The 450 °C Isothermal Section of the Zn-Fe-Ti System

The 450 °C isothermal section of the Zn-Fe-Ti ternary system with an emphasis on the Zn-rich corner was experimentally determined by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopic/energy-dispersive spectrometric (SEM-EDS) analysis, and x-ray diffraction. A true ternary phase T with an approximate formula of TiFe₂Zn₂₂ has been identified. This phase is in equilibrium with all phases in the system, except and Ti₂Zn. Four Ti-Zn binary compounds, TiZn₁₆, TiZn₈, TiZn₃, and TiZn, were found in this study.     

450 °C Isothermal Section of the Zn-Fe-Cu Ternary System

The 450 °C isothermal section of the Zn-Fe-Cu ternary system was experimentally determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS)/Wave Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (WDS), and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD). Eight three-phase regions exist in the 450 °C isothermal section of the Zn-Fe-Cu ternary system. No new ternary compound was found in the system. The δ_Fe phase (FeZn₁₀) can be in equilibrium with all phases except the α-Fe, (Cu) and β′ (CuZn) phase. Experimental results indicated that the solubility of Cu in the Γ (Fe₃Zn₁₀) and the δ_Fe phase reaches as high as 17.9 and 15.2 at.%, respectively.     

The Zn-Rich Corner of the 450 °C Isothermal Section of the Zn-Fe-Ni-Sb Quaternary System

The 450 °C isothermal section of the Zn-Fe-Ni-Sb quaternary system with Zn fixed at 93 at.% has been studied experimentally using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. The (L + T-FeNiZn) field is found to be coexistent with all other phase fields in the section, except the (ζ-FeZn + Sb₂Zn₃) field. The Sb solubility in the ζ-FeZn phase is very limited, and it almost insoluble in the δ-NiZn phase. The solubilities of Fe and Ni in the Sb₂Zn₃ phase are 0.6 and 0.9 at.%, respectively. The maximum solubility of Sb in the γ-NiZn phase is 1.9 at.%. Three four-phase regions and two three-phase regions have been confirmed experimentally in this isothermal section. In addition, no new phase was found in the study.     

450 °C Isothermal Section of the Ni-Sb-Zn Ternary System at the Zn-Rich Corner

The 450 °C isothermal section of the Ni-Sb-Zn ternary system with an emphasis on the Zn-rich corner was experimentally determined by means of optical microscopy, SEM-EDS analysis and x-ray diffraction. The existence of two true ternary phase, the NiSbZn (τ₁) and Ni₂SbZn₂ (τ₂) phase, was confirmed in the system at 450 °C. NiSbZn (τ₁) had an MgAgAs-type structure with a lattice parameter a = 0.58971 nm. Ni₂SbZn₂ (τ₂) is a ternary compound found in this system for the first time whose composition range spanned from 35.5-38.0 at.% Ni, 17.3-26.3 at.% Sb, 36.9-45.2 at.% Zn. It should be noted that the phase relationships at 450 °C are significantly different from the previous reported ones at 600 and 297 °C. The solubilities of Ni in SbZn, Sb₃Zn₄ and Sb₂Zn₃ were limited. The maximum solubilities of Sb in δ-NiZn₈, γ-NiZn₃ and β₁-NiZn were 0.1, 4.0 and 1.5 at.%, respectively and the maximum solubilities of Zn in NiSb and NiSb₂ were 5.6 and 1.6 at.%, respectively.     

The 600?°C and 700?°C Isothermal Sections of the Zn-Fe-Bi Ternary System

The 600 and 700?°C isothermal sections of the Zn-Fe-Bi phase diagram were determined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and x-ray powder diffraction. Two three-phase regions have been confirmed in the 600?°C isothermal section, and one three-phase region has been identified in the 700?°C isothermal section. Bi is almost insoluble in the Fe-Zn binary compounds and ??-Fe, and the solubility of Fe in the L phase is limited.     

Phase Equilibria of 450 °C Isothermal Section of Zn-Al-Mg-Si Quaternary System

The isothermal section of the Zn-Al-Mg-Si quaternary system at 450 °C with Zn fixed at 70 at.% has been determined by means of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. The results show that there exist the following equilibria regions in the isothermal section: Liq. + α-Al + MgZn₂ + Mg₂Si and Liq. + α-Al + Mg₂Si + (Si) four-phase regions, and Liq. + α-Al + Mg₂Si, Liq. + α-Al + MgZn₂, Liq. + MgZn₂ + Mg₂Si, Liq. + α-Al + (Si) and Liq. + MgZn₂ + (Si) three-phase regions. Si is almost insoluble in MgZn₂ and α-Al. The maximum solubility of Al and Zn in Mg₂Si is 1.8 and 6.1 at.%, respectively. The maximum solubility of Al and Si in MgZn₂ is 3.2 and 0.5 at.%, respectively. No ternary and quaternary compounds were found in this study.     

Isothermal Section of the Al-Mn-Dy System at 500 °C

Phase relationships in the Al-Mn-Dy ternary system at 500 °C have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. From the experimental results it was concluded that the isothermal section consists of 16 single-phase regions, 26 two-phase regions and 12 three-phase regions. Two extensive solid solutions, (Al _x Mn_1?x )₁₂Dy and (Al_1?x Mn _x )₂Dy, were observed. The solid solution (Al _x Mn_1?x )₁₂Dy forms by Al replacing Mn in Mn₁₂Dy, while the continuous solid solution (Al_1?x Mn _x )₂Dy forms by Mn and Al mutually substituting in Al₂Dy and Mn₂Dy, respectively. The maximum solid solubility of Al in Mn₁₂Dy is 79.3 at.%.     

450 °C Isothermal Section of the Fe-Al-Sb Ternary Phase Diagram

The 450 °C isothermal section of the Fe-Al-Sb ternary phase diagram has been determined experimentally using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. No ternary compound is found in this system at 450 °C. Experimental results indicate that Sb cannot dissolve in the Fe-Al compounds, e.g. FeAl₂, Fe₂Al₅, and FeAl₃. While the maximum solubilities of Al in FeSb and FeSb₂ are 3.2 and 1.3 at.%, respectively, and 0.5 at.% Fe is detected in AlSb.     

Isothermal Section of the Cu-rich Cu-Be-Ag Ternary System

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Isothermal Section of the Ti-Nb-Sn Ternary System at 700 °C

The phase equilibrium of annealed Ti-Nb-Sn alloys was investigated by means of x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. Isothermal section of the Ti-Nb-Sn ternary system below 50 at.% Sn at 700 °C was constructed according to the examinational analysis. The compositions of α-Ti, β(Ti, Nb), Ti₃Sn, Nb₃Sn and Ti₃Nb₃Sn₂ were confirmed. The solubility of Sn in β(Ti, Nb) region reaches up to 9.2 at.%, which is a relative large solubility, and that in α-Ti is small. The solubility in Ti₃Sn reaches up to 14.9 at.% Nb, and that of Nb₃Sn is 21.5 at.% Ti. The solubility range of Nb and Sn in Ti₃Nb₃Sn₂ is approximately 26.2-39.5 and 22.6-26.6 at.%, respectively.     

Measurement of 900 °C Isothermal Section in the Mo-Ni-Zr System

The isothermal section of the Mo-Ni-Zr system at 900 °C was investigated by characterization of eighteen equilibrium alloys. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to identify the phases and obtain their compositions. The existence of two ternary compounds, Zr₆₅Mo_18?x Ni_16.5+x (τ₁, cF96-Ti₂Ni) and Zr₆₅Mo_27.3Ni_7.7 (τ₂, hP28-Hf₉Mo₄B), was confirmed in the Zr-rich corner, and the compositions of the two phases were determined. The isothermal section of the Mo-Ni-Zr system at 900 °C consists of 15 three-phase regions and 29 two-phase regions. The following three-phase equilibria were well established: (1) (Ni) + Ni₇Zr₂ + Ni₅Zr, (2) MoNi + MoNi₃ + Ni₇Zr₂, (3) Ni₇Zr₂ + MoNi + (Mo), (4) (Mo) + Ni₇Zr₂ + Ni₃Zr, (5) (Mo) + Ni₃Zr + Ni₂₁Zr₈, (6) (Mo) + Ni₂₁Zr₈ + Ni₁₀Zr₇, (7) (Mo) + Ni₁₀Zr₇ + NiZr, (8) (Mo) + Mo₂Zr + NiZr, (9) NiZr₂ + Mo₂Zr + τ₁, (10) τ₁ + Mo₂Zr + τ₂, (11) τ₂ + Mo₂Zr + (Zr)ht, (12) NiZr₂ + τ₁ + (Zr)ht and (13) τ₁ + τ₂ + (Zr)ht. Several binary phases, such as MoNi₃, Ni₇Zr₂ and Mo₂Zr, dissolve appreciable amount of the third component.     

The 600 °C Isothermal Section of the Al-Ni-Zn Ternary System

The 600 °C isothermal section of the Al-Ni-Zn ternary system was constructed based on wave dispersive x-ray spectrometry and x-ray power diffraction analysis. Eight three-phase regions have been identified in the Al-Ni-Zn ternary system at 600 °C. No new ternary compound was found in the system. The Liq. phase (η-Zn) can be in state of equilibrium with the Al₃Ni, Al₃Ni₂ and AlNi phases. The solubility of Ni in the Liq. phase is low, no more than 0.8 at.%. Binary phases AlNi and NiZn extend into the ternary system, and they co-exist in the Al-Ni-Zn ternary system at 600 °C. The three-phase triangles of (NiZn + AlNi + Ni₃Zn₁₄) and (AlNi3 + AlNi + NiZn) are constructed in this ternary system. As shown in this research result, the three-phase equilibrium relationship of the phases AlNi, Al₃Ni₅ and AlNi₃ has been confirmed in the present study.     

The 400 °C Isothermal Section of the La-Co-Mg Ternary System

The isothermal section of the La-Co-Mg system at 400 °C was determined by characterization of about thirty ternary alloys synthesised by induction melting in sealed Ta crucibles and then annealed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) were used to analyze microstructures, identify phases, measure their compositions and determine their crystal structures. Phase equilibria are characterized by the absence of ternary solid solutions and by the presence of three ternary phases. The existence and the crystal structure of the La_4?x CoMg_1 + x (τ₁, 0 ≤ x ≤0.15, cF96-Gd₄RhIn) were confirmed and its homogeneity region determined; the new phases La_23?x Co₇Mg_4 + x (τ₂, ?0.50≤ x ≤0.60, hP68-Pr₂₃Ir₇Mg₄) and ~La₃₈Co₅₅Mg₇ (τ₃, unknown crystal structure) were detected.     

The Zn-Rich Corner of the Zn-Al-Fe-V Quaternary System at 450?°C

The 450?°C isothermal section of the Zn-Al-Fe-V quaternary system with Zn fixed at 93?at.% has been studied experimentally using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Zn-Al-Fe and Zn-Fe-V ternary phases T(Al) and T(V) have been found in this section. The maximum solubility of V in T(Al) is 4.7?at.% and that of Al in T(V) is limited. The addition of V can increase the solubility of Al in T(Al). The maximum solubility of Al in T(Al) is 8.4?at.%. Six four-phase regions have been confirmed experimentally. The liquid domain in the Zn-rich corner of the quaternary system at 450?°C is schematically constructed. No true quaternary compound is found in the present work.     

The Isothermal Section of the Zr-Sn-Cu Ternary System at 700 °C

The isothermal section of the Zr-Sn-Cu ternary system at 700 °C was investigated by using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy. A new ternary compound τ (Zr_25.3Cu_66.1Sn_8.6) was observed in the Cu-rich corner of this system. The previous known ZrCuSn and ZrCuSn₂ ternary compound were confirmed.     

Experimental Investigation of the Isothermal Section at 800 °C of the Nd-Fe-Co Ternary System

The phase equilibrium of the ternary Nd-Fe-Co system at 800 °C was investigated by means of powder x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Seven binary compounds, i.e., Nd₂Co₁₇, NdCo₅, Nd₅Co₁₉, Nd₂Co₇, NdCo₃, NdCo₂, Nd₂Fe₁₇ were identified to exist at this isothermal section. This isothermal section consists of ten single-phase, ten two-phase and six three-phase regions. All measured compositions and unit-cell refinements were performed at room temperature from quenched samples annealed at 800 °C for one week. The maximum solubility at 800 °C of Fe in NdCo_2?x Fe _x (MgCu₂-type structure, Fd-3 m), NdCo_3?x Fe _x (PuNi₃-type structure, R-3 m space group), Nd₂Co_7?x Fe _x (Ce₂Ni₇-type structure, R-3 m), Nd₅Co_19?x Fe _x (CeCo₁₉-type structure, R-3 m space group), NdCo_5?x Fe _x (CaCu₅-type structure, P6/mmm), Nd₂Co_17?x Fe _x (Th₂Zn₁₇ type structure, R-3 m) and Nd₂Fe_17?x Co _x (Th₂Zn₁₇ type structure, R-3 m) are about 31.6 at.% Fe, 47.9 at.% Fe, 13.3 at.% Fe, 8.6 at.% Fe, 10.37 at.%, 36.35 at.% Fe, and 58.23 at.% Fe respectively. The solid solubility range of Co in Nd₂Fe₁₇ form discontinuous series of 2 ranges is about 0-30.14 at.% Co, and 51.9-100 at.% Co and the solid solubility range of Fe in Nd₂Co₁₇ is about 0-48.1 at.% Fe, and 69.86-100 at.% Fe.     

The Isothermal Section of the Fe-Si-Ti-93 at.% Zn Quaternary System at 450 °C

The 450 °C isothermal section of the Fe-Si-Ti-Zn quaternary system with Zn being fixed at 93 at.% was determined experimentally by means of scanning electron microscopy coupled with wave dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and x-ray powder diffraction. Fourteen four-phase regions were confirmed experimentally in this isothermal section. The Fe-Ti-Zn ternary phase T-TiFe₂Zn₂₂ was found to be in equilibrium with the liquid, ζ-FeZn₁₃, τ₂-FeTiSi, and TiZn₁₆ phases. The maximum solubility of Zn in τ₂-FeTiSi is 2.74 at.%, but less than 1.08 at.% in τ₁-FeTiSi₂. Si solubility in T-TiFe₂Zn₂₂ is 0.31 at.%, but it is negligible in ζ-FeZn₁₃. The solubility of Ti in the liquid phase is limited. The results of present work are consistent with the relevant ternary systems. No true quaternary compound was found in the isothermal section.     

Phase Equilibria of 600 °C Isothermal Section of Zn-Al-Fe-Si Quaternary System

The phase equilibria of Zn-Al-Fe-Si quaternary system are essential to predict and control the microstructures formed during hot-dip galvanizing. In this paper, the isothermal section of Zn-Al-Fe-Si quaternary system at 600 °C with Al fixed at 50 at.% has been determined experimentally by means of scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and x-ray powder diffraction. Six four-phase regions have been determined in the studied isothermal section, and five more four-phase regions have been inferred from experimental data and thermodynamics rules. Six Al-Fe-Si ternary compounds have been identified in the section. τ₁, τ₂, τ₃, τ₄, τ₅ and τ₁₀. The maximum solubility of Zn in these phases have been determined.     

Isothermal Section of the Ti-Ta-Sn Ternary System at 1173 K

The phase equilibrium of the Ti-Ta-Sn ternary system at 1173 K was investigated experimentally using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. The isothermal section on the whole composition range was constructed, where eight single-phase regions and seven three-phase regions coexisted. The ternary compound Ti₃₆Ta₂₈Sn₃₆ was found in the experiment, and two three-phase regions β-Ti₆Sn₅ + Ti₃₆Ta₂₈Sn₃₆ + Ta₃Sn and Ti₂Sn + Ti₃Sn + β(Ti, Ta) were experimentally detected. Experimental analysis shows that the solid solution β(Ti, Ta) dissolves up to approximately 21.2 at.% Sn, and that the maximum solubility of Ta in Ti₃Sn and Ti₅Sn₃ can reach up to 9.3 and 5.9 at.%, respectively. The solubility values of Ta in Ti₂Sn and β-Ti₆Sn₅ are no less than 7.3 and 15.5 at.%, respectively, whereas that of Ti in Ta₃Sn is no less than 8.8 at.%. The liquid phase mainly exists in the Sn-rich corner.