Accelerating signature-based broadcast authentication for wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), broadcast authentication is a crucial security mechanism that allows a multitude of legitimate users to join in and disseminate messages into the networks in a dynamic and authenticated way. During the past few years, several public-key based multi-user broadcast authentication schemes have been proposed to achieve immediate authentication and to address the security vulnerability intrinsic to μTESLA-like schemes. Unfortunately, the relatively slow signature verification in signature-based broadcast authentication has also incurred a series of problems such as high energy consumption and long verification delay. In this contribution, we propose an efficient technique to accelerate the signature verification in WSNs through the cooperation among sensor nodes. By allowing some sensor nodes to release the intermediate computation results to their neighbors during the signature verification, a large number of sensor nodes can accelerate their signature verification process significantly. When applying our faster signature verification technique to the broadcast authentication in a 4 × 4 grid-based WSN, a quantitative performance analysis shows that our scheme needs 17.7-34.5% less energy and runs about 50% faster than the traditional signature verification method. The efficiency of the proposed technique has been tested through an experimental study on a network of MICAz motes.     

A MEMS-based wireless multisensor module for environmental monitoring

In order to enable further developments in low cost wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for unobtrusive environmental monitoring, increased miniaturisation and integration of hardware is essential. This paper outlines the design concept and preliminary results for a multifunctional micromachined sensor unit, comprising CMOS-compatible temperature, humidity and gas sensors on a single silicon substrate.The sensor is being developed for integration with the highly modular and programmable Tyndall25 mote, where the “plug and play” stackable layers incorporate communications, power supply and on-board data processing capabilities. This will enable the assembly of a miniature sensor network node complete with wireless transmission capability as well as intelligent data mining and storage.     

纺织基底无芯片RFID 湿度传感器

研制了一种无湿敏材料的纺织基底无芯片RFID 湿度传感器用于检测环境湿度。通过射频仿真软件 HFSS,获得谐振频率在2. 45 GHz 具有较高品质因数的纺织基底谐振器模型,对以谐振频率偏移量作为灵敏度指标 的检测原理进行了仿真。利用丝网印刷工艺和刻绘工艺分别在不同类型纺织物上制作了无芯片RFID 湿度传感器, 系统研究了制作工艺、纺织品类型和厚度对传感器湿敏特性的影响。结果表明,0. 5 mm 厚度下不同基底类型湿度传 感器的灵敏度由高至低依次为:棉基底、亚麻基底、聚酯纤维基底,恢复特性呈相反顺序,其中棉基底传感器在高湿 范围内平均灵敏度达3. 8 MHz/ %RH,聚酯纤维基底传感器恢复度达86%;相同类型的棉纺织基底下基底厚度越大, 平均湿度灵敏度越高,恢复特性越差。传感器稳定性测试表明传感器具有较好的中长期稳定性。对纺织基底湿度 传感器的感湿机理进行了分析,纺织纤维中的亲水基团与水分子间形成氢键,改变了基底的介电参数,传感器的湿 敏特性与组成纺织品的纤维成分、纤维细度、编织方式有关。     

A Self-Powered,Rechargeable, and Wearable Hydrogel Patch for Wireless Gas Detection with Extraordinary Performance

Flexible gas sensors play an indispensable role in diverse applications spanning from environmental monitoring to portable medical electronics. Full wearable gas monitoring system requires the collaborative support of high-performance sensors and miniaturized circuit module, whereas the realization of low power consumption and sustainable measurement is challenging. Here, a self-powered and reusable all-in-one NO₂ sensor is proposed by structurally and functionally coupling the sensor to the battery, with ultrahigh sensitivity (1.92%/ppb), linearity (R² = 0.999), ultralow theoretical detection limit (0.1 ppb), and humidity immunity. This can be attributed to the regulation of the gas reaction route at the molecular level. The addition of amphiphilic zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate (Zn(OTf)₂) enables the H₂O-poor inner Helmholtz layer to be constructed at the electrode–gel interface, thereby facilitating the direct charge transfer process of NO₂ here. The device is then combined with a well-designed miniaturized low-power circuit module with signal conditioning, processing and wireless transmission functions, which can be used as wearable electronics to realize early and remote warning of gas leakage. This study demonstrates a promising way to design a self-powered, sustainable, and flexible gas sensor with high performance and its corresponding wireless sensing system, providing new insight into the all-in-one system of gas detection.     

基于ZigBee技术的温湿度数据采集系统设计

随着嵌入式计算、传感器、无线通信等技术的飞速发展,无线传感网被广泛应用于环境监测、军事国防和工农业控制等诸多领域,已成为电子信息技术发展的一个热点。CC2430是TI公司针对ZigBee的无线传感网芯片解决方案,具有功耗低,可靠性高,组网简单等优势。基于CC2430和ZigBee协议,设计了温湿度数据采集系统,分别给出了协调器和普通节点的软件算法,在干扰环境下测试表明,网络具有较强的鲁棒性和自组能力。     

基于MC13193的ZigBee无线传感网络设计

集成了传感技术、计算机技术、通信技术的无线传感网络成为无线通信领域研究的热点,低速率、低功耗的Zig-Bee技术的出现为其发展提供了契机。介绍了ZigBee网络的结构,分析了2.4 GHz的射频收发芯片MC13193的特点和性能,并应用MC13193及相关微控制器、传感器件设计了ZigBee无线传感网络。     

A new 0.35 μm CMOS electronic interface for wide range floating capacitive and grounded/floating resistive sensor applications

In this paper we propose a novel interface circuit suitable for the read-out of both wide range floating capacitive and grounded/floating resistive sensors. This solution, employing only two Operational Amplifiers (OAs) as active blocks and some passive components, is based on a square-wave oscillating circuit topology which, instead of a voltage integration typically performed by other solutions in the literature, operates a voltage differentiation. Therefore, the proposed circuit, performing an impedance-to-period (Z–T) conversion, results to be suitable as first analog front-end for both wide variation capacitive (e.g., relative humidity) and resistive (e.g., gas) sensors. Its sensitivity and dynamic range can be easily set through external passive components. Preliminary experimental measurements, which have characterized and validated this solution, have been conducted through a suitable prototype PCB fabricated with discrete commercial components. Then, the proposed interface has been also designed at transistor level, in a standard CMOS technology (AMS 0.35 um), developing a single-chip integrated circuit with low-voltage (1.8 V, single supply) low-power (about 350 μW) characteristics in a very small silicon area (lower than 0.6 mm²) which results to be suitable for sensor array configurations and portable applications. Further experimental results, achieved utilizing commercial sample resistors and capacitors to emulate sensor behavior, have shown a linear trend and a satisfactory accuracy in the evaluation of floating capacitive (in the range 10 pF–1 μF), grounded resistive (in the range 150 kΩ–1.5 MΩ) and floating resistive (in the range 10 MΩ–1 GΩ) variations, also when compared to other solutions presented in the literature. The satisfactory interface behavior has been also confirmed by the measurement of both relative humidity through the commercial sensor Honeywell HCH-1000 (capacitive) and carbon monoxide CO through the commercial air quality sensor FIGARO TGS-2600 (resistive).     

无线传感器网络关键节能技术及节能策略研究

无线传感器网络（WSN,Wireless Sensor Network）是一种由传感器、数据处理单元和通信模块集成的微小节点通过自组织方式构成的网络,其节点通常采用无法替换的电池供电,有限的能量使得节能问题成为无线传感器网络的研究重点方向。本文介绍了传感器的能耗情况,结合已有研究重点分析了关键节能技术及节能策略,并指出了研究方向。     

Game theory based distributed energy efficient access point selection for wireless sensor network

In this paper, the distributed energy consumption optimization of sensors in wireless sensor network (WSN) is studied. The access point selection for sensors is critical to the energy consumption because of the limited scope of wireless communication. Due to the high complexity of the central optimization, the desired approach of optimization is the distributed one with lower computation complexity. A game model is proposed for the energy efficient AP selection problem, which is proved to be an exact potential game. Also, a distributed learning algorithm is proposed to achieve the globally optimum in a distributed manner. Simulation results show that the proposed would improve the energy efficiency in the WSN.     

Fractional-Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm for the Sensor Activation Control in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Personal Communications - The progression in wireless sensor network (WSN) has been increased and gained immense attention in computer vision. In WSN, a large number of sensors are...     

一种基于无线传感器网络的兔舍环境信息采集节点设计

本文设计了一款适合兔舍环境信息采集的无线传感器网络（wireless sensor network,WS N）节点。节点以MSP430F149为核心,nRF905作为无线射频通信芯片,ME4-NH3氨气浓度传感器、DHT22空气温、湿度传感器及其外围电路作为传感器模块,并以该硬件平台为基础编写了通信协议和节点应用程序。测试节点在空旷环境下通信距离为198m,节点休眠电流仅为2.50μA。在广东省云浮县骏威种兔养殖基地进行了组网试验,结果表明：网络丢包率为1.37%,能够满足兔舍氨气浓度信息采集的应用要求。     

A scalable sensor network using a polar coordinate system

Due to the quick development of chip design and antenna manufacturing techniques, wireless facilities, such as wireless sensors, have become significantly smaller and cheaper than before. Their usage has also consequently been widely enriched, such as in the areas of healthcare and forest monitoring. A wireless sensor network (WSN) is often used to monitor a specific environment for a specific purpose. However, how to effectively utilize the limited resources in a sensor, also in a WSN, is crucial. In a WSN, geographical information is usually employed to locate a node and its surroundings. In this article, we propose a system, named relative position for sensor routing using polar-coordinates (RP²), that deploys a polar coordinate system to identify sensor positions and route network packets. A sensor ID that carries geographical metadata can be helpful in positioning a sensor.     

A game theoretic approach to balancing energy consumption in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks

Energy balancing is an effective technique in enhancing the lifetime of a wireless sensor network (WSN). Specifically, balancing the energy consumption among sensors can prevent losing some critical sensors prematurely due to energy exhaustion so that the WSN's coverage can be maintained. However, the heterogeneous hostile operating conditions—different transmission distances, varying fading environments, and distinct residual energy levels—have made energy balancing a highly challenging task. A key issue in energy balancing is to maintain a certain level of energy fairness in the whole WSN. To achieve energy fairness, the transmission load should be allocated among sensors such that, regardless of a sensor's working conditions, no sensor node should be unfairly overburdened. In this paper, we model the transmission load assignment in WSN as a game. With our novel utility function that can capture realistic sensors’ behaviors, we have derived the Nash equilibrium (NE) of the energy balancing game. Most importantly, under the NE, while each sensor can maximize its own payoff, the global objective of energy balancing can also be achieved. Moreover, by incorporating a penalty mechanism, the delivery rate and delay constraints imposed by the WSN application can be satisfied. Through extensive simulations, our game theoretic approach is shown to be effective in that adequate energy balancing is achieved and, consequently, network lifetime is significantly enhanced. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wake-up radio receiver based power minimization techniques for wireless sensor networks: A review

In a short period of time Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) captured the imagination of many researchers with the number of applications growing rapidly. The applications span large domains including mobile digital health, structural and environmental monitoring, smart home, energy efficient buildings, agriculture, smart cities, etc. WSN are also an important contributor to the fast emerging Internet of Things infrastructure. Some of the design specifications for WSN include reliability, accuracy, cost, deployment versatility, power consumption, etc. Power consumption is (most often) the dominant constraint in designing such systems. This constraint has multi-dimensional implications such as battery type and size, energy harvester design, lifetime of the deployment, intelligent sensing capability, etc. Power optimization techniques have to explore a large design search space. Energy neutral system implementation is the ultimate goal in wireless sensor networks ensuring a perpetual/greener use and represents a hot topic of research. Several recent advances promise significant reduction of the overall sensor network power consumption. These advances include novel sensors and sensor interfaces, low energy wireless transceivers, low power processing, efficient energy harvesters, etc. This paper reviews a number of system level power management methodologies for Wireless Sensor Networks. Especially, the paper is focusing on the promising technology of nano-Watt wake-up radio receiver and its combination with mature power management techniques to achieve better performance. Some of the presented techniques are then applied in the context of low cost and battery powered toy robots.     

On the cooperative MIMO communication for energy-efficient cluster-to-cluster transmission at wireless sensor network

Energy-efficient data transmission is one of the key factors for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks (WSN). Cooperative multiple input multiple output (MIMO) explores the wireless communication schemes between multiple sensors emphasizing the MIMO structure. In this paper, an energy-efficient cooperative technique is proposed for a WSN where selected numbers of sensors at the transmitting end are used to form a MIMO structure wirelessly connected with a selected number of sensors at the receiving end. The selection of nodes in the transmitting end is based on a selection function, which is a combination of channel condition, residual energy, inter-sensor distance in a cluster, and geographical location, whereas the selection in the receiving side is performed on the basis of channel condition. Data are sent by the sensors in a cluster to a data-gathering node (DGN) using a multihop transmission. We are concentrating our design on the intermediate hop, where sensors in a cluster transmit their data to the sensors in another cluster with MIMO communication. Energy models are evaluated for both correlated and uncorrelated scenarios. The delay model of the proposed cooperative MIMO is also derived. Experimental results show that the selected MIMO structure outperforms the unselected MIMO in terms of total energy consumption. They also show energy-efficient performance by around 20% over unselected MIMO when they are compared with single-input-single-output structure. Also, the proposed approach takes around 50 more rounds than the geographically selected approach before dying at distance d?>?20 m.     

基于ZigBee煤矿井下无线传感器节点设计

针对目前煤矿井下有线监控系统存在的问题,在此设计了一种无线传感器节点,其特点是无线的、移动性强、可靠性高、低功耗、实时性强等,能够实时监测煤矿井下的环境参数,包括温度、湿度和瓦斯浓度,并将采集到的信息通过ZigBee无线传输方式进行发送。以CC2430作为无线网络处理器,负责建立网络和传输数据,采用SHT11温湿度传感器和MJC4／3．0L瓦斯浓度传感器采集煤矿井下数据,用CC2591芯片作为无线发送前端,增强无线发送功率;软件架构采用Z-Stack协议栈,它是基于一个轮转查询式操作系统。最后通过实验测试表明,该无线传感器节点能实时准确地采集环境参数,有效地实现实时监测煤矿井下的环境情况。     

Adaptive quantized target tracking in wireless sensor networks

This paper addresses target tracking in wireless sensor networks (WSN) where the observed system is assumed to evolve according to a probabilistic state space model. We propose to improve the use of the variational filtering (VF) by optimally quantizing the data collected by the sensors. Recently, VF has been proved to be suitable to the communication constraints of WSN. Its efficiency relies on the fact that the online update of the filtering distribution and its compression are executed simultaneously. However, this problem has been used only for binary sensor networks neglecting the transmission energy consumption in a WSN and the information relevance of sensor measurements. Our proposed method is intended to jointly estimate the target position and optimize the quantization level under fixed and variable transmitting power. At each sampling instant, the adaptive method provides not only the estimate of the target position by using the VF but gives also the optimal number of quantization bits per observation. The adaptive quantization is achieved by minimizing the predicted Cramér–Rao bound if the transmitting power is constant for all sensors, and optimizing the power scheduling under distortion constraint if this power is variable. The computation of the predicted Cramér–Rao bound is based on the target position predictive distribution provided by the VF algorithm. The proposed adaptive quantization scheme suggests that the sensors with bad channels or poor observation qualities should decrease their quantization resolutions or simply become inactive in order to save energy.     

Das Laserlöten als Kontaktierungsverfahren für Mikrosensoren

Miniaturized sensor elements (e.g. temperature sensors, flow sensors, gas sensors, humidity sensors, etc.) are frequently carried only by their lead-in wires. Laser soldering provides a possibility to attach relatively thick wires to thin film metallizations on a sensor chip. This paper first discusses theoretical aspects of the dynamic wetting process and the leaching phenomenon. Subsequently, it describes the influence of the substrate material on the soldering parameters (laser power and pulse duration) and analyzes the soldering process by temperature measurements using thin film thermocouples integrated in the soldering pad.     

MAX–MIN aggregation in wireless sensor networks: mechanism and modeling

In‐network aggregation is crucial in the design of a wireless sensor network (WSN) due to the potential redundancy in the data collected by sensors. Based on the characteristics of sensor data and the requirements of WSN applications, data can be aggregated by using different functions. MAX—MIN aggregation is one such aggregation function that works to extract the maximum and minimum readings among all the sensors in the network or the sensors in a concerned region. MAX—MIN aggregation is a critical operation in many WSN applications. In this paper, we propose an effective mechanism for MAX—MIN aggregation in a WSN, which is called Sensor MAX—MIN Aggregation (SMMA). SMMA aggregates data in an energy‐efficient manner and outputs the accurate aggregate result. We build an analytical model to analyze the performance of SMMA as well as to optimize its parameter settings. Simulation results are used to validate our models and also evaluate the performance of SMMA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adaptive directed evolved NSGA2 based node placement optimization for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network composed of a large number of static or mobile sensors in a self-organizing and multi-hop manner. In WSN research, node placement is one of the basic problems. In view of the coverage, energy consumption and the distance of node movement, an improved multi-objective optimization algorithm based on NSGA2 is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm is used to optimize the node placement of WSN. The proposed algorithm can optimize both the node coverage and lifetime of WSN while also considering the moving distance of nodes, so as to optimize the node placement of WSN. The experiments show that the improved NSGA2 has improvements in both searching performance and convergence speed when solving the node placement problem.