Torque ripple reduction in direct torque controlled five-phase induction motor using modified five-level torque comparator

The five-phase induction motor inherently has the minimal torque ripple. However, when it is controlled by direct torque control (DTC) technique, the torque ripple increases due to the presence of a hysteresis torque comparator. The classical five-level torque comparator is presented in the previous literatures to control the torque ripple. However, this comparator has the drawback of wrong selection of zero voltage vectors inside the inner band on the positive side of the comparator, which enables the torque ripple to increase and dc-link utilization to decrease. In this paper, in order to reduce the torque ripple and to increase the dc-link utilization, a modified five-level torque comparator is proposed, which selects either medium or small voltage vectors instead of zero voltage vectors inside the inner band on the positive side of the comparator. In addition to torque ripple reduction and improvement in dc-link utilization, the proposed comparator significantly improves the quality of phase current. All the available 32 voltage vectors are selected through the proposed five-level torque comparator based on the location of x–y stator flux in order to eliminate the x–y stator flux so as to obtain reduced distortion in the phase current. By employing all the available voltage vectors, the freedom of utilization of all voltage vectors in the five-phase induction motor DTC drive is availed. The proposed five-level torque comparator is compared to its classical five-level counterpart through simulation and experimental results in order to validate the proposed DTC strategy.     

AVR实现的SVPWM变频调速系统研究

矢量控制变频技术是先进的变频调速技术。异步电机在两相同步旋转坐标系下的数学模型表明:可以实现交流感应电机磁场和转矩的解耦控制。本文提出了使用高性价比嵌入式芯片AVR ATmega8515实现矢量变频调速系统的实施方法。实验结果表明:基于AVR的空间矢量变频调速系统基本达到了预期要求,在实验负载条件下能够进行变频调速,电压输出波形符合理论分析,电流输出为三相对称正弦波。     

平稳高效的开关磁阻电机控制算法

目的 为了提高自动化包装生产线上的产品质量,针对开关磁阻电机本身结构所引起的转矩脉动问题,提出一种基于改进电压矢量选择规律的转矩占空比控制方案.方法 首先,在原有的直接转矩控制12扇区矢量选择表的基础上设计一种新的增转矩矢量选择规律,抑制换相区的转矩脉动,并采用不产生负转矩的减转矩矢量,提高转矩电流比.此外,设计一种转矩占空比控制方法,通过对下一周期转矩的估计,来确定电压矢量作用的时间,从而使得输出转矩能够快速并且稳定地跟随给定转矩.结果 在Matlab/SIMULINK仿真环境下,搭建所提方法的模型,并与模型预测直接转矩控制、基于直接退磁矢量选择表的转矩占空比控制这2种方法搭建的模型进行对比,结果表明,文中方法的转矩脉动在各种工况下比另外2种方法减小了31％～57％,转矩电流比较模型预测直接转矩控制中方法提高了35％～44％,与另一种方法仅相差1％～2％.结论 文中方法使得开关磁阻电机在运行过程中更为平稳,且效率较高.     

Novel zero voltage switching dual-switch forward converter with ripple current cancellation

A zero voltage switching (ZVS) dual-switch forward converter with ripple current cancellation is presented. In the proposed converter, active clamp circuit is used to clamp the voltage stresses and to realise ZVS of all switching devices. Active clamp boost converter with power factor correction is used in the front stage of the proposed converter to draw a sinusoidal line current from the AC source and to maintain a constant voltage at the DC bus. The second stage of the proposed converter is a dual-switch forward converter with current doubler rectifier to obtain the isolated low output voltage. Active clamp circuit used in the DC/DC converter can recycle the energy stored in the leakage inductor and magnetising inductor so that the voltage stresses on the switches are limited and the ZVS feature is realised. The current doubler rectifier offers the ripple current cancellation at the output capacitor and reduces the current stress of the transformer secondary winding. The circuit configuration and principle of operation are analysed and discussed in detail. Experimental results with a laboratory prototype based on a 90-260 V_rms input and 12 V/30 A output were provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter.     

Field weakening for radial force reduction in brushless permanent-magnet DC motors

In brushless permanent-magnet dc (BLDC) machines, the attraction between the rotor permanent magnets and the stator iron causes radial stator forces that excite the stator structural response and radiate unwanted acoustic noise. In this paper, we develop an analytical model that predicts rotor torque and radial force ripple as functions of the stator currents. The model shows that field weakening of sinusoidally commutated BLDC machines can reduce radial forces but requires higher currents to maintain the desired torque. We confirmed the analytical results numerically on a BLDC motor using ANSYS finite-element analysis and found a 30% reduction in force ripple at no load.     

基于峰谷互补方法的开关磁阻电机转矩脉动抑制研究

开关磁阻电机的非线性电磁特性以及脉冲工作方式会产生明显的转矩脉动,针对这一问题,在分析开关磁阻电机转矩脉动产生原因和实际测量转矩脉动波形的基础上,提出了一种基于峰谷互补原理抑制开关磁阻电机转矩脉动的方法.该方法使用2套定转子参数相同的电机系统,使之产生相位互差180°电角度,幅值近似相同的转矩脉动波形,利用峰谷互补原理...     

Analytical evaluation of DC capacitor RMS current and voltage ripple in neutral-point clamped inverters

The sizing of the DC-link capacitor in a three-level inverter is based on the RMS current flowing through it. This paper analyses the DC-link capacitor RMS current in a neutral-point clamped (NPC) inverter and expresses the same as a function of modulation index, line-side current amplitude and power factor. Analytical closed-form expressions are derived for the capacitor RMS current for single-phase half-bridge, single-phase full-bridge and three-phase three-leg topologies of a three-level inverter. The worst-case capacitor current stress is determined for each topology based on the analytical expressions. Further, analytical expressions are derived for the RMS values of low-frequency and high-frequency capacitor currents. These expressions are then used to estimate voltage ripple across the DC capacitor for sinusoidally modulated three-phase NPC inverter. The analytical expressions for the RMS current and voltage ripple are validated experimentally over a wide range of operating points.     

A current ripple reduction of a high-speed miniature brushless direct current motor using instantaneous voltage control

High-speed miniature brushless direct current motor (BLDCM) is used in robots and medical applications because of its high-torque and high-speed characteristics. When compared with the general BLDCM, a high-speed miniature BLDCM has a low electrical time-constant. The current and torque ripple are very high when compared with the conventional pulse-width modulation (PWM) control scheme in the conduction period because of the inherent electrical characteristics. The authors propose a simple instantaneous source voltage and phase current control for torque ripple reduction of a high-speed miniature BLDCM. To reduce the switching current ripple, instantaneously controlled source voltage is supplied to the inverter system according to the motor speed and the load torque. In addition, a fast hysteresis current controller can keep the phase current within a limited band. Computer simulations and experimental results up to 40 000 rpm show the effectiveness and verification of the proposed control scheme.     

永磁无刷直流电动机低脉动转矩研究

针对永磁无刷直流电动机在运行过程中存在明显脉动转矩的问题,研究了一种新结构低脉动转矩永磁无刷直流电动机。首先对普通永磁无刷直流电动机在电流换相、极弧系数小于1和电枢反应等3种因素下的脉动转矩进行了物理解析;然后以脉动转矩的变化规律为切入点,提出一种通过电机本体产生2个幅值相同、频率相同、相位互差180°电角度的脉动转矩,实现脉动转矩峰谷互补的抑制策略,并通过理论分析找到了脉动转矩峰谷互补的实现方法;最后研制了低脉动永磁无刷直流电动机及控制器,通过实验验证了脉动转矩抑制的有效性,与普通永磁无刷直流电动机相比,实验结果表明可以减少约70%的脉动转矩。     

Optimisation techniques for a hysteresis current controller to minimise torque ripple in switched reluctance motors

The switched reluctance (SR) motor has many benefits owing to its low cost, simple design, rugged construction and comparatively high torque-to-mass ratio. Unlike DC and induction motors, the SR motor is intended to operate in deep magnetic saturation to increase the output power density. Because of the saturation effect and the variation of magnetic reluctance with respect to rotor position, all the relevant characteristics of the machine are highly non-linear functions of both rotor position and phase current. The ultimate outcome of all these non-linearities is that the generated torque contains significant ripples. The non-linearities in the SR motor have been extensively studied and many control strategies to reduce the generated torque ripples have been proposed in the literature. Modulation of phase current profile for generating torque in the SR motor with minimum ripples was the focus of most of the research. However, the main challenge to minimise the torque ripple is to design a current controller that is able to track the modulated phase current. In this work, new techniques to optimise the widely used hysteresis current controller are studied, and experimental verifications under closed-loop speed control with the modulated reference current data are presented. The experimental results indicate that the torque ripple is reduced to lie within 5% of the desired steady torque using the proposed optimisation techniques.     

Control of AC–DC grid side converter with single AC current sensor

Conventionally, two AC side current sensors are needed in vector control of grid side converter for AC–DC bidirectional power conversion. The present paper proposes a technique where the control can be achieved with the use of only one AC side current sensor. The control principle utilises the information of un-sensed second current sensor for its estimation, which is embedded and readily available in conventional control technique itself. In the proposed method, the grid side d–q axis reference currents of the current controllers are used for estimation of β-axis component of grid current, while the α-axis component of grid current is calculated by one AC side current sensor. Effect of voltage unbalance on the control is also studied in this paper. The proposed control is validated with detailed simulation and experimental observations for both steady-state and transient conditions. The proposed control gives satisfactory performance.     

Unbalance and harmonics detection in induction motors using an optical fiber sensor

In this work, a new method for the detection of the negative effects of a particular unbalanced voltage and inverter harmonics on the performance of an induction motor using fiber sensors is proposed. Supplying a three-phase induction motor with unbalanced voltages causes an oscillating electromagnetic torque that generates vibrations, increased losses, efficiency reduction, and an extra temperature rise that leads to a reduction on insulation life of the machine. A new in-line fiber etalon accelerometer has been designed to detect these vibrations in the range DC-500 Hz. The in-line fiber etalon scheme used provides high robustness and stability, giving enough sensitivity to monitor the low-frequency and low-amplitude oscillations in the stator of the machine that exist in a voltage unbalance situation. To prove this claim, a 1.5-kW squirrel cage induction motor is analyzed under different unbalance levels. It is shown that a precise unbalance factor can be detected without accessing to the electric part of the machine and an accurate monitoring can be obtained using the high-resolution analysis proposed.     

Frequency domain model of an hvdc link with a line-commutated current-source converter. part I: fixed overlap

This study presents a frequency-domain model of an high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission link with a line-commutated current-source converter. Using space-vector transfer functions between superimposed oscillations in the control signal and the AC and DC sides, expressions for voltages and currents have been derived. The dynamic properties of the HVDC link, taking the characteristics of the networks on both the AC and the DC sides into consideration, can be studied by applying classical Bode/Nyquist/Nichols control methods. The resulting model was validated by time-domain studies in PSCAD/EMTDC. The model is described in two papers. In this paper (Part I), it has been assumed that the overlap angle during commutation remains constant. It is shown in the validation that this assumption introduces resonances that cause severe errors at certain network conditions. In the second paper (Part II), the model is extended so as to cope with the varying overlap angle in order to bring the frequency-domain model into agreement with the results obtained from time-domain simulations.     

电动车用永磁同步电机的转矩阶次特征分析

针对电动汽车车身阶次振动和车内噪声的主要振源—永磁同步电机的转矩波动,首先通过转矩测量试验测得了电机24阶以内的动态、高阶转矩信号,分析与揭示了永磁同步电机转矩信号的阶次特性现象;为解释该试验现象,从理论上建立了一种考虑非正弦永磁磁场分布、开槽、时间谐波电流的永磁同步电机转矩波动数学模型,获得了谐波转矩的解析解,预测了转矩波动的阶次与频率,进而提出了试验测量动态、高阶转矩信号的转速判据。试验研究和理论研究表明：永磁同步电机的转矩具有明显的阶次波动特征,主要阶次有h-1、2（h-1）、6i+h-1、 6i-h+1阶（h∈N,且由变频器决定;i∈N）;h次时间谐波电流将单独引起h-1、2（h-1）阶的转矩波动,h次时间谐波电流、非正弦永磁磁场分布、开槽将共同引起6i+h-1、6i-h+1阶的转矩波动。     

永磁无刷直流电动机换相脉动转矩及抑制方法

通过分析永磁无刷直流电动机的换相过程,得到了电动机绕组电流换相产生的脉动转矩表达式。为了验证理论分析的正确性,首先对电流换相产生的脉动转矩及相关特性进行了仿真,然后采用永磁旋转角加速度传感器对电动机轴上的脉动转矩进行了实际测量,验证了电机输出转矩中的脉动转矩分量的客观存在性及相关特性。针对脉动转矩,提出了一种基于峰谷互补的抑制方法,并建立了对应的实验平台开展了实验研究,理论分析和实验测量取得了一致的结果,从而证明了该抑制方法的正确性。     

永磁无刷直流电动机位置传感器精度对脉动转矩抑制效果的影响研究

采用峰谷互补方法对永磁无刷直流电动机的脉动转矩进行抑制时,2台电机脉动转矩波形的对称性和正弦性与抑制效果密切相关,而位置传感器的精度直接影响电机脉动转矩的波形特性.基于此,首先通过实验测定了2种位置传感器在电机运行时其输出信号的相位差、占空比和响应速度,并进行了分析.然后搭建实验平台测定了电机在2种位置传感器工况下脉动...     

Harmonics reduction in standalone DFIG-DC system by shunt active filter controlled in stator flux reference frame

The presence of diode rectifier in standalone Doubly Fed Induction Generator-Direct Current (DFIG-DC) system leads to considerable current, voltage and torque harmonics and requires reactive power from the machine. A unique shunt active filter arrangement is proposed for addressing these requirements. The DC Link of DFIG-DC itself acts as input to shunt active filter and there is no requirement of creating and regulating a separate one. Since the stator flux reference frame is known in FOC of DFIG-DC system; the same can be used as PLL for the generation of current references for harmonics and reactive compensation in active filter control scheme. Hence, the AC voltage sensing is not needed in the proposed active filter control. In this paper, it is shown that current, voltage and torque harmonics are reduced with the help of shunt active filter, which have lower rating compared to the rotor side converter. The proposed scheme is verified by detailed experiments on a 5.5 kW slip-ring induction machine.     

基于自抗扰控制的直流微电网双向Buck-Boost变换器控制策略研究

为了降低直流微电网母线电压的波动,提出基于自抗扰控制的双向Buck-Boost变换器控制策略。运用直流母线电压外环、直流变换器电感电流内环的控制方法实现直流微电网与储能系统之间的能量双向流动。进一步提出基于扩张状态观测器观测输出总扰动,包括负载电流和母线电压的变化,在负载扰动电流影响系统的直流母线电压最终输出前,主动从外环被控对象的输入信号电感电流或输出信号母线电压中提取扰动信息,然后尽快用控制信号将其消除,从而大大降低其对被控量的影响,以有效抑制暂态直流母线的电压波动和冲击,在母线电压产生波动时能够快速恢复到正常的工作状态。仿真验证表明:储能系统可以通过控制策略实现能量的双向传递,并且当母线产生功率波动和电流冲击时,储能系统可以使直流母线电压稳定,提高了系统的可靠性。     

A portable multifunctional power box

In this study, we used a microcontroller to provide and control power to multiple sources using the highly efficient energy storage provided by the direct current (DC) bus of a lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) battery. Through multiple loops, high-efficiency buck and boost conversion, and DC-to-alternating current (AC) conversion, the power box can quickly and simultaneously provide three sets of voltage outputs, 5-V DC, 19–22-V DC, and 110-V AC, to different electronic devices. Multiple sets of conversion output voltages were achieved using multiple sets of conversion circuits, in parallel to the DC bus. Compared with a single conversion output voltage, the multiple sets of conversion output voltages from the energy storage battery had a higher practicability. For a single output voltage, the battery provided a suitable voltage to different electric devices via a substage converter, thus lowering the overall conversion efficiency. For practical applications such as camping, blackouts, long journeys, emergencies, and rescues, the multiple sets of converted voltage outputs offer substantial functional convenience. For safety control, we used a single-chip controller to quickly detect various overcurrent situations.     

Fuel cell power conditioning for electric power applications: a summary

Fuel cells are considered to be one of the most promising sources of distributed energy because of their high efficiency, low environmental impact and scalability. Unfortunately, multiple complications exist in fuel cell operation. Fuel cells cannot accept current in the reverse direction, do not perform well with ripple current, have a low output voltage that varies with age and current, respond sluggishly to step changes in load and are limited in overload capabilities. For these reasons, power converters are often necessary to boost and regulate the voltage as a means to provide a stiff applicable DC power source. Furthermore, the addition of an inverter allows for the conversion of DC power to AC for an utility interface or for the application of an AC motor. To help motivate the use of power conditioning for the fuel cell, a brief introduction of the different types, applications and typical electrical characteristics of fuel cells is presented. This is followed by an examination of the various topologies of DC-DC boost converters and inverters used for power conditioning of fuel cells. Several architectures to aggregate multiple fuel cells for high-voltage/high-power applications are also reviewed.