四气门柴油机进气道的三维实体造型及流场数值模拟

本文介绍了四气门柴油机双进气道设计的一种现代方法，即应用反向工程技术实现气道三维造型，并应用CFD软件FIRE对其实现气道一气门一气缸内气体三维数值模拟，计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。对气道内气流流动特性进行评价及对比，得出对于单进气道布置以切向布置最佳，因这样能产生相对大的涡流，双进气道因两气流产生干涉，造成少量的流量损失，但却会增强缸内的涡流。     

基于AVLFIRE的发动机进气道三维流场数值模拟研究

利用软件AVLFIRE对4个不同气门升程下进气道的流动特性进行分析研究,揭示某发动机进气道及缸内的流动特性．得出各升程下气体流动的流线图、湍动能、速度等值线图及流量系数和涡流比,直观地表明了进气过程气道及缸内的流动特性,为进气道性能优化、评价和再设计提供了方法和依据。     

气道结构对进气过程影响的仿真研究

利用PRO/E对设计的3种不同结构型式进气道进行实体造型,基于AVL-Fire软件对柴油机气道-气门-气缸稳态进气过程进行数值模拟,并搭建了进气系统台架稳流试验系统,对原进气系统进行台架试验研究,验证了仿真模型的准确性,详细分析了不同气道结构型式对柴油机进气流动特性和缸内流场特性的影响。结果表明,气阀升程的增大使得进气流量系数增大,其中双螺旋进气道的流量系数最小,原进气道的流量系数次之,双切向进气道的流量系数最大;随着气阀升程的增大,双切向进气道的涡流比呈减小的趋势,双螺旋进气道的涡流比呈增大的趋势,原进气道的涡流比呈减小的趋势;双螺旋进气道缸内周向气流运动强度最大,原进气道的缸内周向气流运动强度次之,双切向进气道的缸内周向气流运动强度最小。     

CFD辅助发动机进气道设计方法研究

在LJ377MV发动机设计中，以其进气道几何模型为基础，借鉴相关机型的气道稳流试验数据，运用计算流体动力学理（CFD）和有关数值计算方法，对4种不同气门升程下的进气道-缸内流场特性进行了计算分析。建立了评价进气道稳流特性的有关计算模型，给出了其进气流量、进气道内气流分布、不同气门升程下缸内流场特性、流量系数和涡流比等参数，为进气道性能优化、评价和再设计提供了方法和依据。     

不同气道倾角的直喷式汽油机进气道气流特性的试验研究

基于传统PFI汽油机进气道设计了2种倾角的GDI汽油机进气道,分别进行了2种不同倾角的GDI汽油机进气道的双气门开启、单气门开启2种方式下的气道稳流试验,研究了不同气道倾角的进气道气流特性,以及产生涡流和滚流的能力。试验结果表明:在不同的气门升程下,气道倾角α=39°的进气道比气道倾角α=34°的进气道流量系数大;就滚流比和涡流比而言,当气门升程较大时,单气门开启时比双气门开启时有所增大;当气门升程大于3mm时,α=39°的进气道比α=34°进气道的滚流比和涡流比均有所增大。此外,与普通PFI汽油机进气道相比,2种倾角的GDI汽油机进气道流通性能更佳。     

柴油机二、四气门进气道流动特性评价指标与对比分析

针对柴油机二,四气门进气系统的特点,通过稳流气道试验测量了二气门和四气门的螺旋气道,切向气道及组合气道的流动特性,讨论了不同组合的进气道和缸内气体流动的特点,提出了评价组合气道流动特性指标的方法。     

进气道的布置对四气门柴油机气缸内涡流影响的变化规律

利用测得的四气门柴油机气门口三维流场，分析了进气出口流场产生的气缸内空气动量矩流率，揭示了进气道的布置对四气门柴油机缸内空气动量矩流率影响的变化规律。两进气道布置角度的变化对四气门柴油机缸内空气动量矩流率产生较大影响。螺旋气道布置角度的变化对各气道切向速度绕自身气门轴线及径向速度绕气缸轴线的动量矩流率产生较大影响，且升程愈大，变化愈明显；切向气道布置角度的变化对螺旋气道切向速度绕自身气门轴线的动量矩流率影响较大，对切向气道小升程时的径向速度绕气缸轴线的动矩流率及中、大升程时的切向速度绕自身气门轴线的动量矩流率影响较大。     

柴油机双进气道流动特性试验与数值模拟

对170系列柴油机双进气道进行了AVL气道稳流试验,得到了不同气门升程下对应的AVL流量系数和涡流比;在与稳流试验对等的边界条件及评价方法下,利用CFD软件Fire对气道稳流试验进行了数值模拟。模拟结果与试验结果的对比表明,数值模拟所得流量系数和涡流比与试验结果基本吻合,模拟结果具有一定的可信度;另外,从两者涡流比随气门升程的变化曲线来看,切向气道气门座孔加工出的偏心倒角,对气道形成涡流的能力影响比较大,尤其是在气门开度较小时,能使气道产生相对较大的涡流比。     

四气门天然气发动机缸内瞬态流场数值模拟

采用K-ε双方程模型对四气门天然气发动机进气道及缸内的瞬态流场进行数值模拟，模拟了发动机进气、压缩及燃烧过程。结果表明：四气门发动机缸内涡流由外向内形成；缸内平均湍动能强度在进气冲程中总体呈先增大后减小的趋势，压缩冲程中耗散作用使湍动能降低，但挤流作用使气缸中部的湍动能升高；进气过程中存在流动分层，为改善小负荷时发动机性能，天然气应尽可能在进气冲程中、后期进入气缸；缸内涡流中心的位置和气流速度梯度对火焰径向传播的均匀性有很大影响。     

4气门柴油机进气道及缸内流动特性的研究

介绍了直喷式柴油机的4气门进气系统。通过进行螺旋气道与变截面切向气道的组合试验,分析了不同流通截面等因素对气缸内涡流的影响。用热线风速仪测量缸内空气运动。讨论了2个进气道和气缸内的流动规律,探讨了最佳涡流效果的4气门进气系统的设计原则,提出了评价指标和方法。     

Reverse flow regions in three-dimensional backward-facing step flow

Laser-Doppler velocity measurements adjacent to the bounding walls of three-dimensional (3-D) backward-facing step flow are performed for the purpose of mapping the boundaries of the reverse flow regions that develop in this geometry (adjacent to the sidewalls, the flat wall and the stepped wall) as a function of the Reynolds number. The backward-facing step geometry is configured by a step height (S) of 1 cm, which is mounted in a rectangular duct having an aspect ratio (AR) of 8:1 and an expansion ratio (ER) of 2.02:1. Results are presented for a Reynolds number range between 100 and 8000, thus covering the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow regimes. The boundaries of the reverse flow regions are identified by locating the streamwise coordinates on a plane adjacent to the bounding walls where the mean streamwise velocity component is zero. The size of the reverse flow regions increases and moves further downstream in the laminar flow regime; decreases and moves upstream in the transitional flow regime; and remains almost constant or diminishes in the turbulent flow regime; as the Reynolds number increases. The spanwise distribution of the boundary line for the reverse flow region adjacent to the stepped wall develops a minimum near the sidewall in the laminar flow regime, but that minimum in the distribution disappears in the turbulent flow regime. Predictions agree well with measurements in the laminar flow regime and reasonably well in the turbulent flow regime.     

Heat transportation by oscillatory flow with steady flow component

This paper deals with heat transportation by an oscillatory flow composed of a sinusoidal oscillatory flow superimposed with a steady flow. Velocity and temperature fields, heat transportation rate, work rate, and heat transportation efficiency were investigated through numerical analysis. Results obtained elucidated that (1) the phase difference between velocity and temperature variation remained the same as that of the sinusoidal reciprocal flow without the use of a steady flow component. (2) In the upstream direction heat was mainly transported by the steady flow component and in the downstream direction transportation was mainly performed by the oscillatory flow component. (3) The heat transportation rate of the present oscillatory flow composed of both steady and oscillatory flow components was less than the arithmetic sum of the rates produced by the steady flow and the sinusoidal oscillatory flow. (4) The heat transportation rate was increased immensely by superimposing the steady flow on the sinusoidal oscillatory flow. (5) Conversely, work done by the present oscillatory flow increased only slightly. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(7): 482–500, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20130     

Experimental investigation of stator flow in diagonal flow fan

Experimental investigations were conducted for the internal flow of the stator of the diagonal flow fan. Comer separation near the hub surface and the suction surface of the stator blade are focused on. At the design flow rate, the values of the axial velocity and the total pressure at stator outlet decrease near the suction surface at around the hub surface by the influence of the comer wall. At low flow rate of 80-90 % of the design flow rate, the comer separation between the suction surface and the hub surface can be found, which become widely spread at 80 % of the design flow rate.     

Dispersed flow film boiling of nitrogen with swirl flow

The heat-transfer characteristics of two-phase film boiling of nitrogen in tubes with tape-generated swirl flow are described. The swirl flow substantially augments the heat transfer and minimizes the thermal non-equilibrium, which is responsible for the relatively poor performance of boilers without twisted-tape inserts. Assuming thermal equilibrium, it is possible to formulate a relatively simple superposition correlation for both evaporation and superheat regions of the once-through boiler. The correlation gives good prediction of wall temperatures along the tube for the entire range of test conditions.     

Performance Test and Flow Measurement of Contra-Rotating Axial Flow Pump

An application of contra-rotating rotors has been proposed against a demand for developing higher specificspeed axial flow pump.In the present paper,the advantage and disadvantage of using contra-rotating rotorsare described in comparison with conventional type of rotor-stator,based on theoretical and experimentalinvestigations.The advantages are as follows:(1)The pump is inherently designed as smaller sized and atlower rotational speed.(2)A stable head-characteristic curve for flow rate with negative slope appears.(3)As the rear rotor rotational speed is varied as independent control of front rotor,the wider range of highperformance operation is obtained by rear rotor speed control in addition to front rotor speed control.Thedisadvantages are as follows:(1)The structure of double shaft system becomes complex.(2)The pumpperformance is inferior at over flow rate as the rear rotor loading is weakened.(3)The blade rows interac-tion from rear rotor to front rotor more strongly appears.Then the rear rotor design is a key to achievehigher pump performance.Some methods to overcome these disadvantages will be discussed in more detailstoward wider usage of contra-rotating axial flow pump in various industrial fields.     

Experimental investigation of flow friction for liquid flow in microchannels

In this paper, investigations on the liquid flow in microchannels with different experimental methods are presented. The experiments were carried out in channels with hydraulic diameter ranging from 30 μm to 344 μm at Reynolds number ranging from 20 to 4000. Based on the experimental data collected and those available in the literature, comparisons and analysis have been carried out to evaluate the possible phenomena occurring in the liquid flow in microchannels. Results obtained show that characteristics of flow in microchannels agree with conventional behaviors predicted by Navier-Stokes equations in the region of those dimensions tested. In this paper, the detailed explanations on experimental results are discussed.     

Numerical simulation of steady flow fields in coiled flow inverter

Flatter velocity profiles and more uniform thermal environments are extremely desirous factors for improved performance in flow reactors and heat exchangers. One means of achieving it in laminar flow systems is to use mixers and flow inverters. In the present study a new device is introduced based on the flow inversion by changing the direction of centrifugal force in helically coiled tubes. The objective of the present study is to characterize flow development and temperature fields in the proposed device made up from the configurations of bent coils. The main mechanism generating the flow is the production of spatially chaotic path by changing the direction of flow using a 90° bend in helical coils (alternating Dean flow). If the direction of centrifugal force is rotated by any angle, the plane of vortex formation also rotates with the same angle. Thus in helical flow a 90° shift in the direction of centrifugal force cause a complete flow inversion. Complete flow fields and thermal fields in helical coil and bent coil configuration were studied using computational fluid dynamics software (FLUENT 6.0). The three-dimensional governing equations for momentum and energy under the laminar flow conditions were solved with a control-volume finite difference method (CVFDM) with second-order accuracy. The flow pattern obtained for the helical coil was in good agreement to those observed by the previous investigators [S.W. Jones, O.M. Thomas, H. Aref, Chaotic advection by laminar flow in twisted pipe. J. Fluid Mech. 209 (1989) 335–357; Ch. Duchene, H. Peerhossaini, P.J. Michard, On the velocity field and tracer patterns in a twisted duct flow. Phys. Fluids 7 (1995) 1307–1317]. The comparison of the flow fields and temperature fields in the helical tube and bent coil configuration are discussed. The bent coil configuration shows a 20–30% enhancement in the heat transfer due to chaotic mixing while relative pressure drop is 5–6%. The results of the present study can be used to model transport processes for developing flows in curved tubes such as chromatographic columns (less axial dispersion [A.K. Saxena, K.D.P. Nigam, Coiled configuration for flow inversion and its effect on residence time distribution. AIChE J. 30 (1984) 363–368]), Chemical reactors (narrower RTD), heat transfer devices, and some biomedical devices.     

Cross-leakage flow between adjacent flow channels in PEM fuel cells

In polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, serpentine flow channels are used conventionally for effective water removal. The reactant flows along the flow channel with pressure decrease due to the frictional and minor losses as well as the reactant depletion because of electrochemical reactions in the cells. Because of the short distance between the adjacent flow channels, often in the order of 1 mm or smaller, the pressure gradient between the adjacent flow channels is very large, driving part of reactant to flow through the porous electrode backing layer (or the so-called gas diffusion layer)—this cross-leakage flow between adjacent flow channels in PEM fuel cells has been largely ignored in previous studies. In this study, the effect of cross-flow in an electrode backing layer has been investigated numerically by considering bipolar plates with single-channel serpentine flow field for both the anode and cathode side. It is found that a significant amount of reactant gas flows through the porous electrode structure, due to the pressure difference, and enters the next flow channel, in addition to a portion entering the catalyst layer for reaction. Therefore, mixing occurs between the relatively high concentration reactant stream following the flow channel and the relatively low reactant concentration stream going through the electrode. It is observed that the cross-leakage flow influences the reactant concentration at the interface between the electrode and the catalyst layer, hence the distribution of reaction rate or current density generated. In practice, this cross-leakage flow in the cathode helps drive the liquid water out of the electrode structure for effective water management, partially responsible for the good PEM fuel cell performance using the serpentine flow channels.     

Local flow measurements of vertical upward bubbly flow in an annulus

Local measurements of flow parameters were performed for vertical upward bubbly flows in an annulus. The annulus channel consisted of an inner rod with a diameter of 19.1 mm and an outer round tube with an inner diameter of 38.1 mm, and the hydraulic equivalent diameter was 19.1 mm. Double-sensor conductivity probe was used for measuring void fraction, interfacial area concentration, and interfacial velocity, and laser Doppler anemometer was utilized for measuring liquid velocity and turbulence intensity. A total of 20 data sets for void fraction, interfacial area concentration, and interfacial velocity were acquired consisting of five void fractions, about 0.050, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25, and four superficial liquid velocities, 0.272, 0.516, 1.03, and 2.08 m/s. A total of eight data sets for liquid velocity and turbulence intensity were acquired consisting of two void fractions, about 0.050, and 0.10, and four superficial liquid velocities, 0.272, 0.516, 1.03, and 2.08 m/s. The constitutive equations for distribution parameter and drift velocity in the drift-flux model, and the semi-theoretical correlation for Sauter mean diameter namely interfacial area concentration, which were proposed previously, were validated by local flow parameters obtained in the experiment using the annulus.