Preparation, microstructure and sliding-wear characteristics of brush plated copper-nickel multilayer films

Cu/Ni multilayer films with sublayer thickness (h) ranging from 10 to 1000 nm were prepared on ANSI 1045 steel by brush plating of periodically changing layers of Cu and Ni. The microstructure, composition, microhardness and sliding wear properties against standard SiC ball under unlubricated condition were examined. It was found that the brush plated multilayer films are highly dense and free from porosity. A decrease in h results in smaller grain size and lower coefficient of friction. Both microhardness and wear resistance reach the maximum value when h = 20 nm. Although found with lower hardness compared with brush plated Ni monolayer coating, multilayer films with h ranging from 20 to 80 nm showed improved wear resistance. The increase in the wear resistance was attributed to the combined effect of strengthening of the layer structure and the lubricating of Cu.     

Effect of current density on composition and structure of electrodeposited Au–Ni alloy coatings

Abstract

The effect of current density on composition and structure of galvanic Au–Ni alloy coatings electrodeposited from weakly acidic additive free electrolyte was investigated. At low current density (up to ～10 mA cm^?2), light yellow coloured alloys enriched with Au are deposited. At higher current density the Ni content is abruptly increased and the coatings become coarse and dark. Deposits with an average content of Ni up to ～50 at-% were obtained. Only a small amount of Ni (up to 20 at-%) takes part in the formation of non-equilibrium super saturated Au–Ni solid solution. The remainder of the Ni is deposited in the interglobular space as an amorphous Ni oxide–hydroxide or as Ni bearing hydroxide salts. Besides Ni, the alloy coatings contain C, N, O, K and H.     

1Cr17Ni2压气机叶片多层膜制备及耐蚀性研究

采用真空电弧离子镀技术在1Cr17Ni2不锈钢基体表面沉积Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN多层膜,并对膜的形貌、相结构、结合力以及极化曲线和交流阻抗等电化学性能进行分析和测试。结果表明:制备的Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN膜界面清晰、结构致密、晶粒细小,膜层厚度约为2~3μm,膜层的主要物相为TiN和ZrN两相,以及少量的金属Ti和Zr;膜层与基体结合良好,结合力大于70 N,显微硬度(HV_(0.025))高达29 000 MPa,Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN多层膜与1Cr17Ni2基材相比,具有更高的极化电位和极化电阻,更低的腐蚀电流密度,更大容抗弧。     

X-ray diffraction measurement of residual stress and crystal orientation in Au/NiCr/Ta films prepared by plating

Au/NiCr/Ta films were prepared by plating and then annealed at 400 °C in Ar gas for an hour. The Au diffraction peak positions including incidence angles 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° were measured by a glancing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) method. Residual stresses were then calculated using the sin²ψ method. The results indicate that the residual stress in the as-deposited Au/NiCr/Ta films was about 50 MPa, but was decreased down to − 5 MPa in average after samples annealing. The XRD analysis on crystal orientation shows that only the diffraction peaks of Au were found. There are no alloying phases in the plating Au film, and the interlayer of NiCr and Ta is too thin to be detected by the conventional XRD. The XRD also revealed that the films are highly textured with Au-(111) or a mixture of Au-(111) and Au-(200) orientation, and the (111)/(200) intensity ratio decreases after samples annealed.     

不同退火温度下Cu/Ni纳米多层膜的结构与力学性能稳定性

为研究不同退火温度下Cu/Ni纳米多层膜的结构与力学性能稳定性,采用电子束蒸发镀膜技术在Si(100)基片上沉积不同周期(Λ为4,12,20 nm)的Cu/Ni多层膜,在真空条件下对试样进行温度为200℃和400℃,时间为4 h的退火处理,分析了沉积态(未退火态)与退火态Cu/Ni多层膜纳米压痕硬度、弹性模量与微结构的演变,讨论了不同调制周期Cu/Ni多层膜的热稳定性。结果表明:200℃下4 h退火后,Λ为4,12和20 nm的Cu/Ni多层膜均保持了硬度与弹性模量的热稳定性。而在400℃下4 h退火后,Λ为12 nm的Cu/Ni多层膜出现了硬度和弹性模量的软化现象,硬度由6.21 GPa降低至5.83 GPa,弹性模量由190 GPa降低至182 GPa。这是由于共格界面被破坏,界面共格应力对Cu/Ni多层膜力学性能贡献作用削弱导致的。     

Ni含量对0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢富铜相析出的影响

研究了不同Ni含量的0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢在1040℃固溶后油冷和炉冷(均进行480℃时效,分别表示为OC、FC试样)两种热处理工艺下的力学性能和微观组织变化规律,通过力学性能测试、SEM和TEM观察,探讨了Ni含量对力学性能和富铜相析出的影响.研究表明:FC试样的强度由于炉冷过程中析出了粗大的富铜相而显著低于OC试样的;随Ni含量的提高,两种试样的强度均增加,但差距在缩小,其原因是炉冷过程中析出的富铜相尺寸逐渐细小,表明Ni可以提高了Cu在γ相区的溶解度,延缓了固溶后炉冷过程中的富铜相析出;随时效温度的提高,不同Ni含量试验钢的强度降低,且Ni含量高的试验钢强度降低更显著;随Ni含量的提高,时效过程中富铜相的形核速率和长大速度增加,表明Ni降低了Cu在钢中的扩散激活能.     

纳米Ni/CNTs、Cu/CNTs复合粒子的制备及其催化性能

以碳纳米管(CNTs)为载体,采用化学沉积法制备了纳米Ni/CNTs、Cu/CNTs复合粒子,利用TEM、SEM、XRD、EDS、BET、XPS等方法对产物的形貌、结构、元素含量进行了表征,并应用DSC研究了纳米Ni、Cu、CNTs等单一纳米粒子及Ni/CNTs、Cu/CNTs复合粒子对AP热分解的催化作用.结果表明:Ni/CNTs、Cu/CNTs复合粒子结晶好、包复均匀、比表面积大.纳米Ni、Cu等单一纳米粒子和Ni/CNTs、Cu/CNTs复合粒子均能使AP热分解的高温分解峰峰温降低、表观分解热增加,具有良好的催化性能.相比较而言,纳米复合粒子的催化性能均优于其相应单一组分,表现出良好的正协同作用.复合粒子中以Cu/CNTs复合粒子的催化效果最为显著,使AP的高温分解峰峰温降低112.15℃,使总表观分解热增加839 J/g.并初步探讨了催化机制.     

2205不锈钢摩擦焊接头组织及残余应力分布

采用X射线衍射技术对2205双相不锈钢焊接界面残余应力进行测试,同时利用光学显微镜及电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)对接头旋合区（RZ）、热机影响区（TMAZ）及热影响区（HAZ）微观组织进行分析。结果表明：接头轴向、径向残余应力均表现为压应力状态,呈单边V形分布,其中轴向残余应力峰值(－287 MPa)位于热机影响区(TMAZ)边缘,该区域α相和γ相在焊接过程中,在剪切及摩擦作用下,发生剧烈扭曲;而焊缝中心旋合区具有明显的动态再结晶特征,呈细小等轴晶状(3~4 μm),残余应力仅为在－15~－54 MPa。     

316L不锈钢/Cu梯度复合材料的残余热应力分布

为了得到合理的316L不锈钢/Cu梯度复合材料结构,基于316L不锈钢/Cu复合材料的微观组织与宏观结构建立相应的单胞模型和复合材料模型,并采用有限元软件ANSYS对两种模型进行残余热应力的数值模拟,分析复合材料内的等效应力和主应力的分布规律。结果表明:对于单胞模型,残余热应力分布形态不仅与不锈钢球溶解程度相关,而且与其溶解形态也有关系,并且随着不锈钢的溶解,平均等效应力的大小分布发生了转移,较大的平均应力从基体转移到了增强体。对于复合材料模型,随着不锈钢球的溶解,梯度复合区内的等效应力呈梯度减小分布,表现为平滑的应力过渡,因此,可以在复合区与铜相接连处得到缓和的热应力分布。     

Variations in surface residual compressive stress and magnetic induction intensity of 304 stainless steel

This study proposed micromagnetic nondestructive detection technology to detect the surface residual compressive stress of 304 stainless steel specimens after annealing treatment and loading. X-ray diffraction was used to determine the changes in residual compressive stress, microstrain, and grain size to aid in verification. Variations in surface residual compressive stress and magnetic induction intensity were analyzed. When residual compressive stress changed markedly, the change in magnetic induction intensity reflected the change in residual compressive stress. With the increase in residual compressive stress, the surface magnetic induction intensity and residual compressive stress of the specimen exhibited an approximate linear relationship, manifesting an increasing trend. Therefore, residual compressive stress was analyzed by detecting the changes in the surface magnetic induction intensity of specimens. Micromagnetic nondestructive detection allows the effective detection of the surface residual compressive stress of 304 stainless steel.     

立方织构Ni/Cu双金属基带制备

对在铜带上沉积Ni层过程中,电化学参数对Ni层立方织构形成的影响进行了研究.研究结果显示:只有当阴极电位足够低、镀液pH值在3到4之间时,Ni层才具有立方织构.电化学参数对Ni层立方织构形成的影响可以用几何选择理论进行解释.最后,对Ni层立方织构的热稳定性也进行了研究.     

Ni含量对Cu沉淀强化钢组织与力学性能的影响

对不同Ni含量的Cu沉淀强化钢进行900 ℃淬火+550 ℃回火热处理,研究了Ni含量对Cu沉淀强化钢显微组织和力学性能的影响,并用透射电镜分析探讨了Ni含量对富Cu相颗粒尺寸和间距的影响。结果表明,随着Ni含量提高（0.99%~3.47%）试验钢的强度增加,韧脆转变温度降低。Ni含量低的试验钢中富Cu相颗粒尺寸粗大间距较宽,而Ni含量高的试验钢中富Cu相颗粒分布密集,且相对细小。     

SnPb钎料与Au/Ni/Cu焊盘反应过程中Au的分布

采用熔融的共晶锡铅钎料熔滴与Au/Ni/Cu焊盘瞬时接触液固反应形成钎料凸点,随后进行再流焊及老化.对这一过程中的钎料/焊盘界面金属间化合物组织的演化,尤其是Au-Sn化合物的形成及分布进行了研究.结果表明,钎料熔滴与焊盘液固反应形成了Au-Sn界面化合物,铜层未完全反应.在随后的再流焊过程中,界面处的铜层完全消耗掉,镍层与钎料反应形成Ni3Sn4界面组织;针状的AuSn4化合物分布于钎料基体中.老化条件下分布于钎料基体中的AuSn4重新在界面沉积,在Ni3Sn4层上形成(AuxNi1-x)Sn4层.(AuxNi1-x)Sn4在界面的沉积遵循分解扩散机制,并促进富铅相的形成.钎料与焊盘反应过程中Au-Sn化合物的演化及分布直接影响钎料与焊盘的连接强度.     

Electrodeposited Ni-W-TiC Composite Coatings:Effect of TiC Reinforcement on Microstructural and Tribological Properties

Ni-W-TiC composite coatings were prepared via electrodeposition technique by dispersing the different amount of TiC particles into the plating bath.The Ni-W and Ni-W-TiC composite coatings containing different concentrations of TiC particles were characterized by using the scanning electron microscope,X-ray diffraction technique,Vickers microhardness test,surface roughness test,and tribology test.The results show that the Ni-W coatings containing reinforced TiC particles have shown a typical FCC Ni-W crystal structure with significantly higher Vickers microhardness.The amount of dispersed TiC particles into the plating bath considerably affected codeposition weight percent of TiC into the Ni-W matrix,as revealed by the EDS analysis.Ni-W-TiC samples demonstrated the decreased abrasive wear as compared to Ni-W coating and no characteristic features observed for the adhesive wear.Similarly,an improvement in coefficient of friction was observed in Ni-W-TiC composite coating as compared to Ni-W coating.     

固溶处理对Cr23Ni7Mo2Cu0.6双相不锈钢组织与性能的影响

利用XSL-4-12箱式热处理炉、ZEISS金相显微镜、HRS-150数显洛氏硬度计及拉伸试验机研究了固溶处理对Cr23Ni7Mo2Cu0.6双相不锈钢组织与性能的影响。结果表明,铁素体含量随着固溶温度的升高而增加,在930~960 ℃之间铁素体与奥氏体面积比达到1∶1,σ相的含量随着固溶温度的升高而逐渐减少,在960 ℃时仅有少量σ相存在于相界处,1020 ℃时由于锻造造成的奥氏体相分布不均的情况也得到了改善。合金硬度与抗拉强度随着固溶温度的上升呈现先下降后上升的趋势,分别在1020 ℃和1050 ℃达到最小值94.4 HRB和547 MPa,伸长率则随着固溶温度的升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在990 ℃时达到峰值41.5%。综合钢丝拉拔变形过程中材料的硬度、塑韧性及组织均匀性对材料成形性能的影响,Cr23Ni7Mo2Cu0.6双相不锈钢的固溶温度宜选择1020 ℃。     

Thermal stress analysis of HVOF sprayed WC–Co/NiAl multilayer coatings on stainless steel substrate using finite element methods

The scope of this study is to find out the effects of thermal cycling on the coating-substrate system of WC–Co coatings by finite element modeling. With this regard, WC–Co/NiAl coating layers were successfully deposited on 316 L stainless steel substrates by using a HVOF technique and microstructural observations were carried out using SEM. The SEM study revealed that the coating was very dense with very low oxide content and had a very good contact with the substrate, indicating a very good bonding to the substrate. Thermal cycling tests were performed at the temperature range of 373 and 873 °K without external load. In finite element modeling (FEM), thermal residual stresses, developed during and after thermal cycling, were determined by using ANSYS software package. It was found that the stress distributions were obtained in the WC–Co/NiAl architectured coating systems during heating and cooling steps because of the different thermal and mechanical properties of the coating layers and substrates. According to thermal analysis results, the calculated tensile stresses were higher than the compressive stresses and also thermal stress components for x-direction were bigger than for y-direction.     

Influence of shallow and deep cryogenic treatment on the residual state of stress of 4140 steel

The present research work studies the effect of cryogenic treatment on the residual stress state in 4140 steel. Two kinds of cryogenic treatment, namely shallow (SCT, −80 °C × 5 h) and deep cryogenic treatment (DCT, −196 °C × 24 h) were carried out between quenching and tempering in conventional heat treatment process. The results evidenced an increase in the compressive residual stress in steel are subjected to cryogenic treatment before tempering. X-ray diffractometry revealed that residual stresses are relieved during tempering, according to the redistribution of carbon in martensite and the precipitation of transition carbides. While conventional heat treatment (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) promote a tensile state of residual stress, DCT shows a compressive residual stress.     

Effect of immersion Ni plating on interface microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Cu bimetal

A nickel-based coating was deposited on the pure Al substrate by immersion plating, and the Al/Cu bimetals were prepared by diffusion bonding in the temperature range of 450–550 °C. The interface microstructure and fracture surface of Al/Cu joints were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties of the Al/Cu bimetals were measured by tensile shear and microhardness tests. The results show that the Ni interlayer can effectively eliminate the formation of Al-Cu intermetallic compounds. The Al/Ni interface consists of the Al₃Ni and Al₃Ni₂ phases, while it is Ni-Cu solid solution at the Ni/Cu interface. The tensile shear strength of the joints is improved by the addition of Ni interlayer. The joint with Ni interlayer annealed at 500 °C exhibits a maximum value of tensile shear strength of 34.7 MPa.     

热处理工艺对0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响

通过透射电镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、光学显微镜等显微组织分析及力学性能测试,研究了不同固溶温度、时效温度及其冷却方式对0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响,演绎了该不锈钢大型锻件的热处理工艺。结果表明,以1040℃固溶处理,0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb钢可获得较好的综合力学性能,固溶后采用油冷,钢的强度最高,塑性较好;时效冷却速度对合金力学性能的影响较小,采用480℃时效空冷既能满足强度要求,也能保持理想韧性。该钢的最佳热处理工艺为1040℃固溶(油冷)+480℃时效(空冷)。     

电接触强化对Ni/Cu复合镀层组织与性能的影响

利用电刷镀在铸铁表面制备了厚度在1 mm左右的Ni/Cu复合镀层,并对镀层进行了电接触强化试验。利用场发射电镜(FESEM)、维氏硬度计分析了电接触强化对镀层组织性能的影响。试验结果表明,电接触强化改善了镀层表面和内部质量,减少了镀层内部裂纹、孔洞等缺陷。同时,电接触强化使镀层和基体之间产生了部分镶嵌熔融。电接触强化改变了Ni层与Cu层的组织结构,使镀层组织更加致密紧实,Cu层和Ni层之间发生了塑性变形,产生了一定的镶嵌。强化后镀层表面及截面硬度都有所提升。镀层与基体之间形成的硬化层硬度远大于基体硬度,电接触强化提高了镀层与基体之间的结合力。