Corrosion resistance of Al ion implanted AZ31 magnesium alloy at elevated temperature

The Al ion implantation into AZ31 magnesium alloy was carried out in a MEVVA 80-10 ion implantation system at an ion energy of 40-50 keV with an ion implantation dose ranging from 2 × 10¹⁶ to 1 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm² at an elevated temperature of 300 °C induced by an ion current density of 26 μA/cm². The concentration-depth profile of implanted Al in AZ31 alloy measured by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is a Gaussian-type-like distribution in a depth up to about 1200 nm with the maximum Al concentration of about 8 at.%. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the formation of α-Mg(Al) phase, intermetallic β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂, and MgO phase on the Al ion implanted samples. The potentiodynamic anodic polarization curves of the Al ion implanted samples in the 0.01 mol/l NaCl solution with a pH value of 12 showed increases of the corrosion potential and the pitting breakdown potential, and a decrease of the passive current density, respectively. The Al ion implanted samples with 6 × 10¹⁶ ions/cm² achieved the high pitting breakdown potential to about − 480 mV (SCE). In the 0.08 mol/l NaCl solution with pH = 12, the Al ion implanted samples with 1 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm² showed an increased pitting breakdown potential to about − 1290 mV (SCE), from around − 1540 mV (SCE) of unimplanted samples. It is indicated that different corrosion mechanisms are responsible for improvement in corrosion resistance of the AZ31 magnesium alloy in the NaCl solutions with the varied concentrations.     

Composition and structure of Al ions implanted Fe at elevated temperatures

Al ions with ion energy of 120 keV are implanted into Fe under ion current density of 3.18 μA/cm² to implantation doses of 5 × 10¹⁶ and 1 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm² at room temperature and elevated temperatures of 250 and 500 °C, respectively. At 250 °C, the distribution depth of implanted Al reaches 160 nm with a peak concentration of 6 at.% at the dose of 5 × 10¹⁶ ions/cm², and 180 nm with 10 at.% at 1 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm², analyzed by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, respectively. At 500 °C, the implantation depth is 200 nm and the maximum concentration of Al is 10 at.% at the dose of 1 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm². With 5 × 10¹⁶ ions/cm², the intermetallics Al₁₃Fe₄ is formed in the Fe samples at 500 °C, revealed by X-ray diffraction. With 1 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm², the phase is also detected at 250 °C. The concentration-depth profiles of implanted Al in Fe samples at the room temperature, 250 °C and 500 °C are calculated by a mass transfer model that is built based on the transport of ions in matter and the irradiation enhanced diffusion. The calculated concentration-depth profiles are in reasonable agreement with those obtained from the experiments.     

Wear and corrosion properties of plasma-based low-energy nitrogen ion implanted titanium

Plasma-based low-energy nitrogen ion implantation, including plasma source ion nitriding/carburizing and plasma source low-energy ion enhanced deposition, has emerged as a low-temperature surface engineering technique for metal and alloy. In this paper, the pure metal Ti samples have been modified by the plasma source ion nitriding process at a process temperature of 700 °C for a processing time of 4 h. The nitrided Ti surfaces were constructed of a continuous and dense Ti₂N compound layer about 2 μm thick and a 7-8 μm diffused layer. During tribological test on a ball on disk tribometer against the Si₃N₄ ceramic counterface, a low friction coefficient of about 0.3 and the faint wear volume were obtained for the nitrided Ti samples. The cyclic polarization curves of the nitrided Ti samples in 3.5% and 6.0% NaCl solutions showed that the improved pitting corrosion resistance with an increase of corrosion potential and a decrease of passive current, compared with that of the unnitrided Ti sample. The plasma source ion nitriding of the Ti samples provided the engineering surfaces for the functional applications with the combined improvement in wear and corrosion resistance.     

Effect of alloyed molybdenum on corrosion behavior of plasma immersion nitrogen ion implanted austenitic stainless steel

Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) of nitrogen has been performed on two austenitic stainless steels (with and without Mo addition) at three different temperatures namely, 250, 380 and 500 °C for 3 h. Grazing angle X-ray diffraction (GXRD) was carried out on the surface of the steels (both PIII treated and untreated). GXRD results suggest that PIII is more effective in Mo containing stainless steel (SS). The electrochemical corrosion studies examined through both by DC polarization and EIS technique in 3.5 wt.% NaCl reveals that, 3 h N-implantation at 250 and 380 °C improves the corrosion and pitting resistance of both the austenitic stainless steels under investigation. The effect N implantation on pitting resistance is seen more in the presence of Mo, than when it is not present in the SS. It is further emphasized that the pitting resistance of the alloys significantly deteriorates, when they are implanted at 500 °C.     

High corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel alloyed with nitrogen in an acid solution

Passivity of austenitic stainless steel containing nitrogen (ASS N25) was investigated in comparison with AISI 316L in deareated acid solution, pH 0.4. A peculiar nature of the passivation peak in a potentiodynamic curve and the kinetic parameters of formation and growth of the oxide film have been discussed. The electronic-semiconducting properties of the passive films have been correlated with their corrosion resistance. Alloying austenitic stainless steel with nitrogen increases its microstructure homogeneity and decreases the concentration of charge carriers, which beneficially affects the protecting and electronic properties of the passive oxide film.     

Effect of nitrogen on crevice corrosion in austenitic stainless steel

Corrosion properties of high nitrogen austenitic steels in chloride solutions have been investigated. Nitrogen behavior was evaluated at various electrode potentials, and analysis of the surface film was carried out with XPS. The alloy used for the experiments had a composition of 23%Cr-4%Ni-0-1%Mo-0.7-1%N and was obtained through electro-slag remelting (ESR) under high nitrogen pressure. High nitrogen austenitic steel produced in the solution by crevice corrosion under a constant potential of 0.2 V (SCE). In the transpassive region and at 0.7 V (SCE), the products in the solution were , and . The amount of dissolved and increased with the electrode potential. in the solution suppressed decreases of pH, having a re-passivation effect. For crevice corrosion under a higher electrode potential than 0.4 V (SCE), the number of crevice corrosion points and the corrosion loss decreased as the electrode potential increased. This behavior can be attributed to the corrosion suppressing effect of dissolved in the solution as a product of crevice corrosion. The presence of chromium and iron oxides in the passivation film and crevice corrosion surface film were identified from XPS analysis. N 1s spectra indicated the presence of a nitride (CrN) or NH₃.     

Characterization of blasted austenitic stainless steel and its corrosion resistance

It is known that the corrosion resistance of stainless steel is deteriorated by blasting, but the reason for this deterioration is not clear. A blasted austenitic stainless steel plate (JIS-SUS304) has been characterized with comparison to the scraped and non-blasted specimens. The surface roughness of the blasted specimen is larger than that of materials finished with #180 paper. A martensite phase is formed in the surface layer of both blasted and scraped specimens. Compressive residual stress is generated in the blasted specimen and the maximum residual stress is formed at 50–100 μm from the surface. The corrosion potentials of the blasted specimen and subsequently solution treated specimen are lower than that of the non-blasted specimen. The passivation current densities of the blasted specimens are higher those of the non-blasted specimen. The blasted specimen and the subsequently solution treated specimen exhibit rust in 5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, while the non-blasted specimen and ground specimen do not rust in the solution. It is concluded that the deterioration of corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel through blasting is caused by the roughed morphology of the surface.     

Parametric study of nitrided AISI 304 austenite stainless steel prepared by plasma immersion ion implantation

This paper investigates the characteristics of plasma immersion nitrogen-ion implanted AISI 304 austenite stainless steel against such processing parameters as bias voltage (5-20 kV), substrate temperature (300-500 °C), and implantation fluence (1.4 × 10¹⁸-4.2 × 10¹⁸ cm^− 2). Characteristics of the as-implanted specimens under investigation included elemental depth profile, hardness depth profile, crystallographic structure, and corrosion behavior and were determined using glow discharge spectrometry (GDS), the Vickers hardness tester, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and the potentiodynamic polarization test, respectively. The results show that nitrogen depth profiles strongly depend on these processing parameters and closely relate to the corresponding chromium depth profiles. The hardness depth profiles increase and widen as substrate temperature, bias voltage, and implantation fluence increase. In particular, an improvement in hardness is accompanied by a reduction in corrosion resistance when substrate temperature reaches 500 °C. The corrosion-resistance degrader, CrN, precipitates as substrate temperature exceeds 450 °C, a phenomenon which is clearly evident in the chromium depth profiles as well as the XRD results.     

高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性的研究

以常压下冶炼的高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢为材料,经1150℃强烈塑性变形,轧制成2 mm厚的板材,将热轧后的板材进行1100℃、保温10 h、水淬的固溶处理。通过酸浸试验、极化曲线测试和盐雾腐蚀试验,并与1Cr18N i9Ti钢的耐蚀性进行比较。结果表明,冶炼高氮无镍奥氏体不锈钢具有优异的耐腐蚀性能。     

新型高氮低镍奥氏体不锈钢点蚀性能研究

设计制备了新型高氮低镍奥氏体不锈钢（高氮钢）。采用阳极动电位极化法测量了此钢在不同浓度和不同pH值的NaCl溶液中的点蚀电位,获得了点蚀电位随溶液浓度及pH值变化的关系曲线,并与800H钢进行了对比。用扫描电镜（SEM）对样品表面进行了形貌观察,对点腐蚀坑处进行了线扫描,分析了高氮钢耐点蚀的机理。研究表明,在不同浓度和pH值的NaCl溶液中,高氮钢的点蚀电位达到1.2 V以上,800H钢的点蚀电位在0.3 V以下。扫描图显示腐蚀区域内,高氮钢的点蚀坑稀少且面积较小,800H钢的点蚀坑密集且面积较大。线扫描表明氮在腐蚀坑内的含量略有下降;氮在钝化膜/金属界面富集,形成NH₄⁺,并且抑制侵蚀性Cl^-的吸附是提高高氮钢耐蚀性的原因。     

Intergranular corrosion resistance of microstructure- modified type 316 austenitic stainless steel

Cold working and a double aging treatment was used to produce a microstructure with fine nuclei of carbides distributed throughout the grains to improve the intergranular corrosion (IGC) resistance of austenitic stainless steel. The treatment was carried out on type 316 stainless steel as follows: cold working (20,30, and 40% reductions in thickness), sensitization (923 KJ5 h), and aging each for 1173,1223,1273, and 1323 K/l h, respectively. Specimens in the solution annealed condition (0% cold work) were also given the above treatment. All of the specimens were resensitized at 923 KJ5 h and tested for IGC resistance as per ASTM A262, Practice A(oxalic acid etch test) and Practice E (24 h immersion in boiling Cu-CuSO.₄-H₂SO₄ and the U- bend test). Microhardness measurements were also carried out on all specimens. The results indicated that at an optimum treatment (30% cold work + sensitization + aging) all the specimens showed improved IGC resistance. The 0 and 20% cold worked specimens showed improvement at higher aging temperatures only. Specimens undergoing 40% cold work exhibited a decrease in IGC resistance. Compared to as-cold-worked specimens, an improvement in IGC resistance was obtained with 30% cold working.     

Corrosion behaviour of nitrogen ion implanted AISI type 304L stainless steel in nitric acid medium

The effects of nitrogen ion implantation on corrosion behaviour of 304L stainless steel in 1 N HNO₃ medium were investigated using surface analytical and electrochemical techniques. Nitrogen ion was implanted at 70 keV in the dose range of 1 × 10¹⁵, 1 × 10¹⁶, 1 × 10¹⁷ and 2.5 × 10¹⁷ N⁺/cm², respectively. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction results for unimplanted and up to dose of 1 × 10¹⁶ N⁺/cm² showed co-existence of γ-Fe and α′-Fe and, at higher doses (1 × 10¹⁷ and 2.5 × 10¹⁷) preferential formation of chromium nitride was observed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation confirmed the formation of chromium nitride at higher doses. Electrochemical corrosion investigation revealed nobler open circuit potential, decrease in corrosion current densities, passive current densities and increase in polarization resistance with increase in dose rate. Surface morphology analysis after polarization study using atomic force microscope showed grain boundary dissolution for unimplanted specimens and resistance to surface dissolution with increase in dose rate for implanted specimens.     

不锈钢A-TIG焊接头的抗腐蚀性能分析

用沸腾硝酸腐蚀法和室温硫酸加硫酸铜溶液浸蚀法对奥氏体不锈钢TIG焊和自制活性剂A-TIG焊接头进行了对比腐蚀试验.结果表明,自制活性剂A-TIG焊接头在室温下具有良好的耐硫酸腐蚀能力,比TIG焊接头有更强的抗沸腾硝酸腐蚀能力.焊缝金属的化学成分分析表明,自制活性剂在焊接过程中能抑制金属中Cr、Ni等合金元素的烧损,因此提高了A-TIG焊接头的抗腐蚀性能.     

Galvanic corrosion of high alloyed austenitic stainless steel welds in LiBr systems

The corrosion behaviour of the austenitic stainless steel alloy 926 (UNS N08926) in its welded and non-welded condition as well as the galvanic corrosion generated by the base metal–welded metal pair have been studied by electrochemical methods. The materials have been exposed to highly concentrated LiBr solutions, which are used as absorbent in LiBr absorption refrigeration systems. The microstructure of the samples was studied by SEM and EDX analysis. The results show that galvanic corrosion between the pair is not severe in the studied conditions. The ratio between the galvanic current density of the pair and the corrosion current density of the uncoupled anode is less than 5, which implies compatibility of the members in the couple.     

Influence of grain size on nitrogen diffusivity in austenitic stainless steel

Ion nitriding of austenitic stainless steel with the aim to improve the tribological properties while retaining the excellent corrosion resistance is a well-established method. At the same time, strongly varying microstructures can be obtained depending on the pretreatment. In this work, the influence of prior heat treatment in the temperature range between 950 and 1200 °C on the microstructure, especially the grain size, and the corresponding observed nitrogen diffusivity in austenitic stainless steel DIN 1.4301 (AISI 304, X6CrNi18.10) after nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) is studied. Cross-section and plan view samples were prepared and investigated. With increased annealing temperature, both larger grains and slower diffusion was observed, despite diffusion ranges much smaller than the average grain size. Another, still hidden effect of dislocation densities or other defects on both secondary parameters is suggested.     

On the pitting corrosion resistance of nitrogen alloyed cold worked austenitic stainless steels

Pitting corrosion studies were carried out on cold worked (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and 40%) nitrogen-bearing (0.05%, 0.1% and 0.22% N) type 316L austenitic stainless steels in neutral chloride medium. Potentiodynamic anodic polarisation study revealed that cold working up to 20% enhanced the pitting resistance, and thereafter a sudden decrease in pitting resistance was noticed at 30% and 40% cold working. Increase in nitrogen content was beneficial up to 20% cold work in improving the pitting corrosion resistance, beyond which it had a detrimental effect at 30% and 40% cold working. The role of nitrogen in influencing the deformation band width and dislocation configuration is explained based on the results of transmission electron microscopy investigations. Scanning electron microscopy observation of the pitted specimens indicated decreasing size and increasing density of pits, along the deformation bands with increasing nitrogen for 40% cold worked specimens. The macrohardness values increased as the cold working increased from 0% to 40%. X-ray diffraction studies revealed the increased peak broadening of austenite peak {0 2 2} with increase in cold working. The relationship between pitting corrosion and deformation structures with respect to nitrogen addition and cold working is discussed.     

带极堆焊奥氏体不锈钢耐腐蚀性能研究

采用带极电渣堆焊和带极埋弧堆焊两种方法堆焊Cr-Ni不锈钢,分析这两种方法和不同焊接速度下得到的堆焊层金属的电化学腐蚀及晶间腐蚀性能。电化学试验结果表明,3.5%Na Cl溶液中,带极电渣堆焊层金属的耐点蚀性能与焊速有关,焊速为8m/h时,堆焊层金属的点蚀电位为159 m V,耐点蚀性能最佳,焊速过快或者过慢时都将降低堆焊层金属的点蚀电位,耐点蚀性能下降;相比于电渣堆焊,带极埋弧堆焊层金属的点蚀电位仅为-300 m V,耐点蚀性能较差。10%草酸电解浸蚀试验结果表明,带极电渣堆焊试样晶界处C r的含量远大于钢耐蚀所必须的量,试样腐蚀后的微观形貌也呈现"阶梯型"和"混合型",说明试样具有较好的耐晶间腐蚀性能;而带极埋弧堆焊试样晶间存在严重的贫Cr,腐蚀后试样表面的微观形貌则呈现"沟状型",耐晶间腐蚀性能较差。     

Elevated temperature nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation of AISI 302 austenitic stainless steel

AISI 302 steel was modified using elevated temperature nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation. The thickness of the modified layers is improved significantly compared with that of the layer implanted at room temperature. The surface nanohardness of the treated sample is much higher. Both the friction coefficient and wear rate are dramatically reduced due to the formation of new phases such as (Cr, Fe)₂N_1−x, ε-(Fe, Cr, Ni)_2+xN, nitrogen expanded austenite (γ_N) or noncrystalline phase in the near surface.     

Microstructure and pitting corrosion resistance of annealed duplex stainless steel

The transition from metastable to stable pitting was studied in 0.5 M NaCl water solution for two cast duplex stainless steels under different microstructural conditions achieved by annealing in the range from 900 °C to 1200 °C. The ensuing microstructural changes in heat treated steels were defined and correlated with established pitting potentials (E_p) and sites of corrosion damage initiation. The variations in E_p have been discussed in terms of secondary phases precipitation. The critical condition for pit stability was quantified and used to select an appropriate microstructural state, resulting in the higher potential at which stable pit growth is first observed.     

Martensitic transformation in an intergranular corrosion area of austenitic stainless steel during thermal cycling

An oxidation-assisted martensitic phase transformation was observed in an austenitic stainless steel after thermal cycling up to 970 °C in air in a solar thermal steam reformer. The intergranular corrosion areas were investigated by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The structural-and-chemical maps revealed that within intergranular corrosion areas this martensitic transformation primarily occurs in oxidation-induced chromium-depleted zones, rather than due to only sensitization. This displacive transformation may also play a significant role in the rate at which intergranular corrosion takes place.