畜产品中铜残留的风险性评价

为提高畜产品的安全性,从危害识别、危害描述、暴露评估、风险描述等方面对畜产品中铜超标的风险进行评估,运用风险评估软件@RISK4.5 建立畜产品中铜的风险评估模型,通过风险评估模型推断某市畜产品铜超标概率。     

畜产品中洛克沙胂的安全性评价

运用风险评估原理,通过动物毒理学实验,并结合某市畜产品中洛克沙胂抽样检验结果,进行洛克沙胂的危害识别。并运用风险评估软件@Risk5.5 建立畜产品中洛克沙胂的风险评估模型,并由此推断出某市大型超市和小型市场中洛克沙胂的超标概率,为规范洛克沙胂的使用、促进食品安全及向相关部门提供食品安全风险管理依据。     

畜产品的安全隐患及其根治对策

随着物质生活水平的提高，人们对畜产品的质量和安全卫生提出了更高的要求。而当前畜牧业生产中存在着片面追求数量和经济效益，违规生产的现象，致使畜产品质量低劣，卫生不达标，药物残留，有害物质超标，严重危害了消费者的身体健康，制约了畜产品的出口，降低了我国畜产品的国际竞争力。     

亚硝酸盐在熟肉制品中的安全性评价

本实验利用风险评估理论,结合某市熟肉制品种类,通过动物实验及其结果分析,确定亚硝酸盐危害以及致病机理,通过对某市熟肉制品的抽样调查检验,运用风险评估软件@RISK4.5建立了熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐的风险评估模型.通过模犁可以推断出某市中大型超市,小型市场中熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐超标的概率,为促进食品安全,保护消费者健康及有关部门进行食品安全的风险管理提供依据.     

德国拒绝新西兰葡萄酒入关

一德国葡萄酒公司拒绝接受4000箱新西兰黑比诺葡萄酒上岸,声称这些葡萄酒含铜量超标。 据新西兰第一大报纸（NZ Herald）报道,这批出口到德国的黑比诺酒在商标上标注的铜含量为3．6ppm,而欧盟的标准是铜残留低于1ppm。因为在新西兰出口证明中没有进行的铜检测,因此,其他出口葡萄酒也可能存在铜超标问题,国内葡萄酒市场也是如此。     

浅谈动物性食品——畜产品质量安全

我国是世界上最大的畜产品生产和消费大国,虽然基本解决了食物质量的安全,但畜产品质量问题仍存在,畜产品因兽药残留和其他有毒有害物质超标造成的餐桌污染和引发的中毒事件时有发生。畜     

连云港市食品和生活饮用水中镉的调查结果及其风险评估

目的利用风险分析评估原理,了解连云港市居民膳食中镉摄入水平并对镉进行风险评估。方法根据2012—2013年连云港市食品和生活饮用水中镉的调查数据,计算居民膳食中镉摄入水平,使用中位数点评估风险评估方法实施镉危害风险评估。结果连云港市居民粮食、饮水等镉含量符合标准,而贝类食品镉含量超标达18%,是国家标准的3.75倍,总体上该市居民镉摄入水平是安全的。结论连云港市居民膳食中镉摄入量是安全的。由于连云港海域贝类样品镉超标现象存在,建议加强食用贝类较多的个体镉摄入量和危害的监测。     

辽宁省大米中甲基汞的安全性评价

目的：为了给辽宁地区大米安全食用、质量管理提供可靠依据,对辽宁地区的4个城市120批次样品中甲基汞进行液相色谱-原子荧光联用检测,根据检测数据运用风险评估软件RISK@7.5、急性膳食摄入风险评估%ARfD和慢性膳食摄入风险评估%ADI等指标对辽宁地区大米进行甲基汞膳食摄入风险评估,用大份餐LP、每日允许摄入量计算最大残留限量估计值(eMRL)。结果表明,辽宁地区甲基汞的检出数量为26,检出率为21.7%,超标样品量为2,超标率为1.67%,建立辽宁地区大米中甲基汞的风险评估模型,通过模型可以模拟出辽宁地区大米中甲基汞的平均流行率=21.4%,推断出辽宁地区一般大型商场超级市场的大米中检出甲基汞种类数量小于6种的概率小于5%,大于12种的概率小于5%,一般中、小型超级市场及早市中大米检出甲基汞种类小于1种的概率小于5%,大于7种的概率小于5%。其中至少有一种样品甲基汞检出的概率为95.6%。辽宁地区一般大型商场超市大米中甲基汞超标种类小于0种的概率小于5%大于3种的概率小于5%,一般为1-3种,辽宁地区一般中、小市场及早市中大米产品中甲基汞超标种类大于0种的概率小于5%而大于1种的概率小于5%,一般为1种。甲基汞的急性膳食摄入风险(%ARfD)为0.9382%、慢性膳食摄入风险评估%ADI甲基汞为0.11%,风险均为可接受,最大残留估计限量值为0.829mg/kg。     

西藏不同地区畜产品中矿质元素的含量测定及比较分析

摘 要：目的 分析西藏不同地区畜产品中矿质元素的富集规律。本研究以西藏4个地市（拉萨、林芝、日喀则、山南）162份畜产品为研究对象。方法 采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法 (Inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry,ICP－MS) 法测定西藏4地市畜产品样品中的Na、Mg、K、Ca、Mn、Fe、Sr、Cu、Zn、Se、Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Hg等15种矿质元素含量。对其所含重金属元素进行测定分析,同时分析不同地区畜产品中矿质元素含量的差异性。结果 各元素均呈良好的线性关系, 相关系数在0.9968~0.9999,畜产品中15种矿质元素检测方法的检出限为0.0000067~0.0638 mg/kg。不同地区畜产品中矿质元素的含量为 K、Na、Mg较高,Ca、Zn、Fe、Cu次之,具有潜在生理毒性的重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Hg含量较低。由4地市畜产品重金属元素检测结果得出,林芝和山南的畜产品中均未检出Cd;日喀则的畜产品中均未检出总As;拉萨和日喀则畜产品中Cd、总Hg均超标。矿物质中由矿质元素含量检测可知,含量最高的常量元素是K,含量均明显高于其它矿质元素,含量最高的微量元素是Fe,。此外,日喀则的畜产品中Mn元素含量均远高于其他它地市。并对不同地区畜产品中矿质元素含量进行分析,明确西藏不同地区畜产品中矿质元素含量的差异。结论 西藏不同地区畜产品中矿质元素含量存在一定差异性。     

中药渣及袋栽平菇中重金属含量的研究

用原子吸收分光光度法对药渣及用药渣栽种的平菇中重金属元素铅、铜、镉含量进行了测定,并用单项累积污染超标倍数Pe进行评价。结果表明:药渣中铜、铅、镉均被检出,铜的平均含量为14.32 mg/kg,镉的平均含量为0.212 5 mg/kg,均低于中国药典2005版和绿色行业标准的限量标准;铅平均含量为8.356 mg/kg,高于中国药典2005版和绿色行业标准1.67倍,其单项累积污染超标倍数Pe为0.67。用药渣栽种的平菇(试验组)中重金属铅、镉均未检出,说明平菇对药渣中的铅未产生富集现象,铜平均含量为9.199 mg/kg,低于国家食品(蔬菜、食用菌)卫生限量标准,平菇中铜、铅、镉含量是安全的。     

我国畜禽内脏食用安全指标检测分析

目的了解我国食用畜禽内脏的重金属污染和药物残留情况。方法随机抽检全国29个省/市/自治区/兵团市场上销售的772份畜禽内脏样品,并采用国家标准检测方法对重金属污染物(铅、镉、总汞、总砷和铜)和违禁药物(克伦特罗、莱克多巴胺、沙丁胺醇、金刚烷胺和硝基呋喃类)残留情况进行检测分析,同时根据评价标准进行判定。结果 327份猪肝脏样品中,镉、铅、总汞、总砷、铜的超标率分别为2.14%、0.61%、3.98%、1.22%、6.12%,克伦特罗和沙丁胺醇的检出率分别为0.61%和0.31%;84份猪心脏样品中,镉、铅和总汞的超标率分别为3.57%、2.38%和5.95%;88份猪肾脏样品中总汞超标率为11.36%;43份猪肠、32份猪胃中镉超标率分别为2.33%和3.13%。71份鸡肫中镉、总汞和总砷的超标率分别为5.63%、7.04%、21.13%;69份鸡肝脏、31份鸡心脏中总汞超标率分别为11.59%、22.58%;鸭肫的重金属含量与药物残留情况均未发现不合格样品。结论我国畜禽内脏制品重金属污染比例相对较高,存在一定的食品安全风险。     

黑龙江畜禽肝脏中铜元素含量监测及污染评价

目的 测定黑龙江省市售畜禽肝脏中铜元素含量。方法 采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)检测畜禽动物肝脏中铜元素含量;以单因子污染指数和综合污染指数评价法分析畜禽动物肝脏中铜元素污染指数。结果 畜禽肝脏中铜元素总平均浓度为40.014 mg/kg。铜元素在畜禽中浓度水平依次为:鹅肝(150.125mg/kg)>羊肝(123.202mg/kg)>牛肝(41.218mg/kg)>鸭肝(36.950 mg/kg)>猪肝(14.476 mg/kg)>鸡肝(4.695 mg/kg)。按单因子污染指数法评价,鸡肝和猪肝均值的污染指数在安全范围内,未受污染,鸭肝和牛肝在轻度污染范围内,羊肝和鹅肝达到重度污染。按综合污染指数法评价,畜禽动物肝脏铜综合污染指数达到重污染级别。结论 黑龙江省畜禽动物肝脏中铜元素总体具有潜在食品安全风险,需进一步明确铜元素污染源头,做好畜禽动物肝脏中铜元素水平的持续监测与风险评估。     

Evaluation of potential human health risk associated with consumption of edible products from livestock fed ration supplemented with Red Lake Diatomaceous Earth

ABSTRACT

Red Lake Diatomaceous Earth (DE) is a naturally occurring blend of diatomaceous earth and calcium bentonite that can be used as an anti-caking agent in animal feed and contains naturally occurring dioxins. A quantitative risk assessment was conducted to assess potential human health risk associated with consumption of edible tissues from livestock exposed to dioxins via feed containing Red Lake DE. Empirical data characterising the transfer of dioxins to eggs and other tissues in chickens demonstrate that resulting concentrations in eggs are lower than those found in the general food supply. These data also provided product-specific input for a risk assessment conducted both with default parameters and with media-specific input from the feed study. Results demonstrate that exposure to dioxins in edible tissue from livestock that consumed Red Lake DE in feed would not be associated with an increased risk to humans. Findings from this assessment highlight the utility and importance of accounting for bioavailability as part of health-based risk assessment and provide information critical to risk managers in determining the safe use of Red Lake DE as an anticaking agent in livestock and pet feed.     

Transfer of chemicals from feed to animal products: The use of transfer factors in risk assessment

The human risk assessment of feed contaminants has often been hampered by a lack of knowledge concerning their behaviour when consumed by livestock. To gain a better understanding of the transfer of contaminants from animal feed to animal products, a meta-analysis of public literature was made. Data concerning feed contaminant concentrations, feeding periods, residue levels in animal products, and other parameters were gathered and recorded. For each case a 'transfer factor', which was defined as the ratio of the concentration of a chemical in an animal product to the concentration of the chemical in animal feed, was calculated. Scientifically founded transfer factors were calculated and analysed for groups of chemicals based on their contaminant classes or physicochemical properties. These database-derived transfer factors enable a more accurate risk assessment in the case of a feed contamination, and enable rapid risk management decision-making and/or intervention.     

畜产品加工过程中的食品安全问题与对策

目前,我国畜禽产品的安全质量存在很多问题,突出表现在:畜禽疫病种类多,发病范围广,畜禽产品中农药残留,兽药残留、重金属含量等超标严重。我们应积极采取有效措施,建设无公害畜禽产品生产、加工基地,确保畜产品质量安全。     

冷鲜肉中致病菌定量风险评估研究进展

随着生鲜畜禽产品消费需求的增加,食源性致病菌在冷鲜肉加工、贮藏和消费过程中的存在与消长规律及其消费者健康的影响逐渐进入公众视野,其引发的食品安全风险逐渐受到重视。微生物定量风险评估（quantitative microbialriskassessment,QMRA）是此类食品安全风险分析的核心,为冷鲜肉加工过程中危害分析与关键控制点、食品安全目标与法规的制定提供了理论依据。我国自《食品安全法》颁布、食品安全风险评估中心成立以来,QMRA工作已取得一定进展。本文对近年来在畜禽肉制品中已开展的常见的食源性致病菌的定量风险评估进行归纳,并对过程风险模型、模块化过程风险模型与组学技术在QMRA中的研究进展进行综述,总结了QMRA在生鲜肉食品安全管理中的应用现状,以期为冷鲜肉中的致病菌定量风险评估发展应用提供参考。     

Recent advances in environmental risk assessment of transformation products

When micropollutants degrade in the environment, they may form persistent and toxic transformation products, which should be accounted for in the environmental risk assessment of the parent compounds. Transformation products have become a topic of interest not only with regard to their formation in the environment, but also during advanced water treatment processes, where disinfection byproducts can form from benign precursors. In addition, environmental risk assessment of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals requires inclusion of human metabolites as most pharmaceuticals are not excreted into wastewater in their original form, but are extensively metabolized. All three areas have developed their independent approaches to assess the risk associated with transformation product formation including hazard identification, exposure assessment, hazard assessment including dose-response characterization, and risk characterization. This review provides an overview and defines a link among those areas, emphasizing commonalities and encouraging a common approach. We distinguish among approaches to assess transformation products of individual pollutants that are undergoing a particular transformation process, e.g., biotransformation or (photo)oxidation, and approaches with the goal of prioritizing transformation products in terms of their contribution to environmental risk. We classify existing approaches for transformation product assessment in degradation studies as exposure- or effect-driven. In the exposure-driven approach, transformation products are identified and quantified by chemical analysis followed by effect assessment. In the effect-driven approach, a reaction mixture undergoes toxicity testing. If the decrease in toxicity parallels the decrease of parent compound concentration, the transformation products are considered to be irrelevant, and only when toxicity increases or the decrease is not proportional to the parent compound concentration are the TPs identified. For prioritization of transformation products in terms of their contribution to overall environmental risk, we integrate existing research into a coherent model-based, risk-driven framework. In the proposed framework, read-across from data of the parent compound to the transformation products is emphasized, but limitations to this approach are also discussed. Most prominently, we demonstrate how effect data for parent compounds can be used in combination with analysis of toxicophore structures and bioconcentration potential to facilitate transformation product effect assessment.     

猪肉及其制品中非伤寒沙门菌定量风险评估研究进展

非伤寒沙门菌是全球重要的食源性致病菌之一,主要通过污染的畜禽食品感染人类。本文综述了国外猪肉及其制品中非伤寒沙门菌定量风险评估研究现状,重点解析常用模型,并分析我国猪肉中非伤寒沙门菌定量风险评估目前存在的挑战,以期为进一步开展相关风险评估提供参考依据。