新目标英语八年级(下)Unit 2知识要点归纳

<正>【重点词组或短语】1.Clean-Up Day清洁日3.an old people’s home养老院5.help out with sth.帮助解决困难7.used to曾经,过去9.care for关心;照顾11.the look of joy快乐的表情13.at the age of在……岁时15.clean up打扫(或清除)干净17.cheer up(使)变得高兴起来;振奋19.give out分发;散发21.come up with想出;提出23.make a plan制定计划25.make some notices做些公告牌27.try out试用;试行29.work for为……工作;为……效力30.put up建造;举起;张贴     

The City Within Aldo Rossi and the Art of Architecture

These reflections on Aldo Rossi are written in New York, in a room whose window looks out to a cityscape much like one of Rossi's paintings. On the other side of the glass is a place'of vitality, humor and mystery—a place near to the spirit of Rossi's work. Close up, the texture of an old, working city is in minute focus, full of juxtapositions and accidental perspectives. Bold shapes stand out in the middle distance. Oddly powerful forms, they are full of meaning but never clearly decipherable: church towers; skyscrapers crowned with spires and pyramids; illuminated clocks; coneshaped rooftop water tanks; domes, pediments and smokestacks. Beyond are the steel webs of suspension bridges and, dimly seen through cloud and mist, the navigation lights in the harbor. These figures happen to occur in the view from one New York window. In universalized and abstracted form, they are also constant presences within the mind of AIdo Rossi.     

Application of Greenhouse Gas Inventory to Urban Rural Planning in China

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory analysis provides crucial scientific basis to support the preparation of urban-rural planning policies on managing climate change. This article reviews current studies on GHG inventory in China and points out the short fall in translating these inventory data into specific local policies. It examines the issue of setting up the GHG inventory based on the statutory urban-rural planning systems in China. It enables the local government to set up a platform coordinating various city policies and to serve well as the platform for local emission mitigation and removal policies. The urban-rural planning GHG inventory system needs to address the issue of spatial boundary in accounting for local emission sources and origins with respect to the boundaries of planning area, and it must directly relate to the various statutory master plan policy contents and the local municipal government functional structure. Finally it presents a case study of applying the proposed inventory as a planning tool for Jiangyin at the Jiangsu Province.     

How believable are published laboratory data? A deeper look into system-compliance and elastic modulus

Elastic modulus(E) interpretation is debatable with limited literature detailing the impact of systemcompliance.To address this impact,a comprehensive testing schedule using an aluminium 6061(Al)sample is carried out on several systems under various test setups.Al is chosen as it is extruded and adheres to well defined shape tolerances and elastic properties.A robust method,using the SavitzkyGolay filter,is introduced to identify significant slope changes in the stress-strain curve.Since the load in the test system is well defined,the recorded deformation is corrected to the expected value of Al resulting in a system-compliance factor.The results across the testing systems and test setups showed significant variance,with the recorded E always lower than the anticipated E_(Al).The number of components within the system over which the deformation is measured had the most significant impact,lowering the expected E by up to 50%.Additionally,the system-compliance factor is inconsistent across different systems and setups.Thus,it is evidently proved that each setup must be separately evaluated for its system-compliance and that no single value exists across systems and setups.The findings are then projected onto a series of uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) tests carried out on Stanstead granite(SS GR) samples.The corrected E_(t50) and E_(avg) values for system-compliance of the samples are within ±1%for each system as opposed to being ±50% pre-correction.The findings conclude that it is deemed necessary and of utmost importance that the deformation be corrected to accommodate the systemcompliance to obtain reliable results.     

Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical simulation of CO_2 enhanced gas recovery with an extended equation of state module for TOUGH2MP-FLAC3D

As one of the most important ways to reduce the greenhouse gas emission,carbon dioxide(CO_2)enhanced gas recovery(CO_2-EGR) is attractive since the gas recovery can be enhanced simultaneously with CO_2 sequestration.Based on the existing equation of state(EOS) module of TOUGH2 MP,extEOS7C is developed to calculate the phase partition of H_2O-CO_2-CH_4-NaCl mixtures accurately with consideration of dissolved NaCI and brine properties at high pressure and temperature conditions.Verifications show that it can be applied up to the pressure of 100 MPa and temperature of 150℃.The module was implemented in the linked simulator TOUGH2MP-FLAC3 D for the coupled hydro-mechanical simulations.A simplified three-dimensional(3D)1/4 model(2.2 km×1 km×1 km) which consists of the whole reservoir,caprock and baserock was generated based on the geological conditions of a gas field in the North German Basin.The simulation results show that,under an injection rate of 200,000 t/yr and production rate of 200,000 sm~3/d,CO_2 breakthrough occurred in the case with the initial reservoir pressure of 5 MPa but did not occur in the case of 42 MPa.Under low pressure conditions,the pressure driven horizontal transport is the dominant process;while under high pressure conditions,the density driven vertical flow is dominant.Under the considered conditions,the CO_2-EGR caused only small pressure changes.The largest pore pressure increase(2 MPa) and uplift(7 mm) occurred at the caprock bottom induced by only CO_2 injection.The caprock had still the primary stress state and its integrity was not affected.The formation water salinity and temperature variations of ±20℃ had small influences on the CO_2-EGR process.In order to slow down the breakthrough,it is suggested that CO_2-EGR should be carried out before the reservoir pressure drops below the critical pressure of CO_2.     

足球怪兽(2)

<正>The train went on,moving away from the sound.I jumped out of the carriage and walked back up the track.The tunnels were lined with sheets of black cloth.When I pulled one back I found the blue phantom1 in a secret room.火车继续前进,远离了那个声音,我跳出车厢,往回走到轨道上。隧道两旁布满黑布,当我向后拉起一块时,在一个密室里发现了那个蓝色的幻影。     

Norwegian oil and gas storage in rock caverns-Technology based on experience from hydropower development

Underground storage in rock caverns is widely used in Norway for many different petroleum products,such as crude oil,fuel,propane and butane.Basically,the caverns for such storages are unlined,i.e.containment is ensured without using any steel lining or membrane.The main basis for the storage technology originates from the extensive hydropower development in Norway.As part of this activity,about 4500 km of tunnels and shafts have been excavated,and around 200 large powerhouse caverns have been constructed.The hydropower tunnels are mainly unlined,with hydrostatic water pressure on unlined rock of up to 1000 m.Some of the projects also include air cushion chambers with volumes of up to 1×10⁵m³and air pressure up to 7.7 MPa.Many lessons which are valuable also for underground oil and gas storage have been learnt from these projects.For a storage project to become successful,systematic,well planned design and ground investigation procedures are crucial.The main steps of the design procedure are first to define the optimum location of the project,and then to optimize orientation,shape/geometry and dimensions of caverns and tunnels.As part of the procedure,ground investigations have to be carried out at several steps integrated with the progress of design.The investigation and design procedures,and the great significance of these for the project to become successful will be discussed.Case examples of oil and gas storage in unlined rock caverns are given,illustrating the relevancy of experience from high-pressure hydropower projects for planning and design of unlined caverns for oil and gas storage.     

Effects of temperature and thermally-induced microstructure change on hydraulic conductivity of Boom Clay

Boom Clay is one of the potential host rocks for deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive nuclear waste in Belgium. In order to investigate the mechanism of hydraulic conductivity variation under complex thermo-mechanical coupling conditions and to better understand the thermo-hydromechanical(THM) coupling behaviour of Boom Clay, a series of permeability tests using temperaturecontrolled triaxial cell has been carried out on the Boom Clay samples taken from Belgian underground research laboratory(URL) HADES. Due to its sedimentary nature, Boom Clay presents acrossanisotropy with respect to its sub-horizontal bedding plane. Direct measurements of the vertical(Kv)and horizontal(Kh)hydraulic conductivities show that the hydraulic conductivity at 80℃ is about 2.4 times larger than that at room temperature(23℃), and the hydraulic conductivity variation with temperature is basically reversible during heatingecooling cycle. The anisotropic property of Boom Clay is studied by scanning electron microscope(SEM) tests, which highlight the transversely isotropic characteristics of intact Boom Clay. It is shown that the sub-horizontal bedding feature accounts for the horizontal permeability higher than the vertical one. The measured increment in hydraulic conductivity with temperature is lower than the calculated one when merely considering the changes in water kinematic viscosity and density with temperature. The nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) tests have also been carried out to investigate the impact of microstructure variation on the THM properties of clay. The results show that heating under unconstrained boundary condition will produce larger size of pores and weaken the microstructure. The discrepancy between the hydraulic conductivity experimentally measured and predicted(considering water viscosity and density changes with temperature) can be attributed to the microstructural weakening effect on the thermal volume change behaviour of Boom Clay. Based on the experimental results, a hydraulic conductivity evolution model is proposed and then implemented in ABAQUS. Three-dimensional(3D) numerical simulation of the admissible thermal loading for argillaceous storage(ATLAS) Ⅲ in situ heating test has been conducted subsequently, and the numerical results are in good agreement with field measurements.     

Particle breakage of sand subjected to friction and collision in drum tests

This paper presents a laboratory experimental study on particle breakage of sand subjected to friction and collision,by a number of drum tests on granular materials(silica sand No.3 and ceramic balls)to investigate the characteristics of particle breakage and its effect on the characteristics of grain size distribution of sand.Particle breakage increased in up convexity with increasing duration of drum tests,but increased linearly with increasing number of balls.Particle breakage showed an increase,followed by a decrease while increasing the amount of sand.There may be existence of a characteristic amount of sand causing a maximum particle breakage.Friction tests caused much less particle breakage than collision tests did.Friction and collision resulted in different mechanisms of particle breakage,mainly by abrasion for friction and by splitting for collision.The fines content increased with increasing relative breakage.Particle breakage in the friction tests(abrasion)resulted in a sharper increase but with a smaller total amount of fines content in comparison with that in the collision tests(splitting).For the collision tests,the fines content showed a decrease followed by an increase as the amount of sand increased,whereas it increased in up convexity with increasing number of balls.The characteristic grain sizes D₁₀ and D₃₀ decreased in down convexity with increasing relative breakage,which could be described by a natural exponential function.However,the characteristic grain sizes D50 and D60 decreased linearly while increasing the relative breakage.In addition,the coefficients of uniformity and curvature of sand showed an increase followed by a decrease while increasing the relative breakage.     

Study on Spatial Development of Yangtze River Delta Region Since 1980s

The Yangtze River Delta(referring to the YRD hereafter) region has been developed very early,being the birthplace of Wu-Yue Culture and national industry of China, and has become the important core area of economic society of China for a long period. During the latest 20 years after the reform and opening up and along with the rapid