电子束辐照对小麦粉加工特性及馒头食用品质影响的研究

研究了不同剂量电子束辐照对小麦粉理化性质及加工品质的影响,并将其制成馒头,运用物性测试仪和感官评定方法分析了馒头的食用品质。结果显示:随着辐照剂量增加,小麦粉的降落数值及黏度特性显著下降,当辐照剂量达到5 kGy时,降落数值下降了56.2%,峰值黏度下降至42.7%,回生值下降至35.2%,而吸水量略有提高;面团的最大拉伸阻力逐渐降低,降幅随着辐照剂量的增大而增大,延伸度却逐渐增加,拉伸曲线面积则先增后减;物性测试仪测定结果表明,剂量在1.75 kGy以下时,辐照对馒头的黏附性影响较小,但达到2.75 kGy以上时,馒头的黏附性迅速增大,达到对照样品3倍以上;感官评定结果表明,当小麦所受辐照剂量达到5 kGy时,由其所制作的馒头感官评分低于60分,表明已不宜食用。     

电子束辐照对小麦营养品质和面团流变学特性的影响

采用0、0.83、1.56、2.30、4.93kGy不同剂量的电子束辐照小麦麦仁,研究其对小麦营养品质、面筋质量和面团流变学特性影响。结果表明:不同剂量的电子束辐照对小麦的粗蛋白含量、氨基酸组成与平衡性影响不显著(P>0.05),对湿面筋含量、出粉率无显著影响(P>0.05),但沉淀值、降落数值均随着辐照剂量的增加而下降(P<0.05)。电子束辐照对面团的吸水量、拉伸度影响不显著(P>0.05),但面团弱化度随着辐照剂量的增加而增加(P<0.05)。与未辐照组相比,2.30、4.93kGy剂量辐照时面团形成时间、稳定时间明显下降(P<0.05),0.83、1.56kGy剂量辐照时面团的最大拉伸阻力、50mm处最大拉伸阻力显著增强(P<0.05),0.83kGy剂量辐照时面团的拉伸能量明显提高(P<0.05)。0.83、1.56kGy的辐照剂量可使小麦粉面团筋力增强。     

银杏果粉在小麦粉馒头中的应用研究

文章研究了银杏果粉对小麦粉理化指标以及馒头营养、感官、质构、抑菌的影响。用粉质仪、湿面筋仪、降落数值仪测定银杏果粉对面粉的理化指标，包括稳定时间、湿面筋含量、降落数值的影响。同时用感官方法评价馒头的感官品质。用质构仪测定馒头的质构参数。用菌落总数测定方法测定馒头的菌落总数。试验结果表明，在小麦粉中添加0%～24%的银杏果粉，小麦粉理化指标，包括标稳定时间、湿面筋含量、降落数值呈下降趋势。馒头感官评分呈先增加后下降趋势，馒头中菌落总数呈下降趋势。馒头中蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维含量呈增加趋势。小麦粉中银杏果粉添加量为12%时，馒头的感官品质最佳，比空白提高了6.30%；馒头中蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维含量分别增加2.49%、7.58%、12.0%；菌落总数下降37.5%，霉菌计数下降40.9%。银杏果粉具有提高小麦粉馒头的感官品质、营养价值和抑菌作用，在小麦粉馒头中具有良好的应用价值。     

辐照保鲜技术对碱面条品质特性的影响

采用不同剂量γ射线辐照小麦粉并添加碳酸钠制作碱面条，研究辐照处理对碱面条保质期及品质特性的影响。结果表明：γ射线辐照处理小麦粉可有效降低小麦粉中的菌落总数，当辐照剂量为4 kGy时，小麦粉中菌落总数灭活率高达99%;在1～5 kGy剂量范围内，辐照处理协同碳酸钠作用可以改善碱面条的品质特性和感官评价，并能够有效延长其保质期。相比于未处理的生鲜湿面，当辐照剂量为4 kGy时，可将碱面条的保质期延长至6倍。     

~(60)Co-γ辐照对花生杀菌效果及其品质的影响

为减少有害微生物对花生的污染,本文研究了~(60)Co-γ辐照对花生的杀菌效果以及对其感官品质、理化性质、质构特性和脂肪氧化酶的影响。结果表明:~(60)Co-γ辐照处理可显著降低花生中微生物含量,且随着辐照剂量的增加,杀菌效果越显著;辐照剂量为1.50 k Gy时,菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌的灭菌率分别达到94.58%和95.63%,均达到90%以上;菌落总数、霉菌及酵母菌的辐照杀菌剂量D10分别为2.33 k Gy和1.10 kGy;随着辐照剂量的增加感官评定得分越低,剂量≤1.50 kGy时,花生的感官品质在食用者可接受范围内。剂量为0.00~4.50 kGy时,辐照对花生水分、脂肪、蛋白及脂肪酸无明显影响,当剂量大于1.50 kGy时,仅粗纤维含量出现明显下降;辐照处理会在一定程度上增加花生的硬度,而对内聚性、弹性、胶黏性和咀嚼性则无明显影响;同时,辐照不会脂肪氧化酶产生明显影响。因此,~(60)Co-γ辐照剂量不高于1.50 kGy时,能有效杀灭花生仁中微生物,且最大限度保持花生原有的食用品质。     

辐照对烤鳗制品品质影响

采用60Co-γ射线对烤鳗进行处理,研究其感官、质构特性、微观结构和理化指标的变化. 结论：辐照剂量大于5kGy的实验组,感官与质构特性均出现下降;微观结构在实验辐照范围内变化较小;酸价、挥发性盐基氮含量随辐照剂量的增大而增大,表明辐照促进烤鳗贮藏时脂肪氧化;辐照对维生素A影响明显,3kGy时含量下降了372%,维生素E在辐照剂量9kGy时,含量下降106%;各实验组烤鳗中类氨基酸含量变化不大.     

电子束辐照小麦粉的杀菌效果及对低菌小麦粉品质的影响

为减少有害微生物对小麦粉的污染,本文研究了电子束辐照对小麦粉的杀菌效果以及对其理化性质、流变学品质的影响。结果表明:电子束辐照处理可显著降低小麦粉中的微生物含量,且随着辐照剂量的增加,杀菌效果越显著;菌落总数、霉菌、酵母、蜡样芽孢杆菌、需氧芽孢菌的辐照杀菌剂量D10值分别为1.94、2.12、2.69、2.51和2.46 k Gy;剂量为1~5 kGy时,辐照对小麦粉基本营养成分及氨基酸含量无明显影响;辐照后小麦粉的湿面筋含量、面筋持水率也无明显变化,但面筋指数、降落数值随着剂量增加有所减小;辐照可提高小麦粉面团的吸水率,降低形成时间和稳定时间等;面团的拉伸面积、拉伸阻力和拉伸比例等面团流变学特性参数,均呈现先升高后降低趋势,但变化幅度很小。     

糯小麦粉添加量对配粉流变学特性及馒头品质的影响

将糯小麦粉与普通小麦粉进行梯度配粉,研究不同糯小麦粉添加量对配粉糊化黏度、粉质特性和面团流变学特性的影响;采用质构和感官评价相结合的方法评价其对馒头品质的影响,确定合适的糯小麦配粉比。结果表明：随着糯小麦粉添加量的增加,配粉的糊化温度、峰值黏度、衰减度和回生值等快速黏度分析参数均呈现下降趋势,尤其是回生值降低显著。配粉的吸水量随糯小麦粉添加量的增加逐渐增大,面团的形成时间和稳定时间缩短,粉质指数降低;但当添加量增加至25.0%时,粉质特性各指标均产生显著性改变。不同配粉面团随着醒发时间的延长,面团拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力和拉伸比等指标均呈现一定的增大趋势,但延伸度却随醒发时间延长而降低。糯小麦粉配粉比例对馒头的质构和感官特性具有较大影响,适宜的糯小麦粉配粉比为20.0%～30.0%,25.0%配粉比使馒头具有较好的质构,感官总评分达到最大值。     

添加发芽小麦对小麦粉及制品品质影响

在小麦中添加不同比例的发芽小麦,研究对小麦、小麦粉品质特性及食用品质的影响。选择发芽小麦按照不同比例(1%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%)与正常小麦进行混合,研究发芽小麦不同添加比例对小麦及小麦粉品质特性产生的影响,并对不同添加比例发芽小麦粉制作的馒头和面条食用品质进行评价。结果表明:随着发芽小麦比例含量的增加,混合小麦及小麦粉品质特性指标中除降落数值逐渐减少,其他特性指标与正常小麦相比较无明显变化。对馒头和面条进行蒸煮实验评价,可以看出当发芽小麦含量不超过15%时,对其食用品质无明显影响,但当发芽小麦含量超过20%时,馒头出现粘牙,当发芽小麦含量超过15%时,面条韧性下降,食用品质受到影响,评分值均在80分以下。     

电子束辐照对小麦分离淀粉流变学特性的影响

从经过电子束辐照处理的小麦中提取淀粉,用Brabender连续粘度计研究不同辐照剂量（0、1.0、2.75、4.4kGy）对其流变学特性的影响,并用排阻液相色谱和多角度光散射仪、折光检测器连用技术（HPSEC-MALLS-RI）测定其分子量分布。结果表明：随着辐照剂量的增加,小麦淀粉的Brabender峰值黏度显著降低,冷稳定性升高,凝沉性减弱,当辐照剂量达到4.4kGy时,小麦淀粉的峰值黏度由85.0BU减小到42.0BU,下降了50.6%,回生值下降了88.2%;同时,小麦淀粉重均分子量逐渐下降,且当辐照剂量达到4.4kGy时,小麦淀粉的重均分子量与未辐照相比下降了1个数量级,说明电子束辐照引起了小麦中淀粉分子的降解,平均分子量减小,导致小麦淀粉流变学特性改变,粘度降低。     

The effect of an increased dietary intake of organic selenium on the resistance of rats to ionizing radiation, aflatoxin B1 and infection]

Varying concentrations of the selenium biological compound "Selena" were tested in animals subjected to the action of extremal factors simulating those that affected the population at the territories radiocontaminated as a result of the catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPS (131I and external irradiation in falling down doses). The death rate in the group of animals that were not given "Selena" comprised 30% during 6 months after irradiation, their body mass was 120 g lower as compared to the animals in the group of biological control; among the animals given 0.03 mg of selenium/day the death rate was 4 times lower.     

电子束辐照对蚌肉的保鲜效果

为探究电子束辐照对蚌肉保鲜效果及品质的影响,对0~9 kGy不同剂量电子束辐照处理的蚌肉进行冰藏试验。结果表明:电子束辐照处理能减少蚌肉中的菌落总数,延缓挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值的增加。1、3、5、7和9 kGy剂量的电子束辐照处理的蚌肉货架期分别延长了6、10、12、13和13 d。但5~9 kGy剂量辐照对感官评价、菌落总数、TVB-N及货架期的影响差距不大。电子束辐照在一定程度上加速蚌肉脂肪氧化,且电子束辐照剂量越大,硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)上升越快,最大值越大。同时7~9 kGy剂量电子束辐照后蚌肉中各类氨基酸的含量有不同程度的降低。综合考虑,5 kGy剂量电子束辐照处理对蚌肉的保鲜效果较优。     

多元法分析高能电子束辐照对白芷挥发性成分的影响

为探究高能电子束辐照对白芷挥发性成分的影响,设置不同辐照剂量处理白芷样品,采用电子鼻结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术分析其辐照前后主要成分的变化。结果表明,白芷经高能电子束1、3、5、7、10 kGy剂量辐照处理后,分别鉴定出54、64、59、53、58 种化合物,对照组（0 kGy处理）样品检测出17 种化合物。辐照处理使样品挥发性成分增多,主要贡献风味的物质为醛类、酯烃类,同时辐照后样品产生了酮类化合物,且随着辐照剂量的增大,醛、酮类物质相对含量增加。利用主成分分析、线性判别分析、聚类分析和偏最小二乘法统计分析数据,将辐照样品分为0～3 kGy和5～10 kGy两类,即不高于3 kGy剂量的辐照处理对白芷气味无明显影响,高能电子束不同辐照剂量对白芷挥发性成分影响不相同。为高能电子束辐照处理白芷样品对其品质所产生的影响提供理论依据和参考,也为高能电子束在食药两用资源方面的辐照应用提供一定的基础。     

Radiolysis products and sensory properties of electron-beam-irradiated high-barrier food-packaging films containing a buried layer of recycled low-density polyethylene

The aim was to study the effect of electron-beam irradiation on the production of radiolysis products and sensory changes in experimental high-barrier packaging films composed of polyamide (PA), ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Films contained a middle buried layer of recycled LDPE, while films containing 100% virgin LDPE as the middle buried layer were taken as controls. Irradiation doses ranged between zero and 60 kGy. Generally, a large number of radiolysis products were produced during electron-beam irradiation, even at the lower absorbed doses of 5 and 10 kGy (approved doses for food ‘cold pasteurization’). The quantity of radiolysis products increased with irradiation dose. There were no significant differences in radiolysis products identified between samples containing a recycled layer of LDPE and those containing virgin LDPE (all absorbed doses), indicating the ‘functional barrier’ properties of external virgin polymer layers. Sensory properties (mainly taste) of potable water were affected after contact with irradiated as low as 5 kGy packaging films. This effect increased with increasing irradiation dose.     

辐照对大豆膳食纤维粉品质变化影响

为探索辐照处理对大豆膳食纤维粉品质变化的影响,本研究采用0、2、4、6、8、10 kGy辐照处理大豆膳食纤维粉,通过扫描电镜分析、傅里叶红外光谱扫描表征不同辐照剂量对其微观结构和基本结构的影响;并对比辐照前后膳食纤维组成成分、持水力、结合水力、黏度、色泽的变化,以及辐照对微生物数量的影响。研究结果表明,与未经辐照处理的大豆膳食纤维粉相比,辐照后的大豆膳食纤维微观结构更为蓬松,理化性质明显改善。在4～8 kGy辐照剂量范围内,SDF含量增加了16.88%,IDF含量减少了13.74%,持水力最大为18.37 g/g,结合水力最大为32.84 g/g,黏度提高,色泽白度降低。经辐照的大豆膳食纤维粉,菌落总数减少,霉菌、酵母菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌含量符合国家限量标准。     

Cystone,an ayurvedic herbal drug imparts protection to the mice against the lethal effects of gamma-radiation: a preliminary study

The effect of 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 160 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) of aqueous extract of cystone (an ayurvedic herbal medicine) administered intraperitoneally was studied on the radiation-induced mortality in mice exposed to 10 Gy of gamma-radiation. Treatment of mice with different doses of cystone, consecutively for five days before irradiation, delayed the onset of mortality and reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when compared with the non-drug treated irradiated controls. The pretreatment of mice with different doses of cystone before exposure to 10 Gy of gamma-radiation resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in the survival up to 40 mg/kg b.wt., where the highest number of survival (55.55%) was observed by 30 days post irradiation, when compared with the 10 Gy irradiated control (6.66%). Thereafter, the number of survivors declined and reached a nadir at 160 mg/kg, where no survivors could be observed. The optimum protection against irradiation was observed for 40 mg/kg cystone, where the highest number of survivors were reported by 30 days post irradiation and it was 8.34-fold greater than that of the irradiated control group.     

Effect of gamma-radiation and microwave heating on endosperm microstructure in relation to some technological properties of wheat grain

Grains of the Polish winter wheat variety Begra were subject to gamma-radiation (60Co) within the dose range of 0.05-10 kGy and microwave treatment from 15 to 180 s, the latter resulting in a bulk grain temperature ranging from 28 to 98 degrees C. Both processes were responsible for marked structural changes of wheat kernel endosperm and were pronounced with increasing dose of ionizing radiation or with prolonged time of microwave treatment. Endosperm microstructures of wheat kernels treated with gamma-radiation ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 kGy did not differ from that of untreated ones. Only some changes in the structure of starch granules and proteins were observed at doses of 1, 5 and 10 kGy. Simultaneously at the doses of 5 and 10 kGy a statistically significant decrease of falling number, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation values, dough stability and energy were observed, while dough weakening progressed. Microwave treatment longer than 90 s caused marked changes in kernel endosperm structure. Some changes of proteins caused by denaturation created visible fibrils as well as high swelling and deformation of starch granules. This was followed by an increase in the falling number value, decrease in the estimated results of SDS sedimentation test, lowering of the percent of gluten washed out and of the dough energy, respectively. Also a significant decrease in bread quality expressed by volume and score was observed with increasing time of exposure to microwave.     

Cystone,an ayurvedic herbal drug imparts protection to the mice against the lethal effects of γ‐radiation: A preliminary study

The effect of 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 160 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) of aqueous extract of cystone (an ayurvedic herbal medicine) administered intraperitoneally was studied on the radiation‐induced mortality in mice exposed to 10 Gy of γ‐radiation. Treatment of mice with different doses of cystone, consecutively for five days before irradiation, delayed the onset of mortality and reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when compared with the non‐drug treated irradiated controls. The pretreatment of mice with different doses of cystone before exposure to 10 Gy of γ‐radiation resulted in a dose‐dependent elevation in the survival up to 40 mg/kg b. wt., where the highest number of survival (55.55%) was observed by 30 days post irradiation, when compared with the 10 Gy irradiated control (6.66%). Thereafter, the number of survivors declined and reached a nadir at 160 mg/kg, where no survivors could be observed. The optimum protection against irradiation was observed for 40 mg/kg cystone, where the highest number of survivors were reported by 30 days post irradiation and it was 8.34‐fold greater than that of the irradiated control group.