鱼皮明胶/羧甲基壳聚糖复合膜的制备工艺优化

目的 优化鱼皮明胶/羧甲基壳聚糖复合膜的制备工艺。方法 选择成膜液浓度、鱼皮明胶:羧甲基壳聚糖质量比、甘油:山梨醇质量比、pH、增塑剂比例、增塑剂浓度、加热温度、加热时间等因素,以拉伸强度、断裂伸长率为优化指标,结合单因素和正交实验,得到最佳制备工艺参数。结果 成膜液浓度为5%、鱼皮明胶与羧甲基壳聚糖质量比8:2、pH 7.9、增塑剂浓度40%、甘油和山梨醇质量比1:1、加热温度60℃、加热时间80 min为最佳制备工艺,复合膜拉伸强度为(22.83±0.80) MPa,断裂伸长率为138.36%±1.53%。结论 本研究确定了复合膜的最佳制备工艺条件,得到满足GB/T 21302—2007《包装用复合膜、袋通则》食品内包装强度要求的复合膜,拉断力达到国家4级要求,断裂伸长率达到国家3级要求,为保护生态环境和水产资源副产物的开发利用提供新的参考。     

单宁酸和芦丁对马哈鱼鱼皮明胶凝胶性质的影响

为提高鱼皮明胶的凝胶性能,探究了不同质量分数单宁酸、芦丁及二者的氧化态(0％、2％、4％、6％和8％)对马哈鱼鱼皮明胶凝胶强度、色差、微观结构、T2弛豫性质、十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PA...     

鱼皮明胶：凝胶特性的影响因素及其改善方法

随着食品和制药行业对不同种类胶原蛋白和明胶的需求不断增加,开发替代哺乳动物明胶的新型原料越来越受到人们的关注。哺乳动物明胶(猪和牛)作为最广泛使用的明胶来源,由于人畜共患病与风俗习惯等方面的问题,其应用受到了一定程度的限制。鱼明胶具有与猪明胶相似的特性,可以作为哺乳动物明胶的替代品应用于食品中。鱼明胶的生产和利用不仅能够提高渔业副产物的利用价值,而且可满足消费者需求。但鱼皮明胶在实际生产加工过程中,其凝胶特性与哺乳动物明胶相比还存在差距,需进一步改善。根据明胶本身的性质或加入其他材料,可以提高胶体的性能,达到增强凝胶特性的效果。文章对影响鱼皮明胶凝胶性能的各种因素进行了总结,以便更好地理解和认识相关问题及研究进展,以期为后期的研究工作提供参考。     

鱼皮明胶的氨基酸组成分析

采用离子色谱法测定鱼皮明胶的氨基酸组成.建立18种氨基酸的检测方法学,并测定明胶中的各氨基酸含量,结果表明鱼皮明胶中甘氨酸含量达到18.66％,必需氨基酸含量16.40％.该方法操作简便、稳定可行,可为明胶的质量控制提供检测依据,为蛋白类产品的氨基酸检测方法提供参考.     

提取温度对罗非鱼皮明胶理化性质的影响

本研究以罗非鱼皮为原料,研究在不同温度(30、40、50、60、70、80、90℃)下提取的明胶所表现的得率、凝冻强度、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析、傅里叶红外光谱分析、热变性温度、流变性性能等理化特征。结果表明,提取温度对鱼皮明胶的紫外吸收无明显影响;随着提取温度的升高,鱼皮明胶的得率逐渐增大,在提取温度为60~80℃时差异不显著(p>0.05),在90℃达到最大值(62.60%±0.84%);聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显示,较低温度(30、40、50℃)下提取的鱼皮明胶由α₁、α₂、β 3条肽链组成,提取温度升高后电泳条带强度降低;提取温度为50℃时,罗非鱼皮明胶的凝冻强度最大,高达(884.33±26.76)g;FTIR光谱显示,不同温度下提取的鱼皮明胶在酰胺区都具有特征吸收峰,在光谱中显示出微小的差异;不同温度下提取的鱼皮明胶的热变性温度分别为(101.05±2.97)、(104.35±3.54)、(107.59±0.37)、(97.80±4.21)、(95.35±2.60)、(92.52±3.15)、(89.66±1.23)℃;提取温度通过改变明胶的分子量大小影响明胶溶液内部贮藏能量的多少,进而对明胶溶液的流变性能产生影响。     

兔皮明胶提取工艺优化

以兔皮为原料,研究稀盐酸短时诱导兔皮制备明胶的工艺。以明胶提取率和凝胶强度为评价指标,对兔皮明胶制备工艺中的盐酸质量分数、盐酸处理时间、提胶pH值、提胶温度4 个因素进行了优化,在此基础上通过正交试验确定最佳工艺为盐酸质量分数1%、盐酸处理时间10 min、提胶温度65 ℃、提胶pH 4。在此工艺条件下明胶提取率高达（86.85±1.71）%,凝胶强度为（481.43±16.89）g。明胶基本性质符合GB 6783-2013《食品添加剂：明胶》要求。     

鱼皮明胶蛋白对淡水鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为了高效利用丰富的淡水鱼资源,提高淡水鱼糜制品的品质,以淡水鱼糜为原料,利用罗非鱼皮提取明胶蛋白,探讨了添加鱼类明胶蛋白对淡水鱼糜凝胶形成性能的影响。结果表明,利用鱼皮提取的明胶中鲜味氨基酸占总氨基酸含量56.8%,表明鱼皮明胶具有一定的营养价值。将鱼皮明胶添加到鲢鱼鱼糜中,可以提高鱼糜凝胶的破断强度和保水性能,如当其添加量为鱼糜蛋白含量10%时,破断强度提高20%,失水率下降35%。根据鱼糜凝胶在各种蛋白质变性剂中的溶解性和溶解组分的SDS-PAGE分析结果,鱼皮明胶蛋白主要是通过离子键与鱼糜蛋白结合,进而提高鱼糜凝胶形成能。     

L-阿拉伯糖、增塑剂复合改性鱼皮明胶可食用膜制备工艺研究

以鱼皮明胶为成膜基质,L-阿拉伯糖、甘油和山梨醇为改性剂,采用浇铸法制备可食用膜,以拉伸强度和断裂伸长率为目标优化指标,通过单因素试验及正交试验确定薄膜最佳制备工艺.结果表明:在L-阿拉伯糖和鱼皮明胶质量比2:8、增塑剂(甘油:山梨醇)质量比为2:1、增塑剂浓度20％、水浴温度60℃、水浴时间40 min条件下,可食用...     

安康鱼皮明胶的制备及性质研究

以安康鱼皮为原料,采用碱法(浸灰法)提取鱼皮明胶,通过正交试验法对安康鱼皮明胶的提取工艺进行优化,并分别对明胶黏度、色价、等电点、氨基酸组成进行了测定。结果表明,优选出鱼皮明胶最佳提取工艺为Ca(OH)2质量分数0.2%、料液比为1∶10、提取温度为10℃、浸灰时间7d,明胶的提取率为11.23%。     

没食子酸和芦丁对鱼皮明胶凝胶的溶胀性及水的状态的影响

研究没食子酸和芦丁对鱼皮凝胶的溶胀性及水的状态的影响。结果表明,没食子酸和芦丁均可使凝胶的平衡溶胀率降低,以芦丁的影响较显著。在凝胶溶胀初期,未交联凝胶和没食子酸添加量20mg/g凝胶以及芦丁添加量为6和8mg/g凝胶均表现非Fick扩散过程,而30mg/g没食子酸交联的凝胶表现Fick扩散过程。同时发现,无论是未交联凝胶还是多酚交联凝胶,在溶胀过程中均是凝胶高分子链的松弛过程为速控步骤。通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)对多酚交联凝胶中水的状态分析发现,没食子酸和芦丁对凝胶的平衡水分含量没有明显影响,但可改变凝胶中可冻结水和非冻结结合水的分布。20和30mg/g的没食子酸使凝胶中非冻结结合水含量降低,而6和8mg/g的芦丁却使凝胶中非冻结结合水含量升高。      

Optimization of Gelatin Extraction from Silver Carp Skin

ABSTRACT:  Fish skins are a by-product of the fish processing industry that can be successfully processed into gelatin. This study was designed to optimize the extraction process to obtain the highest yield, gel strength, and viscosity for gelatin production from silver carp skin. A fractional factorial design (2 levels, resolution III, 2^9-5) was chosen to screen 9 parameters to determine the most significant ones. Those found to be significant were optimized to determine the maximum value for 3 dependent variables mentioned above. The hydroxyproline content and hydroxyproline/protein ratio of the skin were 1.7% and 6.5%, respectively. The protein content of the skin was 26%. The hydroxyproline content of the gelatin for the sample giving the highest hydroxyproline/protein ratio was 10.9%. This sample was arbitrarily called pure gelatin and the purity of the remaining samples was between 71.8% and 97%. The highest protein and gelatin recovery was 78.1% and 98.8% of the total available, respectively. The latter, gelatin recovery, is proposed to be used instead of protein yield. Four variables were determined as significant in screening and these variables were studied by a central composite rotatable design (4-factor and 5-level with 6 central points) to model the system and response surface methodology was used for optimization. The optimum extraction conditions were 50 °C for the extraction temperature, 0.1 N HCl for the acid concentration, 45 min for the acid pretreatment time, and finally 4 : 1 (v/w) for the water/skin ratio. The predicted responses for these extraction conditions were 630 g gel strength, 6.3 cP viscosity, and 80.8% gelatin recovery. The data suggest that silver carp skin gelatin is similar to those of fish gelatins currently being exploited commercially.     

鱼鳞明胶与哺乳动物明胶性质的比较

研究了酶法制备的草鱼鱼鳞明胶的理化性质,并将其与哺乳动物明胶的性质作了比较。研究发现,草鱼鱼鳞明胶中富含甘氨酸、脯氨酸、羟脯氨酸和丙氨酸,而亚氨基酸、总疏水性氨基酸的含量以及平均疏水性值要小于哺乳动物明胶;分子质量分布主要以α组分和β组分为主,占明胶分子总量的88%;胶凝温度和熔化温度分别为20.8℃和26.9℃,低于哺乳动物明胶;特性黏度约为0.73;表面疏水性指数为259.59,有较好的乳化性和起泡性。此外发现,明胶的高凝胶强度和胶凝速度主要取决于明胶(α+β)组分的含量,而明胶胶凝和熔化温度则主要取决于亚氨基酸的含量,不同来源明胶的特性黏度η仅与其α组分(α1+α2)的含量存在线性相关。     

鱼鳞明胶的提胶工艺

根据单因素试验结果,利用正交试验,考察了提胶温度、pH值和时间对鱼鳞明胶品质的影响。并得到提胶条件为:提胶温度为55℃,pH值为6,时间为5h。在该条件下明胶的提取率达到58%,6.67%的明胶溶液在60℃时的黏度为8.16mPa·s,7℃下保温18h后凝胶强度为1 202.65g,约290Bloom,凝胶温度和熔化温度分别为20.8℃,26.9℃,等电点约为pH 7,可达到高品质明胶的要求。     

鱼皮明胶的制备、特性及应用

由于传统哺乳动物明胶带来的传染病问题以及穆斯林、犹太等特定消费者的需求,鱼明胶受到了很大的关注。本文叙述了鱼皮明胶的制备方法,并在分析其结构的基础上,论述了鱼皮明胶的胶凝特性、成膜性和感官特性,同时对鱼皮明胶在食品中的应用作了简单介绍。     

Ultraviolet-B Radiation Induced Cross-linking Improves Physical Properties of Cold- and Warm-Water Fish Gelatin Gels and Films

Cold- and warm-water fish gelatin granules were exposed to ultraviolet-B radiation for doses up to 29.7 J/cm(2) . Solutions and films were prepared from the granules. Gel electrophoresis and refractive index were used to examine changes in molecular weight of the samples. Also, the gel strength and rheological properties of the solutions as well as the tensile and water vapor barrier properties of the films were characterized. SDS-PAGE and refractive index results indicated cross-linking of gelatin chains after exposure to radiation. Interestingly, UV-B treated samples displayed higher gel strengths, with cold- and warm-water fish gelatin having gel strength increases from 1.39 to 2.11 N and from 7.15 to 8.34 N, respectively. In addition, both gelatin samples exhibited an increase in viscosity for higher UV doses. For gelatin films, the cold-water fish gelatin samples made from irradiated granules showed greater tensile strength. In comparison, the warm-water gelatin films made from irradiated granules had lower tensile strength, but better water vapor barrier properties. This might be due to the UV induced cross-linking in warm-water gelatin that disrupted helical structures.     

不同提取温度对白鲢鱼皮明胶理化性质的影响

本实验以白鲢鱼皮为原料提取鱼皮明胶,考察不同提取温度（30、50、70、90、100 ℃）对鱼皮明胶得率和理化性质的影响。结果表明：不同温度条件下提取的鱼皮明胶的紫外吸收峰均在波长218 nm左右;明胶提取率在提取温度为90 ℃时最大,为（86.91±0.98）%;50 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶的凝胶强度最大,为（896.75±117.03）g;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显示,30、50 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶由α1、α2、β 3 条肽链组成,70、90、100 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶由于明胶分子的热降解,电泳条带不明显;30、50、70、90、100 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶的热变性温度分别为（97.88±2.65）、（108.66±0.43）、（106.48±3.33）、（100.27±2.37）、（99.56±0.37）℃;提取温度越高,明胶的G’’和G’值越小、流变性能越差。     

Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Pollock Skin Gelatin

ABSTRACT: Seven potential variables, pretreatment temperature, pretreatment time, concentration of OH⁻, concentration of H⁺, extraction temperature, extraction time, and skin/water ratio, were investigated by a 2^7-3 fractional factorial design to identify critical control factors for pollock skin gelatin extraction, and 3 responses, yield, gel strength, and viscosity, were evaluated. The results suggest that 4 variables, pretreatment temperature, concentration of OH⁻, concentration of H⁺, and extraction temperature, have significant effects on gelatin extraction, and these key factors were then selected for the subsequent optimization using response surface methodology with a 4-factor, 5-level central composite rotatable design. It suggests that a concentration of OH⁻ at 0.25 mol/L, a concentration of H⁺ at 0.09 mol/L, a pretreatment temperature at 2°C, and an extraction temperature at 50°C, will give the highest values for the 3 responses. The predicted responses for these extraction conditions are that the yield will be 18%, gel strength will be 460 g, and viscosity will be 6.2 c P.