直接甲醇燃料电池

介绍了直接甲醇燃料电池的原理、结构,并与发展较早的氢气燃料电池进行优劣比较。针对近期商业化便携式燃料电池的技术指标,主要讨论了直接甲醇燃料电池在性能和成本上的现状和问题,并着重阐述了阳极催化剂和电解质膜(决定其性能的两个关键因素)的研发进展。     

直接甲醇燃料电池

介绍了直接甲醇燃料电池的原理、结构,并与发展较早的氢气燃料电池进行优劣比较。针对近期商业化便携式燃料电池的技术指标,主要讨论了直接甲醇燃料电池在性能和成本上的现状和问题,并着重阐述了阳极催化剂和电解质膜（决定其性能的两个关键因素）的研发进展。     

直接甲醇燃料电池进入实用阶段

直接甲醇燃料电池是全球当前研发追求的新电源,在电能密度、效率、使用寿命等功能方面占有明显优势,而且不用充电即可连续补充使用。直接甲醇燃料电池潜在应用市场广阔,目前,世界各国的厂商都在全力进行DMFC的研制应用,其中大部分厂商都承诺要在2005年推出自己的产品。     

直接甲醇燃料电池反应物浓度测量技术

直接甲醇燃料电池的阳极采用甲醇作为燃料,阴极采用纯氧或空气作为氧化剂,具有能量密度高、燃料储存方便、结构简单的优点,有望成为下一代小型电子设备的电源。反应物的浓度对直接甲醇燃料电池的性能、效率和燃料利用率等都有很大的影响,因此对燃料电池中反应物的浓度进行准确测量至关重要。本文综述了直接甲醇燃料电池中反应物浓度的测量方法,主要包括化学测量方法和物理测量方法,并对这些测量方法的优缺点、基本原理及适用范围进行了分析和评述。     

直接甲醇燃料电池质子交换膜研究进展

直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)以其燃料来源丰富、储存方便、结构简单、安全等优点而日益受到广泛的关注。预计将在很多领域中能得到广泛的应用。过去,人们对DMFC做了很多研究,针对直接甲醇燃料电池中的质子交换膜(PEM)的阻甲醇性能方面的研究进展作如下评述。     

直接甲醇燃料电池质子交换膜的发展现状

直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)是20世纪90年代兴起的第六代燃料电池,以其诸多的优点引起人们的广泛关注和研究。其中聚合物电解质膜是DMFC的关键技术,起着隔离阴阳极、质子传输、绝缘电子的作用。它的作用决定着DMFC的输出功率、电池效率、成本及应用前景。本文介绍了已商品化的全氟磺酸膜(Nafion膜)的结构及性能、以及替代膜的国内外发展现状,指出DMFC用膜的研究是21世纪能源研究的重点。     

直接甲醇燃料电池钯基催化剂研究进展

直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)阳极催化剂是直接甲醇燃料电池的关键材料之一。由于钯的价格便宜、储量丰富、在碱性条件下活性较高,成为取代铂作为DMFC的潜在的阳极催化剂。着重介绍了近年来钯基阳极催化剂在碱性条件下对甲醇的电氧化的研究进展,展望了其发展前景。     

直接甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂的制备

直接甲醇燃料电池（DMFC）阳极催化剂是DMFC的关键材料之一,其电化学活性的大小对燃料电池的输出性能及成本起着关键作用。不同催化剂的制备技术决定了催化剂电化学活性的高低。介绍了DMFC阳极催化剂的几种制备方法,并对这些方法进行了评述,对制备DMFC阳极催化剂具有很好的参考价值。     

石墨烯基直接甲醇燃料电池催化剂的制备

通过浸渍还原法以乙二醇为还原剂制备了石墨烯及石墨烯负载的铂催化剂(Pt/Graphene),通过XRD、SEM、Raman对材料进行了分析,通过电化学测试与Pt黑催化剂对比,试验数据表明:Pt/Graphene比Pt黑催化剂电化学活性面积提高了28%,对甲醇电催化氧化峰电流提高了52%,电化学活性面积和甲醇氧化反应的稳定性均有所提高。     

An investigation of scale-up on the response of the direct methanol fuel cell under variable load conditions

The electrical response of the direct methanol fuel cell, based on solid polymer electrolyte, to variable load is reported. The dynamic power response of the direct methanol fuel cell is of importance particularly when the cell is used for transportation applications. The study reports the dynamic characteristics of a small-scale cell (active area 9 cm²), a large-scale cell (active area 272 cm²), and a three-cell stack. The effect of operating conditions (i.e., flow rate, cathode pressure and solution concentration) on the voltage response is described and the effect of a change of scale is discussed.     

直接甲醇燃料电池研究进展

介绍了直接甲醇燃料电池的工作原理、研究现状及最新进展,认为直接甲醇燃料电池是目前较理想的燃料电池,有广阔的发展前景。     

燃料电池用碱性膜材料的研究进展

碱性膜直接甲醇燃料电池因为结合了质子交换膜燃料电池和液体碱燃料电池的优点而产生自身独特的性质,使其可以在一定程度上弥补质子交换膜燃料电池以及液体碱燃料电池的缺点而尤其引人关注。其中碱性膜电解质为碱性膜燃料电池的核心组件,其性能直接关系到燃料电池的性能及寿命。截至目前,关于碱性膜材料的制备及应用方面的报道较多,涉及的碱性膜电解质的种类也较多。本文以燃料电池用碱性膜电解质为综述内容,对国内外关于碱性膜电解质的研究报道进行系统的梳理和介绍。     

微型直接甲醇燃料电池阳极传质分析

针对微型直接甲醇燃料电池,将阳极流场板简化为规则结构的多孔介质,运用多孔介质理论建立了包括流场板在内的阳极传输模型。模型考虑了阳极流道内液体饱和度沿流动方向的变化、催化层的厚度以及甲醇渗透,计算并讨论了阳极流道内液体饱和度的分布和流量对电池电流密度的影响,分析了阳极过电位对甲醇浓度分布和电池性能的影响以及质子交换膜内的传质特性。     

Systematic analysis of the direct methanol fuel cell

The dynamic operating behaviour of the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is governed by several physico-chemical phenomena which occur simultaneously: double layer charging, electrode kinetics, mass transport inside the porous structures, reactant distributions in the anode and cathode flowbeds etc. Therefore it is essential to analyse the interactions of these phenomena in order to fully understand the DMFC. These phenomena were initially analysed independently by systematic experiments and model formulations. Electrode kinetics were determined by fitting models of varying complexity to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Reaction intermediates adsorbed on the catalyst seem to play a key role here. To describe mass transport across the DMFC a one-dimensional model was formulated applying the generalised Maxwell–Stefan equations for multi-component mass transport and a Flory–Huggins model for the activities of mobile species inside the membrane (PEM). Also swelling of the PEM as well as heat production and transport were considered. Finally, the anode flowbed was analysed by observing flow patterns in different flowbed designs and measuring residence time distributions (RTDs). Detailed CFD models as well as simpler CSTR network representations were used to compare to the experimental results. Even the simpler models showed good agreement with the experiments. After these investigations the results were combined: the electrode kinetics model was implemented in the mass transport model as well as in the CSTR network flowbed model. In both cases, good agreement, even to dynamic experiments, was obtained.     

直接甲醇燃料电池参比电极的设计与稳定性

提出了用于原位测量直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)极化的参比电极的结构设计,并考察了电解质的润湿程度对参比电极的电位及其电位稳定性的影响.结果表明：在可逆氢电极(RHE)作为参比电极的DMFC中,RHE的电位随电解质润湿程度的增加而降低,其电位的稳定性主要取决于其表面状态的稳定性.提出要获得电位稳定及测量准确的极化曲线,RHE处的电解质应处于对侧液态水润湿的状态,且电极表面要有适量、稳定流速的氢气.     

Preparation and influence of performance of anodic catalysts for direct methanol fuel cell

This research aims at increasing the utilization of platinum-ruthenium alloy (Pt-Ru) catalysts and thus lowering the catalyst loading in anodes for methanol electrooxidation. The direct methanol fuel cell’s (DMFC) anodic catalysts, Pt-Ru/C, were prepared by chemical reduction with a reducing agent added in two kinds of solutions under different circumstances. The reducing agent was added in hot solution with the protection of inert gases or just air, and in cold solution with inert gases. The catalysts were treated at different temperatures. Their performance was tested by cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic polarization by utilizing their inherent powder microelectrode in 0.5 mol/L CH₃OH and 0.5 mol/LH₂SO₄ solution. The structures and micro-surface images of the catalysts were determined and observed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The catalyst prepared in inert gases showed a better catalytic performance for methanol electrooxidation than that prepared in air. It resulted in a more homogeneous distribution of the Pt-Ru alloy in carbon. Its size is small, only about 4.5 nm. The catalytic performance is affected by the order of the reducing agent added. The performance of the catalyst prepared by adding the reductant at constant temperature of the solution is better than that prepared by adding it in the solution at 0°C and then heating it up to the reducing temperature. The structure of the catalyst was modified, and there was an increase in the conversion of ruthenium into the alloyed state and an increase in particle size with the ascension of heat treatment temperature. In addition, the stability of the catalyst was improved after heat treatment. Translated from Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2006, 38 (4): 541-545 [译自: 哈尔滨工业大学学报]     

Hydrodynamic modelling of direct methanol liquid feed fuel cell stacks

A model for the liquid feed, direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), based on the homogeneous two-phase flow theory and mass conservation equation, which describes the hydraulic behaviour of internally manifolded cell stacks, is presented. The model predicts the pressure drop behaviour of the anode side of an individual DMFC cell and is used to determine the channel depth and width for fast and efficient carbon dioxide removal with minimum pressure drop. The model is used to calculate flow distribution through fuel cell stack internal manifolds. The effect of inlet and outlet manifold diameters on flow distribution is also determined. Two types of manifold design are compared, reverse flow and parallel flow. An iterative numerical scheme is used to solve the differential equations for longitudinal momentum and continuity.