类金刚石薄膜改性钛合金的扭动摩擦磨损特性

以Ti6Al4V合金、类金刚石薄膜(DLC膜)改性Ti6Al4V合金分别与超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)配副,模拟颈椎间盘的轴向旋转运动,并在改装后的多自由度磨损试验机上进行扭动摩擦试验。结果表明:随着循环周次的增加,两对摩擦副均呈现出摩擦扭转力矩、摩擦耗散能、磨损量相应增大的趋势。与Ti6Al4V合金相比,DLC薄膜改性后的Ti6Al4V合金摩擦副接触界面间摩擦扭转力矩降低了51.6%、摩擦耗散能降低了48%,进入完全滑移状态的时间缩短,具有更好的耐磨性。Ti6Al4V合金的磨损机制表现为严重的磨粒磨损,经DLC薄膜改性后的钛合金的磨损形式以应力集中产生的脆性剥落为主。DLC薄膜增大了对磨副UHMWPE的磨损,UHMWPE的磨损机制是粘着磨损和磨粒磨损综合作用的结果。     

钛合金圆环工件表面合金化及其滚动摩擦性能研究

采用等离子表面合金化技术在Ti6Al4V合金圆环工件表面制备Mo渗镀改性层,将其与未渗Mo处理的Ti6Al4V合金在模拟实际工况条件下进行油润滑的滚动摩擦对比试验,比较二者的磨损情况,并分析磨损机理。结果表明,Ti6Al4V合金表面进行渗Mo处理后,形成了均匀、致密且高硬度的Mo基改性层。Ti6Al4V合金表面渗Mo后,硬度由渗层到基体呈梯度分布。滚动摩擦试验表明,渗Mo处理后表面无减摩效果,但磨损量大大减小,耐磨性得到有效改进。通过对磨损形貌的分析可知,表面渗Mo处理后磨损机理主要以磨粒磨损为主,而基材是磨粒磨损和粘着磨损。     

Ti6Al4V合金氮离子注入层的成分、组织结构及摩擦学性能

介绍了Ti6Al4V合金氮离子注入的背景,比较了离子束离子注入及等离子体基离子注入氮,综述了注入层成分、组织结构、硬度、摩擦系数及磨损性能变化的研究进展,总结了到目前为止得出的规律,探讨了变化的可能机理。并对今后的研究方向作了展望。     

Effect of nitrogen ion implantation dose on torsional fretting wear behavior of titanium and its alloy

Various doses of nitrogen ions were implanted into the surface of pure titanium, Ti6Al7Nb and Ti6Al4V, by plasma immersion ion implantation. Torsional fretting wear tests involving flat specimens of no-treated and treated titanium, as well as its alloys, against a ZrO₂ ball contact were performed on a torsional fretting wear test rig using a simulated physiological medium of serum solution. The treated surfaces were characterized, and the effect of implantation dose on torsional fretting behavior was discussed in detail. The results showed that the torsional fretting running and damage behavior of titanium and its alloys were strongly dependent on the dose of the implanted nitrogen ions and the angular displacement amplitude. The torsional fretting running boundary moved to smaller angular displacement amplitude, and the central light damage zone decreased, as the ion dose increased. The wear mechanisms of titanium and its alloys were oxidative wear, abrasive wear and delamination, with abrasive wear as the most common mechanism of the ion implantation layers.     

盐雾腐蚀条件下Ti合金表面功能薄膜的摩擦磨损性能

目的研究Ti6Al4V合金、铬掺杂类金刚石(Cr-DLC)薄膜、钨掺杂类金刚石(W-DLC)薄膜和氮化钛(TiN)薄膜,在干摩擦和盐雾腐蚀气氛摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能。方法在商用Ti6Al4V合金表面通过非平衡磁控溅射制备Cr-DLC薄膜和W-DLC薄膜,通过多弧离子镀技术制备TiN薄膜。利用扫描电镜、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机、白光干涉扫描轮廓仪,对薄膜的形貌、硬度、干摩擦和腐蚀摩擦性能、磨痕形貌进行测试分析。结果干摩擦条件下,Ti6Al4V合金表面沉积Cr-DLC、W-DLC和TiN三种薄膜的摩擦系数均比Ti6Al4V合金低;Ti6Al4V合金及其表面制备的三种薄膜在盐雾腐蚀气氛条件下的摩擦系数都比干摩擦条件下有所增加。与Ti6Al4V合金相比,Cr-DLC、W-DLC和TiN三种薄膜在干摩擦和盐雾腐蚀气氛摩擦条件下均减小了磨损体积。干摩擦条件下,W-DLC薄膜的磨损体积为0.0017 mm~3,耐磨性最好;盐雾腐蚀气氛摩擦条件下,TiN薄膜的磨损体积为0.0028 mm~3,表现出最佳的耐腐蚀磨损性能。通过磨痕形貌可以得出,盐雾腐蚀气氛摩擦条件下,Ti6Al4V合金表面制备的金属掺杂类金刚石薄膜的磨损受到磨粒磨损和腐蚀磨损双重机制的影响。结论三种表面功能薄膜在盐雾腐蚀气氛摩擦条件下都较好地保护了Ti合金,极大地减少了磨损损失。     

Effect of N-ion implantation and diamond-like carbon coating on fretting wear behaviors of Ti6Al7Nb in artificial saliva

The tribology behaviors of Ti6Al7Nb, its alloy with N-ion implantation, and its alloy with diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating were investigated in artificial saliva. Fretting wear tests of untreated, N-ion implanted and DLC coated Ti6Al7Nb alloys plate against a Si₃N₄ ball were carried out on a reciprocating sliding fretting wear test rig. Based on the analysis of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, 3-D profiler, SEM morphologies and frictional kinetics behavior analysis, the damage behavior of surface modification layer was discussed in detail. The results indicated that the fretting wear behavior of Ti6Al7Nb alloy with N-ion implantation was increased with the dose increase of the implanted nitrogen ions. Moreover, the DLC-coated Ti6Al7Nb alloy with low ion implantation could improve the fretting wear behavior greatly. In addition, the Ti6Al7Nb with DLC coating had better corrosion resistance due to the special compact structure. All results suggested that the Ti6Al7Nb with DLC coating had better wear resistance than that with N-ion implantation in artificial saliva.     

钛合金Ti6Al4V表面渗钼层的摩擦磨损性能

利用双层辉光离子渗金属技术在钛合金Ti6Al4V表面进行合金化，形成均匀、致密、厚度为9．4μm的钛钼合金渗层。表面硬度提高3倍左右，达到1050Hκ。采用球盘磨损试验机考察了钛合金Ti6Al4V表面渗钼层和Ti6Al4V钛合金的摩擦性能，得出该合金表面渗Mo后虽然摩擦因数略微增大，但耐磨性提高100余倍；通过对磨损形貌的分析可知，表面渗Mo合金层磨损机制主要表现为粘着及少量微切削。     

Ag和Ta离子双注入改善Ti6Al4V合金耐磨性能

采用Ag和Ta离子双注入对医用Ti6Al4V合金进行表面改性, 即以Ag离子1.0×10¹⁷ cm^-2 先注入、以Ta离子1.5×10¹⁷ cm^-2 后注入合金样品表面. 采用纳米力学探针研究离子注入前、后Ti6Al4V样品表面硬度随压入深度的变化, 利用多功能摩擦磨损试验机分析离子注入前、后样品的耐磨性, 利用XRD和XPS研究样品表面的物相组成和元素化合态. 结果表明, 离子注入后样品磨损量降低了77%. 耐磨损性能的明显改善归因于样品硬度增加, 磨损开始阶段保持低摩擦系数的时间较长和离子注入后合金固溶强化.     

Improving tribological properties of Ti6Al4V alloy with duplex surface treatment

Ti-doped diamond like carbon films were deposited on both untreated and plasma nitrided Ti6Al4V alloy using Closed Field Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering (CFUMBS) method and their tribological properties were evaluated by conducting sliding wear conditions. The influence of the nitrided layer on tribological behavior of Ti-DLC films was studied by means of XRD, SEM, scratch tester, microhardness tester and pin-on-disc tribotester. The microhardness results pointed out that the duplex treatment dramatically increased the surface hardness and reduced the plastic deformation of the alloy. Wear tests showed that Ti-DLC coatings on both untreated and nitrided surfaces caused a reduction in the coefficient of friction. The reason of the reduction in the coefficient of friction was found to be the formation of transfer film between the sliding surfaces. Wear rates demonstrated that wear resistance of duplex treated (Ti-DLC coating after nitriding) Ti6Al4V alloy was significantly improved.     

钛合金双层辉光离子无氢碳氮共渗摩擦性能研究

利用双层辉光离子渗金属原理改善钛合金Ti6Al4V的耐摩擦性。使用蜂窝状高纯度固体石墨作为源极，钛合金Ti6Al4V做阴极，一定比例的氩气、氮气作为载气。依靠辉光放电空心阴极效应，溅射出原子、离子状的碳元素，碳、氮元素混合形成等离子体，靠阴极负偏压把碳、氮吸引到Ti6Al4V的表面，依靠轰击和扩散在Ti6Al4V材料表面形成具有特殊物理、化学性能的合金层。X射线衍射检测显示渗层内形成了包含TiC，TiN的硬度相；辉光放电光谱（GDS）检测结果显示，在渗层内碳、氮元素分们呈梯度形式；硬度测试显示渗层硬度由表及里呈现梯度下降，表面硬度提高两倍以上；摩擦磨损检测表明Ti6Al4V材料经无氢碳氮共渗处理后，其粘着现象明显降低，摩擦系数降低一半多，耐磨性大大提高。     

空气等离子体基注入Ti6Al4V合金摩擦学性能研究

采用空气等离子体基离子注入技术对Ti6Al4V合金进行了表面改性。注入负脉冲电压分别为10kV,30kV,50kV,注入剂量为0.6×1017ions/cm2。用X射线光电子能谱仪对注入层元素分布进行了分析,结果表明:改性层的外层为TiO2,外层与内层基体之间存在Ti2O3、TiO、TiN;采用球盘磨损试验机对注入层的摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明:随着注入电压的增加,摩擦因数减小,耐磨性能提高。且以50kV注空气最为显著,摩擦因数较基体降低了3倍多,磨损体积与比磨损率较基体均下降了1个数量级以上。注入层硬度比基材Ti6Al4V也有明显提高。     

钛合金表面辉光离子渗Mo合金化层在航空煤油环境中的摩擦学行为(英文)

为改善钛合金在航空煤油中的摩擦学性能,采用辉光离子渗技术在Ti6Al4V合金表面制备Mo合金化层。分析合金化层的表面形貌和微观结构,测试合金化层的显微硬度和元素沿层深的分布,对比研究钛合金基体、渗Mo合金化层和5CrMnMo工具钢在航空煤油中分别与GCr15钢及QSn4-3铜合金配副对磨时的耐磨性能,并探讨渗Mo合金化层的表面粗糙度对摩擦磨损行为的影响。结果表明:经表面抛光处理后,钛合金表面辉光离子渗Mo合金化层不仅显著降低了钛合金的摩擦因数,而且有效增强了摩擦配副的耐磨性。渗Mo合金化层的摩擦性能优于5CrMnMo工具钢。实验还发现铜合金配副的磨损体积损失与Mo合金化层的表面粗糙度成正比,这主要是由合金化层与配副表面之间微凸体的磨粒磨损作用决定的。     

Ti6Al7Nb合金氮离子注入层在小牛血清溶液中的扭动微动摩擦磨损性能

利用高能离子注入及增强沉积系统对Ti6Al7Nb合金做了不同剂量的氮离子注入处理,采用球/平面接触模式,对Ti6Al7Nb合金及其离子注入层/ Zr2O球（直径为25.2 mm）接触副在小牛血清介质条件下进行了扭动微动磨损实验研究。结合动力学分析,借助X射线衍射仪（XRD）、三维形貌仪（3D-profiler）和扫描电镜（SEM）分析了测试材料成分及其扭动微动磨损磨痕形貌和微观组织结构, 探讨了Ti6Al7Nb合金及其离子注入层的扭动微动运行行为和损伤机制。结果表明：N+离子注入在钛合金表面形成了氮化钛层,使钛合金表面的微观硬度明显提高,随着注入剂量的增加,钛合金的硬度逐渐升高,磨痕逐渐变小,磨粒逐渐变细,其抗扭动微动磨损性能也提高     

TC4合金表面全方位离子注入Ag的耐摩擦磨损和抗腐蚀性能

为改善TC4合金表面的耐磨性能和抗腐蚀性能,用等离子体浸没离子注入(PIII)技术在合金表面注入不同剂量的金属银.采用XRD、XPS、AES等方法分析改性层的元素浓度分布和化学组成,研究Ag离子注入后试样表面的耐摩擦磨损性能、抗腐蚀性能、纳米硬度和弹性模量.结果表明,表面改性层中主要存在Ag相,同时含有少量的TiAg;处理后注入剂量为1×10~(17) ions/cm~2试样的纳米硬度和弹性模量分别提高62.5%和54.5%;磨损面积减小57.6%;摩擦系数由基体合金的0.78下降到0.2.在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电位升高,腐蚀电流密度明显减小,耐蚀性得到了显著改善.     

The Tribological Performance of Surface Treated Ti6A14V as Sliding Against Si<Subscript>3</Subscript>N<Subscript>4</Subscript> Ball and 316L Stainless Steel Cylinder

Closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering was used to deposit diamond-like carbon (Ti-C:H) coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy and gas nitrided Ti6Al4V alloy. Four different specimens were prepared, namely untreated Ti6Al4V alloy (Ti6Al4V), gas nitrided Ti6Al4V alloy (N-Ti6Al4V), Ti-C:H-coated Ti6Al4V alloy (Ti-C:H/Ti6Al4V) and Ti-C:H-coated gas nitrided Ti6Al4V alloy (Ti-C:H/N-Ti6Al4V). The tribological properties of the four specimens were evaluated using a reciprocating wear tester sliding against a Si₃N₄ ball (point contact mode) and 316L stainless steel cylinder (line contact mode). The wear tests were performed in a 0.89 wt.% NaCl solution. The results showed that the nitriding treatment increased the surface roughness and hardness of the Ti6Al4V alloy and improved the wear resistance as a result. In addition, the Ti-C:H coating also improved the tribological performance of Ti6Al4V. For example, compared to the untreated Ti6Al4V sample, the Ti-C:H coating reduced the wear depth and friction coefficient by 340 times and 10 times, respectively, in the point contact wear mode, and 151 times and 9 times, respectively, in the line contact wear mode. It is thus inferred that diamond-like carbon coatings are of significant benefit in extending the service life of artificial biomedical implants.     

Ti6Al4V合金表面离子注入N+C,Ti+N和Ti+C性能研究

采用等离子体基离子注入的方法在Ti6Al4V合金表面分别注入N+C、Ti+N和Ti+C元素,注入剂量均为2×1017 ions/cm2,N+C和Ti+N元素的注入负脉冲偏压为-50 kV,Ti+C元素的注入电压分别为-20 kV、-35 kV和-50 kV。通过X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）对注入层进行了微观结构分析,结果表明：Ti+C注入层中存在TiC和Ti-O,Ti+N注入层中存在TiN和Ti-O键。采用纳米压痕仪和球盘磨损试验机对注入层的硬度和摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明：在相同注入电压下,Ti+C注入层的硬度最高,其次是Ti+N注入层,N+C注入层的硬度最低;Ti+C 注入层的硬度随着注入电压的增大而增大,最大硬度为11.2GPa。50kV注入层Ti+C具有最低的比磨损率,其值为6.7×10-5mm3/N.m,比磨损率较未处理Ti6Al4V基体下降了1 个数量级以上,表现出优异的耐磨损性能。     

Study On the Tribological Behavior of the Arc-added Glow Discharge Plasma Non-hydrogen Carburization On Titanium Alloy Surfaces

This paper introduces a new titanium alloys surface strengthening treatment by using the arc-added glow discharge plasmas non-hydrogen carburization technique. High purity and high strength graphite is selected as cooling cathode arc source for supplying carbon atoms and particle, which migrate to the titanium alloy(Ti6Al4V) surface and form modified layer. Thus, the hydrogen embrittlement is avoided while the tfibological behavior of the titanium alloy surface is improved in the respects of anti-friction and anti-wear ability.The tribological behavior of the modified layer under dry sliding against SAE52100 steel was evaluated on a ball-on-disc test rig. The results showed that the modified layer obtained a thickness of 30μm at 980℃, 30minutes. The microhardness of the Ti6Al4V alloy surface attained 936 HV, which was much larger than that of the Ti6AI4V alloy. The Ti6AI4V alloy was characterized by adhesion wear and scuffing under dry sliding against the steel, while the surface modified layer experienced much abated adhesion wear and scuffing under the same testing condition. This could be attributed to the carbon dement with different modalities exists in the modified layer.The modified layer showed good friction-reducing and fair anti-wear ability in dry sliding against the steel. Using the SEM,XRD and XPS, the phase structure and morphology of the carburization modified layer was analyzed.     

Ti6Al4V钛合金表面Zr-N合金化层的抗高温摩擦磨损性能

为了改善钛合金的高温耐磨性能,采用锆-氮离子共渗与异步渗(渗锆后再氮化处理)两种工艺技术分别在Ti6A14V钛合金表面制备致密的锆-氮合金化改性层,对比研究了合金化层的组织结构特征和高温摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,两种工艺制各的Zr-N合金层表面均由ZrN相组成,异步渗改性层的内层则包含较厚的Zr-Ti固溶体,两种等离子表面合金化层均使钛合金表面硬度显著提高.同样温度和处理时间条件下,异步渗合金化层的厚度约为锆-氮共渗合金化层厚度的6倍,且氮化物层也较厚,原因归于前者处理过程中Zr与Ti之间良好固溶特性的充分发挥及ZrN相的扩散障作用的有效抑制.300℃高温下球盘摩擦磨损试验结果表明,由于锆-氮共渗合金化层深度较小,因而改善钛合金基材耐磨性能的效果相对较低.锆-氮异步渗处理则使Ti6A14V钛合金耐磨性能显著提高,摩擦因数降低50％以上,比磨损率降低2个数量级,原因归于该类合金化层高的表面硬度、大的层深、良好的高温抗氧化性能及优异表面承载能力的有机匹配.     

选区激光熔化成形Ti6Al4V合金摩擦磨损性能的各向异性

基于选区激光熔化技术制备了Ti6Al4V钛合金,研究了不同成形表面(XOY、XOZ)和不同载荷(20、40、60、80 N)对Ti6Al4V合金摩擦磨损性能的影响。通过摩擦系数(COF)结合磨损体积损失对不同成形面的摩擦磨损性能进行评估,采用光学显微镜(OM)、三维轮廓测量仪等设备对磨损轨道的形态和磨损机理进行表征。结果表明:相比XOZ面,XOY面在法向载荷为20N时其磨损体积减少了0.27×10-5 mm3,平均摩擦系数更小;而当载荷大于20N时,XOY面的磨损体积和平均摩擦系数均大于XOZ面。磨损轨道犁槽的深度和宽度随着载荷的增加而增加,犁槽呈现出明显的剥落行为,轨道处分布着块状的"粘合剂",发生着粘着磨损和氧化磨损。从摩擦系数、磨损体积、微观形态的角度定量反映出SLM成形Ti6Al4V合金的XOZ面比XOY面具备更优异的摩擦磨损性能,只有在低载荷下XOY面才表现出更加耐磨的特性。     

Ti6Al4V合金渗镀Cr-Mo表面改性层组织结构及其耐磨特性研究

采用双层辉光离子渗技术在Ti6Al4V合金表面进行多元合金化,形成均匀致密的Cr-Mo合金渗层.通过GDOES、XRD等手段标定表层成分和相结构,借助显微硬度计和球盘磨损仪测试合金渗层的性能.结果表明:合金渗层中合金化元素Cr与Mo呈梯度分布,主要由化合物Cr_(1.93)Ti_(1.07)、Cr_2Ti、Cr_2Ti_4O_(11)等相构成;改性的Ti6Al4V合金表面硬度有较大程度的提高,抗磨损性能明显改善.