The Galerkin element method applied to the vibration of rectangular damped sandwich plates

The Galerkin element method (GEM), which combines Galerkin orthogonal functions with the traditional finite element formulation, has previously been applied successfully to the vibration analysis of damped sandwich beams, and an improved iteration method was developed for its eigen solution. In the current paper, this promising method is extended to the vibration of damped sandwich plates. A quite different model is formulated which has both nodal coordinates and edge coordinates, while in the case of beams, there are only nodal coordinates. Displacement compatibility over the interfaces between the damping layer and the elastic layers is taken account of in order to ensure a conforming element and thereby guarantee good accuracy. The seed matrix method is proposed for simplifying the building of the element mass, stiffness and damping matrices. Numerical examples show that the application of the GEM to sandwich plate structures is computationally very efficient, while providing accurate estimates of natural frequencies and modal damping over a wide frequency range.     

一种调节阀减振降噪方法的探索

流体诱发问振动是常见的现象。根据流体诱发阀振动及频率的随机性,用概率论指导研制的“异径多束流调节阀”,在几种工况下,经多年的运行表明,新阀有效地解决了原使用传统调节阀时未能避免的振动,并且其工作特性优良,而所需成本仅为进口低噪音阀的1／8左右。这对解决流体诱发调节间的振动与噪音具有理论和实际价值。     

An efficient numerical model for investigating the effects of anisotropy on the effective thermal conductivity of alumina/Al composites

The paper describes an efficient numerical model for better understanding the influence of the microstructure on the thermal conductivity of heterogeneous media. This is the extension of an approach recently proposed for simulating and evaluating effective thermal conductivities of alumina/Al composites. A C++ code called MultiCAMG, taking into account all steps of the proposed approach, has been implemented in order to satisfy requirements of efficiency, optimization and code unification. Thus, on the one hand, numerical tools such as the efficient Eyre–Milton scheme for computing the thermal response of composites have been implemented for reducing the calculation cost. On the other hand, statistical parameters such as the covariance and the distribution of contact angles between particles are now estimated for better analyzing the microstructure. In the present work we focus our investigations on the effects of anisotropy on the effective thermal conductivity of alumina/Al composites. First of all, an isotropic benchmark is set up for comparison purposes. Secondly, anisotropic configurations are studied in order to direct the heat flux. A transversally isotropic structure, taking benefit of wall effects, is finally proposed for controlling the orientation of contact angles. Its thermal capabilities are related to the current issue of heat dissipation in automotive engine blocks.     

Optimal fuzzy control system using the cross-entropy method. A case study of a drilling process

This paper focuses on the optimal tuning of fuzzy control systems using the cross-entropy precise mathematical framework. The design of an optimal fuzzy controller for cutting force regulation in a network-based application and applied to the drilling process is described. The key issue is to obtain optimal fuzzy controller parameters that yield a fast and accurate response with minimum overshoot by minimising the integral time absolute error (ITAE) performance index. Simulation results show that the cross-entropy method does find the optimal solution (i.e. input scaling factors) very accurately, and it can be programmed and implemented very easily (few setting parameters). The results of a comparative study demonstrate that optimal tuning with the cross-entropy method provides a good transient response (without overshoot) and a better error-based performance index than simulated annealing [17], the Nelder-Mead method [14] and genetic algorithms [33]. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed optimal fuzzy control provides outstanding transient response without overshoot, a small settling time and a minimum steady-state error. The application of optimal fuzzy control reduces rapid drill wear and catastrophic drill breakage due to the increasing and oscillatory cutting forces that occur as the drill depth increases.     

Postural stability effects of random vibration at the feet of construction workers in simulated elevation

The risk of falls from height on a construction site increases under conditions which degrade workers’ postural control. At elevation, workers depend heavily on sensory information from their feet to maintain balance. The study tested two hypotheses: “sensory enhancement” – sub-sensory (undetectable) random mechanical vibrations at the plantar surface of the feet can improve worker’s balance at elevation; and “sensory suppression” – supra-sensory (detectable) random mechanical vibrations can have a degrading effect on balance in the same experimental settings.Six young (age 20–35) and six aging (age 45–60) construction workers were tested while standing in standard and semi-tandem postures on instrumented gel insoles. The insoles applied sub- or supra-sensory levels of random mechanical vibrations to the feet. The tests were conducted in a surround-screen virtual reality system, which simulated a narrow plank at elevation on a construction site. Upper body kinematics was assessed with a motion-measurement system. Postural stability effects were evaluated by conventional and statistical mechanics sway measures, as well as trunk angular displacement parameters.Analysis of variance did not confirm the “sensory enhancement” hypothesis, but provided evidence for the “sensory suppression” hypothesis. The supra-sensory vibration had a destabilizing effect, which was considerably stronger in the semi-tandem posture and affected most of the sway variables.Sensory suppression associated with elevated vibration levels on a construction site may increase the danger of losing balance. Construction workers at elevation, e.g., on a beam or narrow plank might be at increased risk of fall if they can detect vibrations under their feet. To reduce the possibility of losing balance, mechanical vibration to supporting structures used as walking/working surfaces should be minimized when performing construction tasks at elevation.     

LSFD method for accurate vibration modes and modal stress-resultants of freely vibrating plates that model VLFS

The Ritz method and some finite element formulations fail to furnish accurate modal stress-resultants for vibrating plates with free edges, even though the natural frequencies and mode shapes are accurately obtained. For example, by using the Ritz method, it was found that the modal twisting moments and shear forces violate the natural boundary conditions and that they contain erroneous “oscillations”. This paper presents the least squares finite difference (LSFD) method for solving the freely vibrating plate problem. It will be shown herein that the modal stress-resultants obtained by the LSFD method satisfy the natural boundary conditions at the free edges without any oscillations.     

采用渐近法研究负载钢丝绳的固有振动

结合Liouville-Green变换,改进了求解变系数二阶线性齐次方程的渐近法.并采用改进后的渐近法研究了负载钢丝绳的固有振动问题,推导出了其固有振动的近似频率特征方程.实例计算表明,改进后的渐近法不但比Bessel函数法计算简便,而且计算精度也非常高.     

The effect of vibration on the skeleton, joints and muscles. A review of the literature

Owing to the elasticity and plasticity of the skeleton, joints and muscles, the musculoskeletal system is capable of absorbing and damping mechanical vibration without damage as long as the vibration level is within tolerable limits. However, technical developments have led to the exposure of many people to intolerable variation levels with destructive changes as a result.

These injuries to the musculoskeletal system continue to be the subject of research interest. Initially, the joints and joint complaints attracted the greatest attention. Vibration damping takes place mainly in the joints. The incidence of destructive joint changes has been examined in comprehensive clinical, epidemiological and radiographic studies, mainly concentrating on the joints of the hand and arm. The response of muscles to vibration is often expressed in the form of a tonic vibration reflex (TVR) which arises as a result of stimulation of the muscle spindles and therefore resembles the classic tonic stretch reflex. There is increased muscular activation for stabilisation of the joint positions, especially during whole-body vibration. Studies have also disclosed how vibration affects body equilibrium and equilibrium control and how vibration can elicit muscle pain, cramps and reduced muscular strength.     

Effect of coating over the handle of a drill machine on vibration transmissibility

This study was to see the effect of different coatings on the handle of hand-held drilling machines. Out of five different handles chosen for this study, including one handle uncoated. Root mean square (rms) values of the vibration levels (acceleration) were recorded at the surface of handle and wrist of the operators. Results showed that maximum vibrations were reduced by coating of handle coated with rubber sheet and Rexene (H4) followed by handle coated with cotton sandwiched between jeans cloth (H5). Equivalent vibrations transmitted through coating of handles coated with sponge and velvet (H2) and jute and cotton (H3) were of almost same magnitude and these two coated handles were able to reduce least vibration transmitted. Transmissibility of vibrations along dominant (Z) direction was analyzed using ANOVA. Results showed that coating on handles significantly affected vibration transmitted in Z direction. Vibration transmissibility ratios were found to be 0.354, 0.571, 0.408, 0.4326, and 0.3555 for handles H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5 respectively.     

结构中频振动分析的混合方法

针对结构振动的中频问题,提出了一种新的混合分析方法.具有低模态密度的子结构利用有限元建模,高模态密度子结构利用波动方法建模,并利用边界处的位移连续和力平衡条件进行求解.以耦合梁结构为例,给出了具体的计算过程,通过解析方法进行了仿真验证.结果表明了此混合方法的有效性.进一步地计算了高频子结构的能量密度响应,并且通过对比说明,此方法在计算边界位置的能量密度响应时可以得到精确度更高的结果.     

基于优化法的金属材料应力-应变曲线反演

采用优化法反演金属材料的应力-应变曲线.建立与试验边界条件一致的有限元仿真模型,并用Abaqus进行有限元仿真.设计变量为给定应变下的应力参数,优化目标是使模拟的应力-位移曲线与试验曲线一致,采用自适应响应面法和序列二次规划法开展优化迭代.结果表明,反演参数能很好地表现材料行为特征,为下一步仿真分析提供材料数据基础.     

浅谈冷作钣金计算机展开法和计算展开法相结合

本文提出以计算机法的快速为展开手段和计算法准确的为特点为检验手段，两者取长补短，将成为未来发展的趋势。     

基于时频域交替法的迟滞非线性振动系统的稳态响应分析

连接界面的黏滑、摩擦行为不仅是引起结构刚度和阻尼非线性的主要原因,而且是结构无源阻尼的主要来源.Iwan模型能够较好地复现连接界面的黏滑、摩擦行为.本文采用时频域交替法(Alternating Frequency/Time Domain Method,AFT)研究含Iwan非线性模型的单自由度振子系统的稳态响应.时频域交替法具有频域法求解线性系统响应的高效性和时域法判断非线性力的便捷性特点,采用离散傅里叶变换和傅里叶逆变换,在频域和时域内分别求解系统响应和对应的非线性恢复力,再反复迭代计算系统的稳态响应.将时频域交替法计算结果和中心差分法计算的结果进行对比,并研究激励幅值对系统非线性特征的影响.结果表明,时频域交替法计算的结果与中心差分计算的结果具有较好的一致性,且求解效率较高,计算耗时减少50%;随着激励幅值的增加,系统的能量耗散增加,刚度降低,固有频率降低.     

A semi analytical method for the free vibration of doubly-curved shells of revolution

In this paper, a semi analytical method is used to investigate the free vibration of doubly-curved shells of revolution with arbitrary boundary conditions. The doubly-curved shells of revolution are divided into their segments in the meridional direction, and the theoretical model for vibration analysis is formulated by applying Flügge’s thin shell theory. Regardless of the boundary conditions, the displacement functions of shell segments are composed by the Jacobi polynomials along the revolution axis direction and the standard Fourier series along the circumferential direction. The boundary conditions at the ends of the doubly-curved shells of revolution and the continuous conditions at two adjacent segments were enforced by the penalty method. Then, the natural frequencies of the doubly-curved shells are obtained by using the Rayleigh–Ritz method. For arbitrary boundary conditions, this method does not require any changes to the mathematical model or the displacement functions, and it is very effective in the analysis of free vibration for doubly-curved shells of revolution. The credibility and exactness of proposed method are compared with the results of finite element method (FEM), and some numerical results are reported for free vibration of the doubly-curved shells of revolution under classical and elastic boundary conditions. Results of this paper can provide reference data for future studies in related field.     

Controllability of matrix eigenvalue algorithms: the inverse power method

In this paper we initiate a program to study the controllability properties of matrix eigenvalue algorithms arising in numerical linear algebra. Our focus is on a well-known eigenvalue method, the inverse power iteration defined on projective space. A complete characterization of the reachable sets and their closures is given via cyclic invariant subspaces. Moreover, a necessary and sufficient condition for almost controllability of the inverse power method is derived.     

Effect of the seating condition on the transmission of vibration through the seat pan and backrest

Changes in the seating condition may change the body posture which could affect the transmission of vibration through a vehicle seat. This study investigates the effect of different seating conditions on the transmission of vibration through a car seat. Ten male subjects sat on the passenger seat of a sedan car driven at 60 km/h adopting one of six conditions at a time. The VDV was measured on the seat and backrest. Backrest contact affected the VDV measured on the seat pan in the z- and y-axis only. Increasing the backrest angle increased the VDV at the backrest in the x-direction and reduced the VDV at the backrest in the z-direction. With the increase in the backrest angle, the total VDV at the backrest became higher than the total VDV on the seat pan. The study showed no effect of foot position and contact with a headrest on the VDVs.Relevance to industryThis research presents the effect of the seating condition on the transmission of vibration through the seat pan and backrest of a car seat. Research of this kind may help seat manufacturers recommend seating conditions that reduce discomfort caused by whole-body vibration.     

Optimal design of dynamic absorbers on vibration and noise control of the fuselage

Optimum design of dynamic absorbers for reducing the vibration and the interior noise of an aircraft’s fuselage is studied. Herein, a thin, elastic cylindrical shell is adopted as a simple model of the fuselage. The sound source of the noise in the acoustic field comes from the vibration of the shell. Several dynamic absorbers are then attached to the shell for vibration and noise control. The vibration of the shell and its interior sound pressure, caused by the propellers or the engines are formulated. Optimum design of the absorbers is studied for obtaining the minimum vibration of the fuselage or the minimum noise level in the cylindrical cavity. From the numerical results, the absorbers are found to be effective for vibration and noise control of the fuselage. Some general guidelines on optimum absorber design are also offered in conclusion.     

语言判断矩阵满意一致性的判定方法

研究语言判断矩阵的满意一致性问题．在给出语言判断矩阵及其满意一致性有关概念的基础上，提出一种关于具有严格偏好关系的语言判断矩阵满意一致性的判定方法．依据所给出的判定方法，可相应地得出关于语言判断矩阵的方案优劣的排序方法．最后通过两个算例说明了所给出方法的有效性。     

基于修订矩阵的最小二乘法多传感器融合障碍物位置估计

在障碍物位置检测时,由于传感器测量误差等不确定因素的存在,希望通过多传感器融合降低不确定性使得位置估计值更为可靠.提出了一种基于修订矩阵的最小二乘法多传感器融合估计新方法.根据红外传感器得出的先验信息建立修订矩阵,再由最小二乘法的原理得出线性可信度加权方程.分别对加入和不加入修订矩阵进行仿真和"未来之星"移动机器人实验...