Comparison of gas plasma and gamma irradiation in air sterilization on the delamination wear of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene used in knee replacements

Early failure of knee replacements is thought to be due to the combination of sterilization by gamma irradiation in air and the high cyclic stresses that they endure during use. Such failures are shown through delamination and permanent deformation of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) component. This study investigated whether gas plasma sterilization, as an alternative to gamma irradiation in air, would give better performance after ageing in a knee replacement using a metal pin on polymer plate wear test. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was performed on the components to assess oxidation levels and a finite element stress analysis model is presented to estimate strain at failure in the UHMWPE. Delamination occurred in the majority of the gamma-irradiated plates but did not occur in any of the gas-plasma-sterilized plates. The FTIR analysis showed that the plates gamma irradiated in air were highly oxidized when compared with the gas-plasma-sterilized plates. Plastic strain at failure was determined for the gamma-irradiated plates and found to be less than 2.4-14 per cent.     

Numerical investigations of stress shielding in total hip prostheses

Aseptic loosening of the prosthesis is still a problem in artificial joint implants. The loosening can be caused by, among other factors, resorption of the bone surrounding the prosthesis owing to stress shielding. In order to find out the influence of the prosthesis type on post-operative stress shielding, a static finite element analysis of a femur provided with the conventional uncemented stem BICONTACT and of one with the femoral neck prosthesis SPIRON was carried out. Strain energy densities and maximal principal strain distributions were calculated and compared with the physiological situation. Here, stress shielding was demonstrated in both periprosthetic femora. To determine the areas of the stress shielding, the bone in each FE model was subdivided into three regions of interest (ROI): proximal, diaphyseal, and distal. The numerical computations show stress shielding in the proximal ROI of both periprosthetic femora. Diaphyseally, the femoral neck prosthesis SPIRON, in contrast to the conventional uncemented long-stem prosthesis BICONTACT, causes no decrease in the strain distribution and thus no stress shielding. Distally, no change in the load distribution of either periprosthetic femur could be found, compared with the physiological situation.     

Vibration—Analysis of circular-arc aerofoil shaped plates

Circular-arc aerofoil flat plates are analysed for their vibrational characteristics using the finite element approach. The effect of variation in the lune angles of the aerofoil plates, on natural frequencies and mode shapes is investigated. Two types of plate bending finite elements are used in the investigation; one is the conventional nine degree of freedom triangular element and the other is a modified triangular element with one edge curved. The later element has been specially developed and used near the curved boundaries of the plate, whereas the former straight edged element is used in the interior. The results of the finite element analysis are verified through experimental investigations.     

Isogeometric bending analysis of composite plates based on a higher-order shear deformation theory

This research paper presents an isogeometric plate finite element formulation for analysis of thick composite plates. Isogeometric finite element method which is based on non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) basis functions, is a novel numerical procedure developed to bridge the gap between CAD and FEM modeling of structures. In order to investigate the behavior of isogeometric plate elements under static loading, plate kinematics is based on third order shear deformation theory (TSDT) of Reddy, which is free from transverse shear locking. This paper discusses accurate transverse stress recovery procedures for TSDT isogeometric finite elements. Numerical experiments with quadratic, cubic and quartic elements are presented and obtained results are compared to other available ones.     

基于等效理论的多夹心层蜂窝板模态分析

研究蜂窝板的三明治等效理论,应用该等效理论对蜂窝板夹芯进行等效计算得其等效参数,建立多夹心层蜂窝板的有限元模型,完成不同算例在不同边界条件下的模态分析,解决了通用有限元程序如NASTRAN等不能直接计算蜂窝板的动、静力学性能问题.将计算结果与解析解对比,说明等效方法是合理的,适用于多夹心层蜂窝板结构的有限元分析.     

ITER真空室中子屏蔽组件的热-静力学有限元分析

根据ITER(International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor)真空室中子屏蔽组件的设计概念和结构特点,应用有限元分析软件ANSYS对结构组件进行静力学分析和热-结构耦合分析.有限元计算结果表明,等离子体中心破灭事件(central disruption 27msec--CD27ms)下的巨大瞬间电磁载荷对其产生的应力与变形远小于真空室温度环境造成的应力影响,尤其在接触应力计算上表现最为明显.因此,根据强度分析的结果重新对中子屏蔽组件的结构方案进行修改,分析结果表明改进后的结构更加合理.     

基于主动磁化的钢板应力测量性能提升方法研究

提出一种提高基于磁弹效应的钢板应力测量灵敏度和一致性的方法。从力磁耦合理论模型出发,分析强磁化和弱交流磁化对力磁耦合所起的作用：强磁化能通过降低初始磁导率和统一力磁耦合参数,提高应力测量的灵敏度及一致性;弱交流磁化提供小幅振荡磁场,能有效消除干扰磁场影响。开展了基于磁弹法的钢板应力测量有限元仿真研究,表明当初始相对磁导率较低时,应力作用下的钢板法向磁感应强度变化率较大,即应力测量灵敏度较高。开展了不同强磁化条件下不同厚度钢板的拉伸试验,测量其法向磁感应强度变化。实验结果表明：与未磁化相比,强磁化后钢板应力测量灵敏度有数十倍提升,一致性有数倍至百倍提高。其中,3 mm厚度钢板采用单磁铁移动磁化方式的应力测量灵敏度和一致性参数提高至1.665 mGs/MPa和2%;5 mm厚度钢板采用双磁移动磁化方式的应力测量灵敏度提高至1.41 mGs/MPa,采用单磁铁移动磁化方式的一致性参数提高至0.2%;7 mm厚度钢板采用双磁铁移动磁化方式的应力测量灵敏度和一致性参数提高至1.2 mGs/MPa和1.8%。     

复合材料脱层板的三维非线性有限元屈曲分析

采用降阶积分法对只适合于Ｃ０问题的三维八节等参元进行改造，使之可以用来分析Ｃ１一类问题，并结合非线性有限元法，对各向异性板的受压变形过程进行跟踪，最终得到了脱层损伤复合材料板的局部屈曲载荷。计算结果表明本文所采用的方法是行之有效的。     

油泵月牙板结构强度仿真分析

基于 ANSYS 软件，根据月牙板结构设计方案，分别建立了两种有限元计算模型，并进行结构强度分析，得到了两种月牙板结构在传动油压力载荷作用下的应力分布和变形情况，可为油泵产品结构设计和改进提供依据。     

Onset and growth of wrinkles in thin square plates subjected to diagonal tension

A corner type constitutive equation is developed using the general quadratic anisotropic yield function. The wrinkling point of square plates subjected to diagonal tension was obtained by the bifurcation and Mindlin type plate theories, in conjunction with the finite element approximation. The growth of wrinkles was traced by a three-dimensional analysis in terms of an isoparametric shell element.

The numerical investigation was performed for the thin plates characterized by Hill's anisotropic yield function. The effects of such material characteristics as yield stress, hardening rate, orthotropy and normal anisotropy on the wrinkling limit and wrinkle height have been clarified.     

叠层平面圆环的振动行为

为了研究叠层平面圆环的振动行为和叠层对其振动影响,用有限元法对系列均质平面圆环进行振动分析以获得试验比较参照,对系列均质圆环和不同夹紧压力下的系列叠层圆环进行大量试验。理论分析和试验结果表明,叠层平面圆环的振动行为是由组成该叠层圆环的单片圆环的振动行为所支配,但叠层对圆环的振动有着重要影响,且这种影响与模态类型、夹紧压力和叠层层数有很大关系。随着叠层层数和夹紧力的增加,圆环纵向振动模态将很快消失,而平面模态得以保留并支配叠层平面圆环的振动。     

短碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮内接骨板应用于断骨修复过程的有限元模拟

聚醚醚酮(PEEK)作为内植入材料,具有优良的生物相容性、力学性能和透X光等特点。在国外,用该材料制成的商业化产品,包括椎间融合器、牙冠和心脏瓣膜等,已经得到FDA认可。该材料经过纤维等手段增强后,性能可以任意调整到和植入部位组织或骨力学性能匹配,能制作出所需要的植入件。它有望取代骨科金属材料,成为内植入件的主流材料。在先期完成短碳纤维增强PEEK复合材料内接骨板制备和性能测量的基础上,本文选用具有代表性的不同弹性模量的4种骨板(不锈钢骨板、Ti6A14V骨板、碳/羟磷灰石骨板、C/PEEK骨板),采用有限元软件建立正常骨-骨板-断骨三维有限元模型,对骨修复过程中的3个阶段(断骨修复程度1%、50%、75%)分别进行模拟。结果表明:4种内接骨板在断骨处都会产生应力遮挡的现象。随着骨板弹性模量的增大,紧贴骨板下断骨中应力遮挡率越大,有骨板处和其对面没有骨板处应力遮挡率相差变大,没有骨板处断骨最大应变越大,且该处断骨层出现变薄的现象;在螺钉上产生的最大应力也增大,应力集中更明显,骨板内应力集中也越明显,C/PEEK骨板能明显地降低应力屏蔽。     

Optimum design of composite laminated plates via a multi-objective function

This paper deals with the optimum design of composite laminated plates under stiffness and gauge constraints. A multi-objective function which combines the plate weight and the strain energy stored in the plate by weighting parameters is introduced. This objective function is minimized while satisfying constraints such as the structural deformation and the limits on design variables. Both ply orientation angles and ply thicknesses of the composite plate are used as the design variables. The stiffness analysis is performed by the finite element method in which a triangular element is used that is suitable for the analysis of thin to thick plates and includes the transverse shear effects. Analyses of the derivatives of the objective function and the constraint functions with respect to the design variables is performed analytically. The mathematical programming method called the constrained variable metric is used to solve this optimum problem. An example is provided for the optimal design of a rectangular laminated plate.     

双向载荷下威布尔应力参量的研究

以往对双轴断裂的研究多采用线弹性断裂力学参量且限于弹性材料，局部法理论提出了威布尔应力参量，威布尔应力作为度量脆性断裂概率的参量已广泛采用。为研究双向载荷对威布尔应力的影响，文中开发了威布尔应力计算程序并进行考核验证，以威布尔应力为参量，以ASTM A36钢中心裂纹板为研究对象，结合有限元分析方法，研究二维裂纹问题在不同双向载荷比下威布尔应力参量的变化规律，从而得到双向载荷对脆断概率的影响。计算结果表明，平面应力状态下，双向载荷对威布尔应力和脆断概率基本上没有影响；而在平面应变状态下，威布尔应力和脆性断裂概率随双向载荷比增大而增大。     

燃料电池仿生密封结构的设计与仿真

针对目前质子交换膜燃料电池密封不严导致的电化学性能低和泄漏等问题,从仿生学角度出发,以自然界的鲨鱼牙齿和扇贝壳作为仿生原型,对燃料电池的密封双极板结构进行仿生结构设计,提出4种仿生密封双极板结构,并建立密封双极板的接触力学模型,最后在有限元分析软件ABAQUS和ANSYS Fluent中开展仿生密封双极板与常规密封双极板的仿真对比试验。结果表明：仿生密封双极板接触面上的应力更大,两接触面的结合更加紧密;仿生密封双极板一凸一凹的镶嵌结合方式,减小了泄漏通道的有效高度,增大了泄漏阻力,可有效防止泄漏的发生;仿生密封双极板具有流固耦合密封效应,在双极板之间存在多个阻断面和空腔,可对流体造成明显的压差损失,能有效避免流体的泄漏。     

Generalized buckling analysis of laminated plates with random material properties using stochastic finite elements

A generalized layer-wise stochastic finite element formulation is developed for the buckling analysis of both homogeneous and laminated plates with random material properties. The pre-buckled stresses are considered in the derivation of geometric stiffness matrix and the effect of variation in these stresses on the mean and coefficient of variation of buckling strength is studied. The mean buckling strength of plates under uniform stress assumption exactly matches with those reported in the literature. However, it is shown that the actual mean buckling strength of plates can be significantly different based on the pre-buckled stress analysis which depends on boundary constraints, principal material directions, aspect and thickness ratios of plates. The statistics of buckling strength is determined using a Taylor series expansion based mean centered first order perturbation technique. The stochastic finite element solutions obtained using layer-wise plate theory is also validated with analytical solutions presented in this paper. Parametric studies are conducted for different aspect ratios, ply orientations and boundary conditions.     

Finite element analysis of stress concentrations and failure criteria in composite plates with circular holes

In this study, the stress concentration factors (SCF) in cross-and-angle-ply laminated composite plates as well as in isotropic plates with single circular holes subjected to uniaxial loading is studied. A quadrilateral finite element of four-node with 32 degrees of freedom at each node, previously developed for the bending and mechanical buckling of laminated composite plates, is used to evaluate the stress distribution in laminated composite plates with central circular holes. Based up on the classical plate theory, the present finite element is a combination of a linear isoparametric membrane element and a high precision rectangular Hermitian element. The numerical results obtained by the present element compare favorably with those obtained by the analytic approaches published in literature. It is observed that the obtained results are very close to the reference results, which demonstrates the accuracy of the present element. Additionally, to determine the first ply failure (FPF) of laminated plate, several failure criterions are employed. Finally, to show the effect of E ₁/E ₂ ratio on the failure of plates, a number of figures are given for different fiber orientation angles.     

高温螺栓-法兰连接用弹性垫圈刚度设计

采用有限元法对弹性垫圈轴向载荷下的变形规律进行了研究，并以此为依据．提出了利用变形协调分析对高温螺栓-法兰连接中弹性垫圈刚度进行设计计算的方法。     

Crack tip shielding and anti-shielding effects of parallel cracks for a superconductor slab under an electromagnetic force

In this letter, the shielding or anti-shielding effect is firstly applied to obtain the behavior of two parallel cracks in a two-dimensional type-II superconducting under electromagnetic force. Fracture analysis is performed by the finite element method and the magnetic behavior of superconductor is described by the critical state Bean model. The stress intensity factors at the crack tips can be obtained and discussed for decreasing field after zero-field cooling. The shielding or anti-shielding effect at the crack tips depend on the distance between two parallel cracks and the crack length. The results indicate that the shielding effects of the two parallel cracks increase when the distance between the two parallel cracks decreases. It can be also obtained that the superconductors with shorter cracks has more remarkable shielding effect than those with longer cracks.     

A comparative computational investigation on the effects of randomly distributed general corrosion on the post-buckling behaviour of uniaxially loaded plates

Post-buckling behaviour and ultimate strength of imperfect corroded steel plates used in ships and other related marine structures are investigated. Nonlinear elastic-plastic large deflection finite element analyses are performed on corroded steel plates. General corrosion wastage is considered to be distributed randomly on either one or both surfaces of the analyzed plates. The effects of general corrosion are introduced into the finite element models using a random thickness surface model. The effects of corroded plate parameters on the plate post-buckling and ultimate strengths are evaluated in detail. It was realized that the aspect ratio and thickness (slenderness) of the corroded plates affects their strength characteristics. Age of the plate models affects mainly their post-buckling-strength regimes and degrades their buckling/ultimate strength. Also, nonlinear post-buckling characteristics of the plates suffering either one-side or both-side random corrosion exhibit some differences. Finally, simple empirical formulations are proposed in order to give rough estimations of the ultimate strength of randomly corroded plates.