roaming users expect a rapid handover experience while switching from one wireless network to another, the handover operation must be enhanced by the networks. Various wireless technologies such as wireless LAN, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), and the 3G Partnership Project (3GPP) are interlaced to support many wireless services in rural, urban, and global scenarios. Moreover, quality of service (QoS) has become more significant in many applications where wireless network resources are utilized. In this paper, a handover management scheme is proposed for QoS enhancement in roaming users between WiMAX and WLAN by subscribers of networks belonging to the 3GPP standards. The proposed algorithms genetic queuing, proportionally fair queuing, and WiMAX aware load balancing are analyzed in the scheduling process during handover. The simulation is implemented using NS–2 and the experimental results are obtained for the proposed algorithms and compared with the standard scheme.     

Dynamic bandwidth allocation for 3G wireless systems—A fuzzy approach

3G Wireless systems are to support multiple classes of traffic with widely different characteristics and quality of service (QoS) requirements. A major challenge in this system is to guarantee the promised QoS for the admitted users, while maximizing the resource allocation through dynamic resource sharing. In the case of multimedia call, each of the services has its own distinct QoS requirements concerning probability of blocking (P_B), service access delay (SAD), and access delay variation (ADV). The 3G wireless system attempts to deliver the required QoS by allocating appropriate resources (e.g. bandwidth, buffers), and bandwidth allocation is a key in achieving this. Dynamic bandwidth allocation policies reported so far in the literature deal with audio source only. They do not consider QoS requirements. In this work, a fuzzy logic (FL)-based dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for multimedia services with multiple QoS (P_B, SAD, ADV, and the arrival rate) requirements are presented and analyzed. Here, each service can declare a range of acceptable QoS levels (e.g. high, medium, and low). As QoS demand varies, the proposed algorithm allocates the best possible bandwidth to each of the services. This maximizes the utilization and fair distribution of resources. The proposed allocation method is validated in a variety of scenarios. The results show that the required QoS can be obtained by appropriately tuning the fuzzy logic controller (FLC).     

WiMAX的调度算法研究

WiMAX作为一种宽带无线城域网接入技术,能够支持多种类型的业务传输。为了保证不同业务的服务质量（QoS）,有效的调度算法是其中的一个关键。提出了一种分级的调度算法,并且将上行调度和下行调度联合设计,根据上下行流量自适应调整上下子帧的比例,满足业务QoS要求的同时,充分考虑调度的公平性。仿真结果表明建议算法是一种有效方法。     

A QoS-based dynamic pricing approach for services provisioning in heterogeneous wireless access networks

In this paper we propose a simple QoS-based dynamic pricing approach for services provisioning in a heterogeneous wireless access network environment which attempts to increase user’s satisfaction level by firstly, maximizing the provided QoS level, and secondly, by applying dynamic pricing strategies according to the QoS. These strategies will allow service providers to maximize their profits. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed dynamic pricing approach benefits both users and wireless service providers (WSPs). Results also suggest that users have better overall satisfaction due to a better QoS level and fairer prices. The analysis shows that our proposed pricing approach contributes to an increase in WSPs profits compared to the application of the flat-rate pricing model in a competitive market-model.     

Adaptive interface selection over cloud-based split-layer video streaming via multi-wireless networks

As mobile devices such as tablet PCs and smartphones proliferate, the online video consumption over a wireless network has been accelerated. From this phenomenon, there are several challenges to provide the video streaming service more efficiently and stably in the heterogeneous mobile environment. In order to guarantee the QoS of real-time HD video services, the steady and reliable wireless mesh is necessary. Furthermore, the video service providers have to maintain the QoS by provisioning streaming servers to respond the clients’ request of different video resolution. In this paper, we propose a reliable cloud-based video delivery scheme with the split-layer SVC encoding and real-time adaptive multi-interface selection over LTE and WiFi links. A split-layer video streaming can effectively scale to manage the required channels on each layer of various client connections. Moreover, split-layer SVC model brings streaming service providers a remarkable opportunity to stream video over multiple interfaces (e.g. WiFi, LTE, etc.) with a separate controlling based on their network status. Through the adaptive interface selection, the proposed system aims to ensure the maximizing video quality which the bandwidth of LTE/WiFi accommodates. In addition, the system offers cost-effective streaming to mobile clients by saving the LTE data consumption. In our system, an adaptive interface selection is developed with two different algorithms, such as INSTANT and EWMA methods. We implemented a prototype of mobile client based on iOS particularly by using iPhone5S. Moreover, we also employ the split-layer SVC encodes in streaming server-side as the add-on module to SVC reference encoding tool in a virtualized environment of KVM hypervisor. We evaluated the proposed system in an emulated and a real-world heterogeneous wireless network environments. The results show that the proposed system not only achieves to guarantee the highest quality of video frames via WiFi and LTE simultaneous connection, but also efficiently saves LTE bandwidth consumption for cost-effectiveness to client-side. Our proposed method provides the highest video quality without deadline misses, while it consumes 50.6% LTE bandwidth of ‘LTE-only’ method and 72.8% of the conventional (non-split) SVC streaming over a real-world mobile environment.     

Bandwidth Aggregation-Aware Dynamic QoS Negotiation for Real-Time Video Streaming in Next-Generation Wireless Networks

In next generation wireless networks, Internet service providers (ISPs) are expected to offer services through several wireless technologies (e.g., WLAN, 3G, WiFi, and WiMAX). Thus, mobile computers equipped with multiple interfaces will be able to maintain simultaneous connections with different networks and increase their data communication rates by aggregating the bandwidth available at these networks. To guarantee quality-of-service (QoS) for these applications, this paper proposes a dynamic QoS negotiation scheme that allows users to dynamically negotiate the service levels required for their traffic and to reach them through one or more wireless interfaces. Such bandwidth aggregation (BAG) scheme implies transmission of data belonging to a single application via multiple paths with different characteristics, which may result in an out-of-order delivery of data packets to the receiver and introduce additional delays for packets reordering. The proposed QoS negotiation system aims to ensure the continuity of QoS perceived by mobile users while they are on the move between different access points, and also, a fair use of the network resources. The performance of the proposed dynamic QoS negotiation system is investigated and compared against other schemes. The obtained results demonstrate the outstanding performance of the proposed scheme as it enhances the scalability of the system and minimizes the reordering delay and the associated packet loss rate.     

Integer linear programming optimization of joint RRM policies for heterogeneous wireless systems

Wireless systems will be characterized by the coexistence of heterogeneous Radio Access Technologies (RATs) with different, but also complementary, performance and technical characteristics. These heterogeneous wireless networks will provide network operators the possibility to efficiently and coordinately use the heterogeneous radio resources, for which novel Joint Radio Resource Management (JRRM) policies need to be designed. In this context, this work proposes and evaluates a JRRM policy that simultaneously determines for each user an adequate combination of RAT and number of radio resources within such RAT to guarantee the user/service QoS requirements, and efficiently distribute the radio resources considering a user fairness approach aimed at maximizing the system capacity. To this aim, the JRRM algorithm, which takes into account the discrete nature of radio resources, is based on integer linear programming optimization mechanisms.     

Interference aware vertical handoff decision algorithm for quality of service support in wireless heterogeneous networks

Next generation wireless networks concept aims at collaboration of various radio access technologies in order to provide quality of service (QoS) supported and cost efficient connections at anywhere and anytime. Since the next generation wireless systems are expected to be of heterogeneous topology, traditional handoff (horizontal handoff/handover) mechanisms are not sufficient to meet the requirements of these types of networks. More intelligent vertical handoff algorithms which consider user profiles, application requirements, and network conditions must be employed in order to provide enhanced performance results for both user and network. Moreover, frequency reuse of one (FRO) seems to be the strongest candidate of deployment options for next generation wireless networks; therefore, interference conditions gains a significant attention in vertical handoff decision making process. In this study, a fuzzy logic-based handoff decision algorithm is introduced for wireless heterogeneous networks. The parameters; data rate, received signal strength indicator (RSSI), and mobile speed are considered as inputs of the proposed fuzzy-based system in order to decide handoff initialization process and select the best candidate access point around a smart mobile terminal. Also, in contrast to the traditional fuzzy-based algorithms, the method proposed takes ambient interference power, which is referred to as interference rate, as another input to the decision process. The results show that the performance is significantly enhanced for both user and network by the method proposed.     

An agent-based metric for quality of services over wireless networks

In a wireless LAN environment, clients tend to associate with the nearest access point (AP) which usually provides the strongest signal. However, this does not guarantee that users will receive the best quality of service (QoS) if the population sharing the network capacity were not considered. In other words, within the same access point, the more the population is, the less bandwidth each user will share, and the worse the quality of service will be. In this paper, we proposed an anticipative agent assistance (AAA) which is an agent-based metric for evaluating and managing the resource information of the wireless access points, computing the potential AP list, and providing clients with resource information of APs. We also propose a novel QoS feedback mechanism which allows users to promptly adjust the service quality with AAA according to the throughput and delay requirements. We evaluate the performance of our proposed method using the ns-2 simulator. Numerical results show that AAA achieves: (1) reduce the transmission delay, (2) increase the throughput, (3) improve the network utilization, (4) accommodate more users to access the networks, and (5) achieve load-balancing. Our metric is implementation feasible in various IEEE WLAN environments.     

Mobility management and control in intelligent wireless ATM networks

This paper shows how the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) signaling and the Intelligent Network (IN) concept can be exploited to support mobility in an ATM-based network with wireless access parts and mobile users. The proposed architecture exploits the enhanced service control processing features offered by the IN technology to support location management. The access signaling protocol structure is based on the principles of separation between call and bearer channel control, employed in fixed broadband access networks. The design objective is to minimize the changes required to the wired network signaling, by taking advantage of the well-developed capability sets. This allows the easy introduction of the wireless ATM technology (W-ATM) into the real world. It is shown that the proposed signaling protocol model provides cost-effective implementations without degrading the agreed Quality of Service (QoS) and the system's performance. A comparative signaling performance evaluation is carried-out to demonstrate the impact of the proposed signaling protocol architecture onto various performance measures and to quantify the relative gains. The obtained results can be used for network design purposes in a large-scale private installation supporting many users. The signaling protocol architecture aims for private W-ATM networks, but can be readily extended to fulfill the signaling requirements of public environment broadband wireless systems.     

基于演化博弈的多用户网络选择算法

无线通信技术的发展和演进,使得多种广域蜂窝网和大量无线局域网共存、重叠。针对热点区域,密集分布的大量用户同时发起同种业务请求应用场景,提出一种基于演化博弈的多用户网络选择算法,依据选择网络的用户数设计效用函数,给出了演化博弈的复制动态方程。与RSSI算法的对比仿真结果表明：该算法能快速达到演化均衡,用户平均收益高于RSSI算法,接入网络的用户分布更均衡,能合理利用网络资源。     

DSMAC:一种适于无线多媒体传感器网络的信道接入协议

多媒体传感器网络作为一种多媒体信息获取和处理方式,已在军事、民用及商业领域中显示出广阔的应用前景.信道接入协议能否高效地使用无线信道是保证无线多媒体传感器网络通信的最关键的因素之一.分析支持多媒体业务传输的无线传感器网络信道接入协议的要求,提出适于多媒体传感器网络提供区分服务的信道接入协议--DSMAC(different service medium access control),对实时业务与非实时业务实现了区分服务,在信道接入帧内的随机竞争期实现突发业务及时接入,支持突发多媒体业务实时传输,并提出了多信道簇间传输方式,避免了隐终端冲突.最后,对协议的服务区分、实时性、吞吐量以及能量有效性等性能进行了仿真实验,验证了其优良性能.     

An IMS-based network architecture for WiMAX-UMTS and WiMAX-WLAN interworking

The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) seems to be the technology that will prevail in Next Generation Networks (NGNs), since the interworking environment and the service flexibility that this technology offers to the currently deployed wireless broadband technologies makes it appealing to users, service developers and network operators. In this paper we propose a heterogeneous network model based on the IMS that integrates the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technologies and provides guaranteed QoS. We present the complete signalling flow concerning the authorization, registration, session set up and vertical handoff processes, as well as, an analytic model for cost analysis of the proposed architecture.     

A novel network mobility handoff scheme using SIP and SCTP for multimedia applications

In a heterogeneous wireless environment, seamless mobility is the basis of network support with which mobile users who roam between or among various wireless access networks are able to fully enjoy uninterrupted wireless services. When users are in a mass transportation vehicle, e.g., a bus or a train that provides network service, the vehicle can be regarded as a network which is serving users as it moves from one location to another. The movement of a network is called network mobility (NEMO). The network mobility protocol based on Mobile IPv6 as proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 2005 has some fundamental drawbacks, such as header overhead and the pinball problem. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid method for network mobility called Hybrid-NEMO, which provides a soft handoff scheme at the transport layer basically utilizing SIP and SCTP protocols to ensure a lossless packet-transmission environment and less handoff-delay variation, which are critical in providing QoS voice and multimedia applications. Experimental validation and performance evaluation were also conducted in this study.     

基于QoS和分簇机制的WMSNs路由算法研究

针对无线多媒体传感器网络中如何设计具有服务质量保证的路由算法问题,综合考虑的了节点间标准化后的丢包率、延迟、剩余能量、可用存储四个参数,提出算法ED-ACO(Energy and best distribution of Cluster Head Distance-Ant colony optimization )。ED-ACO算法采用基于剩余能量和簇首最佳距离分布的分簇结构,均匀划分网络,将节点的丢包率,延迟,剩余能量,可用存储标准化为具体参数,考虑到蚁群算法的状态转移概率公式中,利用该公式去选择下一跳路径传送感知数据,同时满足了服务质量要求。NS2仿真结果表明,与经典的AODV算法相比,在丢包率,延迟上保证了服务质量要求。     

软件定义网络的异构无线网络资源分配框架

针对各种智能设备在移动蜂窝网络中的普及及移动流量需求日益增长的问题,研究控制无线电带宽并将其分配给多个无线电用户设备,提出了一个基于软件定义网络（SDN）的资源分配框架,以及LTE/WLAN多无线电网络中异构资源分配算法。该框架将SDN范式应用到LTE-WLAN集成网络的异构资源分配,并进行了扩展,以整体的方式分配LTE/WLAN多无线电网络中的异构射频带宽。通过将集中式解决方案的功能分解到指定的网络实体的方式,来处理异构资源。模拟实验表明,所提框架可以较好地平衡网络吞吐量和用户公平性,且算法收敛性较好。