小型无人直升机悬停状态自适应模糊PID控制器设计

小型遥控直升机在实际应用中主要是完成航拍,为了实现小型直升机水平姿态的自动平衡,将其升级为无人直升机.针对小型直升机的降阶模型,提出了一种便于单片机实现的、针对悬停作业时小型无人直升机自适应模糊PID控制器的设计方法,能对PID参数进行动态整定,实现无人直升机悬停状态时水平姿态的平衡,仿真实验表明,自适应模糊PID控制器的动态性能好、稳态精度高、鲁棒性较强,宜适用于小型无人直升机的增稳控制.     

无人直升机位置平移策略浅谈

位置平移策略影响无人直升机前后左右位置平移的安全及功能实现,是完成无人直升机纵横向位置平移功能的前提条件。本文针对无人直升机纵横位置平移的飞行任务需求,结合无人直升机悬停小速度段的气动特性,给出了纵横通道位置控制结构及纵横向位置平移策略,不仅实现了纵横向位置平移的功能,还满足了悬停与前飞安全过渡的需求,在保证安全的同时实现了无人直升机小速度左右侧飞。     

无人直升机悬停至前飞切换控制

模态切换控制是无人直升机实现全天候自主飞行的关键,实现飞行模态闯快速平稳的切换是无人直升机控制器设计的主要目的。针对无人直升机悬停至前飞过切换程时高度不能保持现象和对象无人直升机高度一航向通道之间存在耦合,提出了前飞速度和航向角速率补偿设计高度通道控制律,升降速度和总距风扇联动关系补偿设计航向通道控制律。最后通过大量仿真试验验证了此方法的可行性和有效性。     

MUH姿态增稳控制系统设计与实现

为使微小型无人直升机(MUH)可以在各种地理环境及天气状况下平稳飞行,设计实现一个低成本的姿态增稳控制系统。其中,姿态获取模块通过基于滤波切换的重力场互补滤波估计算法得到高精度的姿态反馈,增稳控制模块采用多回路串级模糊PI控制,利用角速率内环提高系统的稳定性。实验结果表明,该系统具有良好的增稳控制效果,且成本低廉,便于应用推广。     

新型无人直升机纵横向无姿态反馈自适应控制

针对小型无人直升机固有的多轴多齿轮啮合复杂传动系统存在的非线性振动所引起的姿态测量低可靠性问题,以新型涵道风扇式无人直升机为例,提出了一种纵横向无姿态反馈的自适应控制策略.增稳回路采用模型参考自适应解耦控制,加速度回路采用自适应极点配置,位移回路采用主导极点可配置的PD控制,实现了自动航线飞行.试飞实验表明,在飞行速度变化较为显著时,偏航距较小,达到了满意的控制效果,可为无人直升机姿态传感器故障应对提供参考.     

小型无人直升机姿态非线性鲁棒控制设计

本文针对小型无人直升机的姿态控制问题,通过系统参数辨识,获得了较为准确的无人直升机姿态动力学模型.并根据无人直升机的动态特性,设计了基于神经网络前馈与滑模控制的非线性鲁棒姿态控制律,该控制律对直升机模型的先验知识要求较低.利用基于Lyapunov的分析方法证明,设计的控制律能够实现对无人直升机姿态角的半全局指数收敛镇定控制,并能确保闭环系统的稳定性.基于姿态飞行控制实验平台的实时飞行控制实验结果表明,提出的控制设计取得了很好的姿态控制效果,并对系统不确定性和外界风扰动具有较好的鲁棒性.     

基于径向基函数神经网络与扩张状态观测器的无人直升机控制

针对具有系统不确定和外部干扰的无人直升机飞行控制问题,提出了一种基于神经网络和扩张状态观测器的控制方法.利用神经网络逼近系统的不确定性,引入扩张状态观测器对神经网络的逼近误差和系统外部干扰进行估计.基于神经网络和扩张状态观测器的输出,对无人直升机的主旋翼挥舞角、姿态角速率、姿态角、速度与位置系统分别进行了控制器设计,以增强系统鲁棒性和抗干扰能力.同时,引入动态面控制方法以避免对虚拟信号进行直接求导,并通过李雅普诺夫方法分析了闭环控制系统的稳定性.最后使用无人直升机数据进行仿真验证,结果表明设计的控制律能使无人直升机有效跟踪控制指令,具有良好的稳定性与鲁棒性.     

直升机自动过渡悬停系统方案设计

为了实现直升机自动过渡悬停功能,首先运用模糊建模方法建立全包线飞机特性的T-S模型;然后基于增稳控制系统,实现飞机姿态角的稳定;在此基础上引入“多普勒”地速与无线电高度信号,设计高度和速度控制器,使飞机实际输出跟踪指令信号;最后提出了两种合理的高度速度指令设计方案,使得飞机能快速平稳地悬停到预定高度.仿真结果表明,该设计方法有效可行.     

四旋翼无人直升机鲁棒飞行控制

讨论了四旋翼无人直升机的飞行控制问题,提出了一种鲁棒控制器设计方法.该控制器由内环姿态控制器和外环位置控制器两部分组成,姿态控制器采用基于信号补偿的鲁棒控制方法,位置控制器由经典的PD控制实现.将该控制器用于实验室自主研制的四旋翼无人直升机系统,实现了室内悬停飞行.实验结果验证了该控制方法的有效性.     

基于人工蜂群算法的无人直升机LQG/LTR控制律优化设计

针对无人直升机线性二次型高斯/回路传输恢复(LQG/LTR)飞行控制律设计中加权矩阵的选定问题, 提出一种基于人工蜂群算法优化控制器加权矩阵的方法. 采用LQG/LTR控制方法设计无人直升机的内外环自主飞行控制系统; 利用蜂群算法的全局寻优能力, 通过最小化性能指标对状态反馈控制器进行优化; 在系统噪声和阵风的干扰下, 对该无人直升机飞行控制系统进行轨迹跟踪仿真. 研究结果表明, 该优化设计方法提高了控制器的设计效率, 优化后的控制器的跟踪性能和鲁棒性有了明显提高.     

Robust multi-mode flight control design for an unmanned helicopter based on multi-loop structure

In this paper, a novel multi-mode flight control strategy for unmanned helicopter, in presence of model uncertainty, atmospheric disturbances and handling qualities specification requirements (as in ADS-33E), based on multi-loop control structure combining robust H-infinity and PI control is presented. In inner loop H-infinity optimal control technique is utilized ensuring the stability of flight control system in case of change of helicopter dynamics, model uncertainties and eliminates effect of gust disturbance on helicopter states and collective/cyclic inputs. PI control in outer loop is used to improve the dynamic and static operation characteristics. Attitude control and attitude holding flight mode with satisfactory command response and decoupling characteristics is designed using the proposed control strategy. Analysis and simulation results show that Level 1 handling requirements as defined in ADS-33E are accomplished even when helicopter is under constant wind circumstance.     

四旋翼无人飞行器控制算法设计

针对Qball-X4四旋翼无人飞行器的自身特点,建立系统的非线性模型,采用姿态内环和位置外环的双闭环控制算法。线性二次型调节器（LQR）可以快速简便地求解出最优的状态反馈控制率,并且具有良好的鲁棒性,因而利用LQR控制算法来控制姿态内环。由于PID控制算法结构简单、鲁棒性强,因而控制位置外环。通过Matlab/Simulink和飞行试验对控制算法进行仿真和验证,结果表明,设计的控制算法能成功地实现飞行器的悬停控制,并达到较好的控制效果。     

Robust Flight Control Using Nonsmooth Optimization for a Tandem Ducted Fan Vehicle

This work addresses the aerodynamic modeling and near‐hover‐flight control design for an unconventional aerial robot of the tandem ducted fan configuration, which is intended to be prototypical of a flight service vehicle. The main model elements of this novel unmanned vehicle, which exhibit highly nonlinear and unstable open‐loop modes, are presented. A frequency‐domain controllability analysis concerning the plant's behavior around the hovering flight condition is then adopted to determine the expected control performance, which is of important practical significance to controllability improvement through vehicle design changes. A robust controller that stabilizes the unmanned vehicle under wind disturbances is designed using a newly developed nonsmooth optimization algorithm, which rigorously and efficiently tunes the arbitrarily predefined structured controller against multiple control requirements. A successive two‐loop architecture is employed in the designed controller. In this architecture, the inner loop provides stability augmentation and decoupling, and the outer loop guarantees the desired velocity tracking performance. Simulation results under stochastic wind gusts are presented to verify the performance of the proposed controllers. Preliminary flight tests are also carried out to demonstrate the performance of the system.     

A HIL Testbed for Initial Controller Gain Tuning of a Small Unmanned Helicopter

A Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) testbed design for small unmanned helicopters which provides a safe and low-cost platform to implement control algorithms and tune the control gains in a controlled environment is described. Specifically, it allows for testing the robustness of the controller to external disturbances by emulating the hover condition. A 6-DOF nonlinear mathematical model of the helicopter has been validated in real flight tests. This model is implemented in real-time to estimate the states of the helicopter which are then used to determine the actual control signals on the testbed. Experiments of the longitudinal, lateral and heading control tests are performed. To minimize the structural stress on the fuselage in case of controller failure or a subsystem malfunction, a damping system with a negligible parasitic effect on the dynamics of the helicopter around hover is incorporated. The HIL testbed is capable of testing the helicopter in hover, as well as on any smooth trajectories such as cruise flight, figure-8, etc. Experimentally tuning the controller on the HIL testbed is described and results in a controller which is robust to the external disturbances, and achieves an accuracy of ±2.5 cm in the position control on the longitudinal and lateral trajectory tracking, and ±5 deg accuracy around the yaw axis on the heading trajectory tracking.     

A Quadrotor Test Bench for Six Degree of Freedom Flight

This paper focuses on the system identification of a small unmanned helicopter in hover or low-speed flight conditions. A novel genetic algorithm including chaotic optimization operation named chaos-genetic algorithm (CGA) is proposed to identify the linear helicopter model. Based on the input-output data collected from real flight tests, the identification performance of CGA is compared with those calculated by the traditional genetic algorithm (TGA) and the prediction error method (PEM). The accuracy of the identified model is verified by simulation in time domain. Additionally, the small unmanned helicopter is stabilized by a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) regulator based on the proposed identified model. In the automatic flight experiments, the achievement of automatic take-off and landing, hovering performance within a 1.2?m diameter circle and point-to-point horizontal polyline flight also demonstrates the accuracy of the identified model and the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Nonlinear robust sliding mode control of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle based on immersion and invariance method

We present an asymptotic tracking controller for an underactuated quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle using the sliding mode control method and immersion and invariance based adaptive control strategy in this paper. The control system is divided into two loops: the inner‐loop for the attitude control and the outer‐loop for the position. The sliding mode control technology is applied in the inner‐loop to compensate the unmatched nonlinear disturbances, and the immersion and invariance approach is chosen for the outer‐loop to address the parametric uncertainties. The asymptotic tracking of the position and the yaw motion is proven with the Lyapunov based stability analysis and LaSalle's invariance theorem. Real‐time experiment results performed on a hardware‐in‐the‐loop‐simulation testbed are presented to validate the good control performance of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于PID和LQR的四旋翼无人机控制系统研究

为提高四旋翼无人机的飞行稳定性、无人飞行器控制系统的鲁棒性和控制精度,以建立的四旋翼无人机飞行控制系统模型为基础,采用现代控制理论与传统控制论相结合的方法,针对姿态角速率、姿态角分别设计内环LQR(线性二次型调节器)控制器,及外环PID控制的双回路闲环控制器.充分利用PID控制器易于掌握且对模型要求精度低、LQR控制器能改善内回路的动态特性和稳态性能的特点,完成四旋翼无人机的飞行控制.通过实验遴选该双闭环控制器相关参数并进行优化,实验结果表明所设计的双回路控制器控制性能指标良好.     

基于双目视觉的小型无人直升机位姿检测

无人直升机的位置与姿态检测是直升机自主飞行控制的基础。基于双目视觉原理,对直升机标志点进行检测并跟踪,利用基于顺序一致性的极线约束匹配方法,对检测到的多个标志点进行立体匹配,计算标志点三维坐标从而得到无人直升机的位置与姿态信息。设计一个基于双目视觉的小型无人直升机空间位姿测量托架,用于飞行控制模型及飞行控制算法的研究及验证。