薯片在油炸过程中品质变化及其货架期预测

为了探究薯片在油炸过程中品质变化,以不同油炸时间马铃薯片为研究对象,测定马铃薯片的品质变化,观察其微观结构并对马铃薯片货架期进行预测。结果表明:随油炸时间的延长,马铃薯片的水分含量降低,含油率升高,脆度变化较大;马铃薯片表面淀粉颗粒糊化逐渐形成凸起和空隙,由于外皮壳的保护作用,空隙先在横断面中出现,薯片内部空隙多于其表面;通过比较脱脂前后薯片,表明薯片与煎炸油之间以物理作用为主;随着薯片贮藏时间的延长,薯片中油脂的酸值、过氧化值和羰基值逐渐增大,根据Arrhenius方程预测薯片在20℃的货架期约为102d。     

VE在棕榈油煎炸过程中的损耗及其对煎炸油品质的影响

以分提棕榈油为原料,在(180±5)℃条件下间歇煎炸薯条,研究VE添加量对煎炸过程中生育酚与生育三烯酚损耗及对油脂品质的影响。结果表明:VE的添加量越多,生育酚的绝对损耗量越大,但并无线性关系;添加VE对棕榈油中内源生育三烯酚具有显著的保护作用,VE的添加量越多,生育三烯酚的损耗越少;VE的添加量越大,抑制酸价升高的效果越好,但是,添加VE对抑制极性组分含量增加无显著性影响,还促进了羰基价的增加及色泽的加深;添加1 000 mg/kg VE可以延长棕榈油的氧化诱导期,而4 000 mg/kg和8 000 mg/kg VE都促进了棕榈油氧化诱导期的缩短;添加4 000 mg/kg和8 000 mg/kg VE可以有效延长棕榈油的煎炸寿命,而添加1 000 mg/kg VE使棕榈油的煎炸寿命略有减小。     

煎炸不同食物对煎炸油品质的影响

为了探究不同食物对煎炸油劣变程度的影响,将大豆油在180℃条件下煎炸鸡胸肉和土豆,连续煎炸7 d,每天煎炸6 h;分别检测煎炸油的酸值、羰基值、总极性成分含量和脂肪酸组成及含量,分析不同食物对煎炸油品质影响的差异性和相关性,并讨论不同食物成分对煎炸油理化指标影响的原因。结果显示:煎炸鸡胸肉的煎炸油的酸值(KOH)、羰基值、总极性成分含量分别上升到3.14 mg/g、66.69 meq/kg、40.02%,各指标之间呈极显著相关性(P0.01),相关系数大于0.95;煎炸土豆的煎炸油的酸值(KOH)、羰基值、总极性成分含量分别上升到1.48 mg/g、192 meq/kg、47.16%,各指标之间呈极显著相关性(P0.01),相关系数大于0.86;煎炸鸡胸肉的煎炸油饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸呈极显著相关性(P0.01),煎炸土豆的煎炸油上述脂肪酸呈显著相关性(P0.05)。煎炸不同食物对煎炸油品质产生不同的影响。     

煎炸油在煎炸过程中脂肪酸组成的变化

以大豆油、棉籽油、棕榈液油和氢化油作为煎炸油,分别进行薯条和鸡翅的煎炸实验。结果表明：在煎炸过程中,各种煎炸油的脂肪酸含量均会发生一定的变化。采用C18:2/C16:0比值变化作为研究煎炸油脂肪劣变的指标,氢化油煎炸过程中C18:2/C16:0比值减少的程度最小(P＜0.05),证明其煎炸过程中脂肪酸的稳定性最好。但对于反式脂肪酸含量变化来说,均没有显著增加(P＞0.05),其中氢化油的反式脂肪酸含量从煎炸前的10.39%降低到煎炸后的6.66%,变化显著(P＜0.05),不过高反式脂肪酸含量的煎炸油在煎炸后其反式脂肪酸含量还保持在较高水平。     

食用油煎炸过程中的品质变化研究

油炸食品是中国的传统食品,深受广大消费者的喜爱。然而食用油随着煎炸时间的延长,逐渐分解聚合,产生大量的严重影响食品品质及风味的醛、酮、酸、聚合物等物质,其对人体的健康存在着潜在的危害,甚至可以致癌。在食用油煎炸过程中,对油脂品质相关的指标(包括酸值、碘值、皂化值、过氧化值、脂肪酸组成、氧化稳定性、黏度、聚合物的含量以及甘一酯、甘二酯和甘三酯的含量)进行检测,结果表明,随着煎炸时间的延长,煎炸油中的聚合物含量大大升高,黏度增大,有少量甘二酯生成,不饱和脂肪酸含量下降,碘值、皂化值降低,酸值、过氧化值升高。     

大豆油煎炸过程中的品质变化研究

以无抗氧化剂精炼大豆油为原料煎炸冷冻薯条,研究了大豆油煎炸过程中脂肪酸组成以及理化指标酸值、羰基值、过氧化值和极性物质的变化,并对脂肪酸组成变化与理化指标变化之间的关系进行了讨论。结果表明:在40 h的煎炸过程中,大豆油饱和及单不饱和脂肪酸含量增加,多不饱和脂肪酸含量减少,且煎炸时间在0~30 h内脂肪酸增加量与减少量基本相当;过氧化值先增大后减小再增大;羰基值先缓慢增加后快速增加再缓慢增加;极性物质先缓慢增加后快速增加;酸值匀速增加;16碳脂肪酸增加量、氢过氧化物分解量及羰基值增加量的变化趋势相吻合。     

煎炸用油品质变化及测定方法研究进展

阐述近年来煎炸油脂的应用和煎炸油脂的品质变化及其测定方法研究进展,着重说明煎炸后酸值、过氧化值、碘值、羰基价、极性组分、脂肪酸组成、皂化值、烯烃的变化规律,并对国内外的测定煎炸油品质的新方法做了介绍。     

葵花籽油在油条煎炸过程中的品质变化研究

以富含油酸、亚油酸的葵花籽油为原料,探讨葵花籽油在煎炸过程中的品质变化。结果表明:葵花籽油在190±5℃煎炸24 h,酸值(KOH)由0.26 mg/g增加至0.89 mg/g,过氧化值由4.40mmol/kg上升为8.20 mmol/kg,羰基值由8.39 meq/kg上升至74.47 meq/kg,丙二醛的含量由0.25mg/100 g上升至2.07 mg/100 g,总反式酸含量由0.45%增加至1.40%,维生素E含量由39.52mg/100 g下降为14.23 mg/100 g,极性组分由3.80%升至35.30%,煎炸12 h羰基值为44.44meq/kg,18 h极性组分含量为26.70%,指标含量已接近GB 7102.1—2003《食用植物油煎炸过程中的卫生指标》相关规定标准。因此,葵花籽油不宜在高温条件下长时间煎炸食品,且煎炸时间不宜超过12 h。     

亚麻籽油在煎炸过程中的品质变化

本文研究了常规煎炸条件下,经过不同煎炸时间的亚麻籽油营养成分、理化指标及有害物质含量,并通过主成分分析对其煎炸性能进行了综合评价。结果表明:未经煎炸的亚麻籽油不饱和度达81.77%,其α-亚麻酸的含量为47.50%,是一种富含多不饱和脂肪酸、高营养价值的食用油。亚麻籽油在170 ℃连续煎炸60 h（5 d）过程中,亚麻籽油的色泽、酸价、过氧化值、折光指数、羰基价、极性组分、生育酚含量、脂肪酸组成均有显著（P<0.05） 变化,煎炸全程没有产生苯并（α）芘;5种主要脂肪酸（α-亚麻酸、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸）含量均呈下降趋势,C17:0以下的五种饱和脂肪酸（辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸）含量均呈逐渐升高的趋势,其余脂肪酸呈下降趋势。通过煎炸性能分析,煎炸35 h后的亚麻籽油的酸价超过国家限量,其他项目均在国家限量范围以内,经综合评估30 h基本到达亚麻籽的煎炸使用极限,在30 h的煎炸时间内是一种健康良好的煎炸用油。     

3种食用油在薯条煎炸过程中的品质变化

以大豆油、葵花籽油、棕榈油为研究对象,探讨在(180±5)℃条件下煎炸薯条,每天连续煎炸4h,共煎炸5d后各食用油理化指标的变化。结果表明:随着煎炸时间延长,3种食用油的色泽加深、黏度增加;酸价(AV)显著增加,但未超过国家标准;碘价(IV)则随着煎炸过程进行而逐步降低;过氧化值(POV)在煎炸过程中均先上升后下降,其中大豆油和葵花籽油的POV呈波动性;煎炸3d后,大豆油、葵花籽油的羰基值(CV)超过或非常接近国家标准50meq O2/kg,煎炸4d后,两种油的极性化合物(TPM)含量超过国家标准;整个煎炸过程中棕榈油的CV和TPM含量均低于大豆油和葵花籽油。     

茶多酚在油炸过程中对马铃薯片品质及其贮藏稳定性的影响

以感官品质、质构特性、理化特性、风味特性以及丙烯酰胺含量为指标,研究茶多酚在连续油炸过程中对马铃薯片品质的影响,并进一步探究茶多酚对马铃薯片贮藏稳定性的影响。结果表明,茶多酚对连续油炸过程中马铃薯片感官品质及硬度值的下降具有抑制作用;茶多酚对连续油炸过程中马铃薯片水分含量和含油率的增加具有明显的抑制作用,并且降低了薯片的含油率,茶多酚组T₂₄批次的马铃薯片含油率为41.96%±2.00%,显著低于空白组的46.29%±1.06%(P<0.05)。同时,与空白对照组相比,茶多酚抑制了马铃薯片劣变风味的产生,明显抑制了马铃薯片中有害物丙烯酰胺的生成。此外,茶多酚能够增加油炸马铃薯片的贮藏稳定性,平均货架期能够延长8 d。初步分析,茶多酚在油炸过程中对油脂品质的保护作用是其能够提高马铃薯片品质的重要原因。     

Potato Chip Quality and Frying Oil Stability of High Oleic Acid Soybean Oil

High oleic soybean (HOSBO) and low linolenic acid soybean (LLSBO) oils were evaluated individually and in a 1:1 blend along with cottonseed oil (CSO) to determine frying oil stabilities and the flavor quality and stability of potato chips. Potato chips were fried in the oils for a total of 25 h. Potato chips and oils were sampled periodically for sensory data, gas chromatographic volatile compounds, free fatty acids, and total polar compounds. Total polar compounds levels decreased with increasing amounts of oleic acid. The LLSBO had the highest overall increase (17.3%) in total polar compounds from 0 to 25 h of frying. Flavor evaluations of fresh and aged (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 wk at 25 °C) potato chips showed differences between potato chips fried in different oil types. Potato chips fried in either LLSBO or in the 1:1 blend had significantly higher intensities of deep fried flavor than the chips fried in HOSBO. Potato chips fried in HOSBO, which had 2% linolenic acid and 1.3% linoleic acid, had significantly higher fishy flavor intensity than chips fried in the other oils. The presence of linoleic acid at a level lower than the amount of linolenic acid probably allowed for the fishy flavors from the degradation of linolenic acid in HOSBO to become more apparent than if the linoleic acid level was higher than linolenic acid. Hexanal was significantly higher in potato chips fried in LLSBO than in the chips fried in the other oils, indicating low oxidative stability during storage. Blending HOSBO with LLSBO in a 1:1 ratio not only improved flavor quality of chips compared with those fried in HOSBO, but also improved oil fry life and oxidative stability of chips compared with LLSBO.     

油炸马铃薯制品煎炸油的劣变及其控制

本文从设计与使用二个方面论述了油炸马铃薯制品煎炸油的选择及其劣变形式和控制手段.     

亲水胶体对真空油炸马铃薯脆片品质的影响

本研究以马铃薯片为原料,将马铃薯片分别浸渍于不同浓度的海藻酸钠(SA)、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、瓜尔豆胶(GU)涂膜液中,以马铃薯脆片水分含量、脂肪含量、硬度、色泽、感官品质为评价指标,并进一步通过扫描电镜研究涂膜处理对真空油炸马铃薯脆片品质的影响。结果表明:SA、CMC、GU均能显著提高马铃薯脆片水分含量(p<0.05),显著降低马铃薯脆片的脂肪含量(p<0.05),SA-1%、CMC-0.75%、GU-1%处理组脂肪含量分别降低了17.22%、40.04%、27.39%;与对照组相比,三种处理组降低了马铃薯脆片的硬度值,对L^*、b^*值大部分影响差异不显著(p>0.05),亲水胶体处理组样品感官评价得分均较高,CMC-0.75%组得分最高(6.86分);扫描电镜结果表明,CMC能较好地保护马铃薯脆片的细胞结构遭受破坏,防止油脂进入脆片内部。CMC-0.75%处理组能降低马铃薯脆片脂肪含量,感官品质较好。     

Effect of Cooking Method (Baking Compared with Frying) on Acrylamide Level of Potato Chips

ABSTRACT:  The effect of cooking method (baking compared with frying) on acrylamide level of potato chips was investigated in this study. Baking and frying experiments were conducted at 170, 180, and 190 °C using potato slices with a thickness of 1.4 mm. Raw potatoes were analyzed for reducing sugars and asparagine. Surface and internal temperatures of potato slices were monitored during the experiments to better explain the results. Fried and baked chips were analyzed for acrylamide content using an LC-MS method. The results showed that acrylamide level of potato chips prepared by frying increased with frying temperature (19.6 ng/g at 170 °C, 39 ng/g at 180 °C, and 95 ng/g at 190 °C). In baking, however, the highest acrylamide level was observed in potato chips prepared at 170 °C (47.8 ng/g at 170 °C, 19.3 ng/g at 180 °C, and 29.7 ng/g at 190 °C). The results showed that baking at 170 °C more than doubled the acrylamide amount that formed upon frying at the same temperature, whereas at 180 and 190 °C, the acrylamide levels of chips prepared by baking were lower than their fried counterparts.     

栀子果油煎炸过程中的品质变化及对油条和薯条的感官影响

为了探究栀子果油煎炸过程中的品质变化,本文选择薯条和油条两种代表性煎炸食材,将栀子果油在煎炸20h内每隔2h的酸价、羰基价、过氧化值和极性组分与大豆油、棕榈油在同等条件下煎炸的理化指标进行比较,结果表明：棕榈油煎炸后的品质较高,栀子果油和大豆油比较相似,栀子果油可以作为煎炸油。但栀子果油连续煎炸12 h时极性组分超过国家现有煎炸油的卫生标准,因此其连续煎炸时间不能超过12 h。同时对1、10、20h煎炸出来的油条和薯条进行感官评价,结果表明：煎炸食材相同时,三种食用油的感官评分无显著性差异（P>0.05）,说明栀子果油对油条和薯条的品质无不良影响,适合作为煎炸油。     

Studying Oil Absorption in Restructured Potato Chips

ABSTRACT: The oil-absorption capacity of different restructured potato chips during deep-fat frying was investigated. Low-leach potato flake was chosen as the major ingredient, whereas native and pregelatinized potato starches were studied as complementary ingredients. Results showed that oil absorption increased significantly when reducing product thickness in all products. Interestingly, it was found that the product containing native potato starch as an ingredient picked up the lowest amount of oil when sheeted into a thick chip, whereas it absorbed the largest amount of oil when sheeted into a thin chip. Those findings were mainly attributed to crust microstructure development as revealed by electron microscopy and confocal microscopy.     

以棉籽油为基料油的煎炸专用调和油煎炸品质的研究

以棉籽油为基料油,添加大豆油、菜籽油、棕榈油进行调配,制成煎炸专用的植物调和油。用制得的煎炸调和油进行不间断地煎炸薯条试验,考察煎炸油在煎炸过程中油脂色泽、理化指标及品质的变化情况。结果表明:煎炸调和油的脂肪酸组成合理,满足单不饱和脂肪酸/多不饱和脂肪酸=4.0:0.6的最佳摄入比例。煎炸过程中色泽变化较慢,极性组分超过27%限量的时间为67 h,酸价由(0.18±0.05) mg/g增加至(3.53±0.10) mg/g,羰基价由(9.42±0.12) meq/kg增加至(36.0±0.14) meq/kg,过氧化值和苯并(α)芘没有明显的变化趋势,丙烯酰胺未检出;与河北地区常用于煎炸的三级棉籽油46 h的煎炸寿命和较高的羰基价、过氧化值和苯并(α)芘相比,配制的煎炸调和油的煎炸寿命延长了18 h,稳定性提高了37%,煎炸薯条的平均含油率为18%煎炸感官效果好,可以作为一种新型煎炸调和油。