微波辐射相转移催化合成苯甲酸苄酯

采用微波辐射反应技术,利用相转移催化剂,将苯甲酸转化为苯甲酸钠后,在无有机溶剂和无机载体的条件下与氯化苄直接酯化合成苯甲酸苄酯。结果发现,当微波输出功率为350W,辐射时间为3min,相转移催化剂为四丁基溴化铵(TBAB),苯甲酸钠与氯化苄配比为1 0:1 6(mol/mol)、与TBAB配比为25 0∶1 3(mol/mol)时,收率可达99 9%。     

四丁基溴化铵的合成

以溴代正丁烷和三正丁胺为原料,以乙腈为溶剂,在常压下合成四丁基溴化铵,反应的较佳条件是:n(溴代正丁烷):n(三正丁烷)=1.2:1,溶剂用量40 mL,反应时间24 h。在此条件下,四丁基溴化铵收率约为81%,纯度高于99%。     

微波加热常压快速合成醋酸正丁酯的研究

冰醋酸和正丁醇为原料，对甲苯磺酸催化，利用微波技术，在常压下快速合成醋酸正丁酯，最佳反应条件为:n(正丁醇）：n(冰醋酸）＝2．0：1．0（mol/mol)，对甲苯磺酸用量0．25g，微波功率462W，辐射时间8min，产率达98％以上。     

微波辐射四丁基溴化铵催化合成肉桂酸苄酯

研究了以肉桂酸钠和氯化苄为原料，四丁基溴化铵作催化剂，采用微波辐射技术，在常压下直接合成肉桂酸苄酯，以及催化剂用量、微波辐射功率和辐射时间对酯产率的影响。最适宜的反应条件为：当n(肉桂酸钠)／n(氯化苄)为1：1．2时，四丁基溴化铵的用量1．0g，微波功率300W，辐射25min，产率达83％以上。     

四丁基溴化铵催化对氰基苯酚醚化反应的研究

以对氰基苯酚和1，3-二溴丙烷为原料，四丁基溴化铵为催化剂，制备1，3-二（对氰基苯氧基）丙烷。考察了催化剂的用量、原料配比、温度和时间对收率的影响。优化条件为：n（对氰基苯酚）：n（1，3-二溴丙烷）=2．3：1．0，凡（四丁基溴化铵）：n（对氰基苯酚）=1：12．5，醚化反应温度为50℃，反应时间为8h，1，3-二（对氰基苯氧基）丙烷收率达到71％。避免了有机溶剂的使用及后序处理。     

苯基丁基醚的相转移催化合成研究

在相转移催化剂存在下，以苯酚、溴丁烷为原料合成苯基丁基醚。分别研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、催化剂用量等条件对合成反应的影响，确定了最佳工艺条件，该方法合成苯基丁基醚的最佳工艺条件是：反应温度85℃、反应时间4h、n（苯酚）：n（溴丁烷）=1：1．10；n（苯酚）：n（氢氧化钾）=1：1．15；相转移催化剂用量为0．5g（基于0．1mol苯酚），苯基丁基醚的收率可达到95.20％以上，产品纯度w（苯基丁基醚）为98．5％。     

无溶剂微波法合成meso-苯基四苯井卟啉锌

采用无溶剂微波固相法，合成了meso-苯基四苯并卟啉锌（Zn-PnTBP，n=1，2，3，4），通过紫外一可见光谱表征了其结构。结果表明原料配比、研磨时间、微波辐射时间等对反应的主要产物和产率都有很大影响，最终确定了形成Zn-P。TBP的最佳条件：n（邻苯二甲酰亚铵）：n（苯乙酸）：n（乙酸锌）=1．0：1．4：0．8、研磨时间为5min，在中等微波辐射下反应13min，产率达到28％。     

对羟基苯甲酸丁酯的微波辐射合成法研究

对羟基苯甲酸与正丁醇在对甲苯磺酸催化下,微波辐射法合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯。考察了酯化反应的各种影响因素,优化的反应条件为:n(对羟基苯甲酸)∶n(正丁醇)=1∶2,微波辐射功率500 W,微波辐射时间30 m in,对羟基苯甲酸丁酯产率为97%。     

微波辐射合成苯甲酸

以苯甲醛为原料,KMnO4为氧化剂,在微波辐射下相转移催化合成了苯甲酸。讨论了微波功率、辐射时间、催化剂等条件对反应的影响,实验结果表明,反应的最佳条件为：苯甲醛0．04mol,微波功率750W,辐射时间10min,四丁基溴化铵1．0g,碳酸钠4．0g,高锰酸钾42g,产率可达77.9％。     

单模聚焦微波合成邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯

用Discover微波精确有机合成系统，以邻苯二甲酸酐、正丁醇为原料，一水合硫酸氢钠为催化剂合成邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯。考察了催化剂用量、微波辐射的功率和时间、反应物料配比对苯酐的转化率的影响。当n(正丁醇)：n(邻苯二甲酸酐)=0．13：0．05，催化剂0．60g，微波辐射功率150w，辐射时间15min时，转化率达97．8％。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。