Isothermal oxidation resistance comparison between air plasma sprayed, vacuum plasma sprayed and high velocity oxygen fuel sprayed CoNiCrAlY bond coats

Commercial CoNiCrAlY powders with the same chemical composition were sprayed by vacuum plasma spraying (VPS), air plasma spraying (APS) and high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) onto Hastelloy X superalloy substrates obtaining coatings of comparable thickness. After coating, samples were maintained at 1273 K in air for different periods up to 3000 h. Morphological, microstructural and compositional analyses were performed in order to assess the high temperature oxidation resistance provided by the different spraying systems. HVOF technique provided bond coats with higher oxidation resistance compared to APS and VPS.     

TGO growth behaviour in TBCs with APS and HVOF bond coats

The growth of thermally grown oxide (TGO) layers and their influence on crack formation were studied for two thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems with CoNiCrAlY bond coats produced by (i) air plasma spray (APS) and (ii) high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) techniques. All samples received a vacuum heat treatment and were subsequently subjected to thermal cycling in air. The TGOs were predominantly comprised of layered alumina, along with some oxide clusters of chromia, spinel and nickel oxide. However, after extended oxidation, the alumina layer formed in the APS-CoNiCrAlY bond coat transformed to chromia/spinel, while that formed in the HVOF-CoNiCrAlY bond coat remained stable. TGO thickening in the APS-CoNiCrAlY bond coat generally exhibited a three-stage growth behavior, which resembles a high temperature creep curve, whereas growth of the alumina layer in the HVOF-CoNiCrAlY bond coat showed an extended steady-state stage. Crack propagation in these two TBCs was found to be related to the growth and coalescence of oxide-induced cracking, connecting with pre-existing discontinuities in the topcoat. Hence, crack propagation during thermal cycling appeared to be controlled by TGO growth.     

Fatigue cracks in HVOF thermally sprayed WC-Co coatings

Initiation and early growth of fatigue cracks of a medium carbon steel with HVOF thermally sprayed WC-Co coatings prepared from two types of commercially available powders with similar total chemical composition were investigated under rotating bending conditions. The morphology of the fatigue crack is divided into two type—linear cracks and net-like cracks—depending on the types of powders and the thickness of the coatings. The fatigue cracks in thinner coatings were closer to each other than those for the thick coatings.     

Modified tensile adhesion test for evaluation of interfacial toughness of HVOF sprayed coatings

Tensile adhesion test is widely used to evaluate the adhesion strength of coatings sprayed by High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) technique. But there are two issues to be improved. Firstly, when the coatings have high adhesion strength, failure occurs in an adhesive layer, and secondary, the edge of a substrate is heavily deformed and rounded due to the high impact energy of sprayed particles. This deformation causes large scatter of adhesion test results. In this paper, a new technique to evaluate the interfacial fracture toughness has been proposed by introducing pre-crack at the interface of a conventional tensile adhesion test specimen. The asymptotic analytical formula was derived for interfacial toughness evaluation. Numerical analysis was also carried out for comparison. The difference between the numerical and the theoretical data was less than 5%. The developed procedure was applied for the SUS316 L steel coatings and the significant effects of the surface roughness and preheating temperature on adhesion strength were reconfirmed quantitatively.     

超音速火焰喷涂涂层抗高温氧化和耐冲蚀性能

采用超音速火焰喷涂（HVOF）技术喷涂WC涂层，并对其抗高温氧化和耐冲蚀性能进行测定。试验结果显示，与基体1Cr12W1MoV比较，HVOF制备的WC-17Co、WC-12Co、NiCrBSi＋35WC涂层具有非常良好的抗高温氧化和耐冲蚀性能。其中WC-17Co涂层在任何冲蚀角度下均表现出优良的抗冲蚀能力，是一种理想的汽轮机高压部件防护涂层。     

Adhesion evaluation of multilayered based WC-Co-Cr thermally sprayed coatings

This paper describes the adhesion evaluation of different interlayers such as Co-Cr, Ni-Cr 80-20 HVOF (High Velocity Oxy-Fuel) thermally sprayed coatings and Ni-plating between the cermet based WC-Co-Cr coatings. Three adhesion measurement methods for these different multilayered based thermal spray coatings, namely tensile adhesive strength (according to EN 582), interfacial indentation and solid impact tests were conducted. The distinguished coating properties include: i) the adhesive strength, ii) the interfacial toughness, iii) the depth of impact. The metallographic and experimental results show that the electrochemically deposited interlayer Ni-plating provides the highest adhesion to cermet coating within the multilayered structured coatings. This is not only due to the chemical affinity between the Ni-plating and the cermet coating, but also to its homogeneous microstructure, since the electrochemically deposition does not provide splat formation.     

A study on powder mixing for high fracture toughness and wear resistance of WC-Co-Cr coatings sprayed by HVOF

The effects of mixing powders with various particle sizes on the fracture toughness and wear resistance of thermally sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr coating layers fabricated by the HVOF (High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel) process on a S45C steel substrate were investigated. In order to obtain a high fracture toughness and wear resistance, the powder size and powder mixing ratio were varied. The microstructure and chemical composition of the phases in the coatings were characterized by means of the SEM and XRD techniques. Image analysis was used for the evaluation of the porosity of the coatings. Indentations tests were carried out on the cross sections of the coatings to evaluate the hardness and fracture toughness. The wear properties of the coatings were assessed using a pin-on-disk wear tester at ambient temperature without lubrication. The mixing of a small amount of coarse powders with fine powders resulted in the highest fracture toughness and wear resistance, due to the formation of coating layers having the lowest porosity.     

Solid particle erosion of HVOF sprayed NiCr and Stellite-6 coatings

Solid particle erosion behavior of the HVOF deposited NiCr and Stellite-6, coatings on boiler tube steels was evaluated. The study was conducted, using an air jet erosion test rig at a velocity of 26 m/s and impingement angle of 30° and 90°, on uncoated as well as HVOF spray coated boiler tube steel (GrA1) at 250 °C. The coatings were harder as compared to substrate steel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was used to analyse the eroded surface. Mass losses of the coatings were found marginally higher than the boiler tube steel.     

等离子蒸发沉积热障涂层抗CMAS附着研究进展

热障涂层是先进航空发动机核心热端部件高压涡轮叶片的关键技术,随着发动机服役温度的不断提高,一种主要化学成分为CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2(简称CMAS)的环境沉积物对叶片的危害日益严重,不仅堵塞叶片表面气膜冷却孔,影响叶片冷效,而且导致热障涂层早期剥落失效,服役寿命大幅度降低。高温熔融CMAS在涂层表面的附着过程及防护方法是目前热障涂层研究领域的热点和难点。本文针对新型的等离子蒸发沉积技术,梳理了近年来国内外学者在热障涂层抗CMAS附着、渗入和腐蚀方面的最新研究成果,指出了涂层抗CMAS侵蚀研究的发展方向。     

超音速火焰喷涂枪的研究

利用理论分析与实验相结合的方法,在比较和借鉴国外相近喷枪的基础上,对喷枪结构参数进行了选择,对喷枪的实际性能进行了估算。将在此基础上设计出的喷枪进行点火试验,得到的实测值与估算值吻合得很好。这证明了喷枪的结构设计合理,性能的估算比较准确,从而为设计和改进喷枪结构,提高喷枪的性能提供了可靠的理论依据。     

不同结构等离子喷涂热障涂层的性能研究

通过等离子喷涂,制备了常规层状结构、垂直裂纹结构的氧化钇部分稳定氧化锆(YSZ)和铈酸镧(LCO)热障涂层,分析了涂层的微观形貌及性能。结果表明:对于YSZ涂层,垂直裂纹结构的结合强度是层状结构的1.8倍;LCO涂层的微观结构对喷涂工艺比较敏感,适当降低喷涂功率有助于提高扁平化粒子间的结合,缓解涂层中横向裂纹的产生,促进垂直裂纹形成;与层状结构的LCO/YSZ双层涂层相比,垂直裂纹结构的LCO/YSZ双层涂层的结合强度和抗热震性能未明显提高。     

铝表面锆酸钙热障涂层组织结构研究

利用热喷涂方法在铝板表面制作了锆酸热障涂层,结合X射线衍射结构分析和金相组织分析,探讨了不同工艺方法对涂层质量的影响。研究表明,在等离子喷涂中锆酸钙部分分解成氧化锆和氧化钙,在火焰喷涂中锆酸钙几乎不分解;两种喷涂过程中锆酸钙均能保持氧化锆高温正方相结构,抑制了氧化锆高温可逆相变,消除了因氧化锆相变造成的涂层内应力,从而改善涂层与基体的结合状况;等离子喷涂雾化充分,喷涂质量明显优于火焰喷涂。     

基于真实TGO三维结构的热障涂层热应力分析

采用三维X射线显微镜对高温热循环后的双层结构热障涂层样品进行了分辨率0.5μm的高分辨率CT(Computed Tomography)重建,实现了热生长氧化物(Thermally Grown Oxide,TGO)三维结构分割与可视化,建立了基于真实TGO微结构的热障涂层三维有限元模型,研究了蠕变及热循环次数对热障涂层热应力的影响。有限元分析结果表明:恒温阶段受蠕变的影响,应力大幅度减小,高温蠕变对热障涂层热应力具有释放作用。三维热应力分布结果表明,粘结层与TGO界面处应力最大。热障涂层的应力随着热循环次数的增加而增大,但在15次循环之后,应力趋于稳定。     

热喷涂NiCoCrAlYTa+7YSZ热障涂层颗粒沉积行为

分别采用低压等离子喷涂和大气等离子喷涂在K4169基体上收集了NiCoCrAlYTa颗粒沉积物及涂层,并对颗粒沉积物的形貌及涂层性能进行了观察分析。结果表明:低压等离子喷涂收集到的单个NiCoCrAlYTa扁平颗粒主要呈圆盘状,涂层致密且氧含量低。而大气等离子喷涂收集到的扁平颗粒主要呈溅射状,涂层孔隙率和氧含量均较高。又在经镜面抛光的NiCoCrAlYTa涂层和K4169基体上分别收集了7YSZ颗粒沉积物,并对其沉积形貌进行了观察分析,结果表明:在K4169基体上收集到的7YSZ颗粒沉积物主要呈圆盘状,表面存在大量的网状微裂纹及宏观环状贯通裂纹。在镜面抛光的NiCoCrAlYTa涂层表面收集的7YSZ颗粒沉积物,周围有少量的指状溅射物,中心部存在一定数量的网状微裂纹,但宏观环状裂纹消失。     

Microstructure and Creep Behavior of Plasma-Sprayed Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings

The purpose of this study was to determine the creep/sintering characteristics of thermally sprayed zirconia coatings and attempt to understand the influence of microstructure on the creep resistance of deposits. The major modification, compared with more typical practice, was employment of a new powder feedstock with agglomerated sub-micron size particles (Nanox), which is compared to one of the best commercially available powders (HOSP). Thick plasma-sprayed coatings were prepared and their physical and mechanical properties were characterized. Creep/sintering experiments were then conducted to investigate the response of the materials when exposed to high temperatures under load. The results showed that it could be possible to correlate the splat thickness to the creep behavior of the coatings.     

Microstructure and properties of HVOF sprayed Ni-based submicron WS2/CaF2 self-lubricating composite coating

Ni-based submicron WS2/CaF2 self-lubricating composite coatings were produced on carbon steel substrate by high velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF) spray processing, and the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coatings were investigated. Non-uniform microstructure characterized by some pores and microcracks is observed in the produced composite coatings, which leads to low microhardness value, low adhesive strength and low frictional coefficient. For Ni45-5%CaF2-10%WS2 (mass fraction) and Ni45-10%CaF2-5%WS2 (mass fraction) coatings, under the test condition of load 40 N and speed 2 m/s, the friction coefficients obtained at room temperature are in the range of 0.35-0.48 and 0.31-0.41, respectively. The friction coefficients of two kinds of coatings increase to 0.4-0.63 and 0.35-0.46, respectively, at the test speed of 1 m/s. And the Ni45-10%CaF2-5%WS2 coating presents the minimum friction coefficient of 0.32-0.38 and good anti-wear properties at 400 ℃.     

稀土锆酸盐热障涂层的合金化改性研究进展

热障涂层（TBCs）是提升航空发动机热端部件工作温度上限的有效途径之一。稀土锆酸盐（RE2-xZr2+xO7+x/2）因其低热导率和良好的高温相稳定性被视为新一代热障涂层候选材料。鉴于稀土锆酸盐性能具有强的可设计性,本文从合金化设计思路出发,围绕力学、热物理和抗腐蚀性能综述了稀土锆酸盐涂层常规合金化和高熵化改性的国内外研究进展,并基于当前研究不足对后续工作提出展望。     

Microstructure and Thermal Behavior of Thermal Barrier Coatings

Yttria stabilized zirconia thick coatings were thermally sprayed from two different feedstock powders. Coating characteristics such as density, crystalline phase composition, and microstructure were evaluated. The thermal expansion coefficient and thermal diffusivity were measured as a function of temperature up to 800 °C and analyzed in terms of the microstructural features. The ability of available models to relate the measured thermal properties to the microstructural features as characterized by readily available methods was assessed. The importance of pore shape and orientation on the thermal conductivity was evidenced. The thermal contact resistance between the substrate and the coating in these samples was estimated from the thermal diffusivity data, and found to change during cooling from 800 °C.     

提高等离子喷涂热障涂层隔热性能的方法

为进一步提高等离子喷涂热障涂层的隔热性能,对陶瓷材料的导热理论及热障涂层的热导率进行了研究.提出了包括寻求新型热障涂层陶瓷材料、添加掺杂剂、制备纳米涂层及双陶瓷层热障涂层等能够改善等离子喷涂涂层隔热性能的方法;并指出,采用等离子喷涂技术制备带颜色的稀土锆酸盐纳米双陶瓷层热障涂层,将会进一步改善热障涂层的隔热性能.     

Electrochemical behavior of thermally sprayed stainless steel coatings in 3.4% NaCl solution

Four types of stainless steel coatings prepared by a high velocity oxy-fuel spraying system (HVOF) were studied. Differences among coated steels were related to the spraying parameters, which influenced the behavior of the samples against the corrosion. The electrochemical behavior of the stainless steel coatings was strongly influenced by porosity, the presence of micro- and macro-cracks, and also of un-melted particles. Once the electrolyte reached the steel substrate via these defects, the galvanic pair formed between the coating and substrate-accelerated corrosion, leading to the depletion of the coating.