Properties of lightweight expanded polystyrene aggregate concretes containing fly ash

Lightweight concretes can be produced by replacing the normal aggregates in concrete or mortar either partially or fully, depending upon the requirements of density and strength levels. The present study covers the use of expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads as lightweight aggregate, both in concrete and mortar. The main aim of this programme is to study the mechanical properties of EPS concretes containing fly ash and compare the results with these in literature on concretes containing OPC alone as the binder. The effects of EPS aggregate on the green and hardened state characteristics of concretes containing fly ash were evaluated. The compressive strength of the EPS concretes containing fly ash show a continuous gain even up to 90 days, unlike that reported for OPC in literature. It was also found that the failure of these concretes both in compression and split tension was gradual as was observed earlier for the concretes containing plastic shredded aggregates. The stress-strain relations and the corresponding elastic modulus were also investigated.     

NaOH-activated ground fly ash geopolymer cured at ambient temperature

NaOH-activated ground fly ash geopolymers, cured at room temperature, were studied in this paper. Ground fly ash (GFA), with a median particle size of 10.5 μm, was used as source material. NaOH concentrations of 4.5-16.5 M (M) were used as an alkali activator. Compressive strength tests and microstructure observations using SEM, EDX, XRD and FTIR were performed. Results indicated that GFA gave higher strength geopolymer paste compared to original fly ash. Ground fly ash could be used as a source material for making geopolymers cured at room temperature. An increase in NaOH concentration from 4.5 to 14.0 M increased the strength of GFA geopolymer pastes. Microstructure studies indicated that NaOH concentrations of 12.0-14.0 M created new crystalline products of sodium aluminosilicate. The compressive strengths at 28 days of 20.0-23.0 MPa were obtained with the NaOH concentrations of 9.5-14.0 M. Increasing the NaOH concentration beyond this point resulted in a decrease in the strength of the paste due to early precipitation of aluminosilicate products.     

利用活化粉煤灰制备高掺量粉煤灰烧结砖

研究了分别经机械和化学活化后的粉煤灰对高掺量粉煤灰烧结砖性能和显微结构的影响。结果表明:用磨细粉煤灰代替原灰配料,可以改善烧结砖的力学性能,尤其是砖的抗压强度能显著提高。当用掺量质量分数为60%的磨细灰制砖时,烧结砖的抗压强度提高至原灰烧结砖的2倍,并且有更为致密的微结构。在粉煤灰砖中加入质量分数为2%的外加剂D进行化学活化后,可明显改善干坯强度,并提高烧结砖的抗压强度。     

Carbon content of fly ash and size distribution of unburnt char particles in fly ash

The type and size of unburnt char particles in 13 fly ash samples were determined microscopically. The samples were collected from a power station fired from an inertinite-rich coal seam. The carbon content of the ash samples ranged from 2.3 to 25.3 wt%. When the carbon content in a fly ash was high, the proportion of coarse char particles, in particular > 10⁶ μm³ particles, was also high. These results suggest that the size distribution of the feedstock coal has a major effect on the carbon content of the fly ash.     

Interaction between sulfate and chloride solution attack of concretes with and without fly ash

In this paper, the two sets of concretes under attack of erosion solution of sulfate and chloride salt were investigated. The one set is the plain concrete without fly ash addition. The other set is the concrete with 20% and 30% of fly ash addition, respectively. The corrosion solution includes three types: 3.5%NaCl, 5% Na₂SO₄, and a composite solution of 3.5%NaCl and 5% Na₂SO₄. In addition, two corrosion regimes were employed in this study: naturally immersion (stored in corrosion solution for long duration), drying-immersion cycles. The damage process of the two sets of concretes was systematically investigated under the above three types of corrosion solutions and two corrosion regimes. The interaction between sulfate and chloride salt was also quantitatively determined. The experimental results shown that a presence of sulfate in the composite solution increased the resistance to chloride ingress into concretes at early exposure period, but the opposition was observed at latter exposure period. For the damage of concretes, a presence of chloride in the composite solution reduces the damage of concrete caused by sulfate. Addition of fly ash may significantly improve the resistance to chloride ingress into concretes and the resistance to sulfate erosion when a suitable amount of fly ash addition and low water-to-binder (W/B) was employed. Studies of the different corrosion regimes indicate that concretes stored in corrosion solution for about 850 d, the changes in relatively dynamic modulus of elastically (RDME) could be described by three stages: linearly increasing period, steady period, and declining period. Whereas for drying-immersion cycles, an accelerated trend could be found. The changes in RDME included an accelerated decreased stage, linearly increased stage, and then a slowly decreased stage, finally accelerating failure stage. In order to elucidate the above experimental results in a microscopic scale, the mechanism was also investigated by the modern microanalysis techniques.     

Uncured and cured state properties of fly ash filled unsaturated polyester composites

Physical properties of fly ash filled unsaturated polyester composites in both uncured and cured states have been studied with special reference to the effect of degree of loading, nature of filler surface, and surface treatment of filler. The effect of filler surface on curing and oil absorption characteristics of filler were also examined. In the uncured state, sedimentation rate test and viscosity measurement for fly ash reinforced composites were performed. For cured fly ash filled unsaturated polyester composites, tensile properties decreased with the addition of fly ash particles whereas surface treatment led to improved mechanical properties and resistance to swelling. In terms of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, effects of both filler and surface treatment on loss factor (tan δ) were discussed. Tan δ value and damping temperature range increased to the 15% fly ash addition. The composite having 15% unsilanized fly ash was found to have the highest tan δ and damping temperature range together with maximum performance in terms of tensile properties and swelling behavior. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 1128–1136, 2000     

Strength development of high strength concretes with and without silica fume under the influence of high hydration temperatures

High performance concretes of high compressive strength are finding increasing applications in many fields of construction such as core walls and columns in tall buildings, long-span bridges and marine structures. In thick cross-sections, the high binder contents of some high strength concretes can result in the development of high in-situ temperatures. The combined influence of limited moist curing and high hydration temperatures may significantly influence the progress of hydration. This can affect the long-term development of in-situ strength and other engineering properties. Knowledge of in-situ strength development under these conditions is needed to ensure safe utilisation of this new generation of construction materials.

This paper presents results of an investigation on the strength development of high strength concretes with and without silica fume subjected to high in-situ temperature conditions. A temperature match conditioning (TMC) system was developed and used to simulate the semi-adiabatic temperature development within medium sized high strength concrete columns. The results of this investigation show that in-situ temperatures of up to 70 °C significantly increased the 7-day strength of a high strength silica fume concrete. Although no strength regression was observed up to 1 year, the silica fume concrete subjected to high early temperatures showed significantly lower strengths when compared to concrete cured at standard temperature. For the silica fume concrete subjected to high early temperatures, non-evaporable water contents suggest little additional hydration beyond 3 days.     

In-situ thermo-mechanical testing of fly ash geopolymer concretes made with quartz and expanded clay aggregates

The mechanical and microstructural properties of geopolymer concretes were assessed before, during and after high temperature exposure in order to better understand the engineering properties of the material. Fly ash based geopolymer concretes with either quartz aggregate or expanded clay aggregate were exposed to various temperatures up to 750 °C using a thermo-mechanical testing apparatus. Microstructural investigations were also undertaken to better understand the measured changes in the mechanical properties. It was found that dehydration of capillary water caused cracking and strength losses at temperatures ≤ 300 °C, an effect that was more severe in the quartz aggregate geopolymer due to its lower permeability. At higher temperatures (T ≥ 500 °C) sintering promoted strength increases which enabled both concrete types to yield significant strength advantages over conventional materials. Stress–mechanical strain curves, which form the basis of the fire design of concrete structures, are reported.     

Strength development and pore size distribution of cement paste cured with high hydrostatic pressure

Compressive strength, pore size distribution and total pore volume of cement pastes cured with high hydrostatic pressure were examined. Compressive strength (S) of paste cured with high hydrostatic pressure (P) is shown in the following formula: S = a · logP + b. Compressive strength of paste having total pore volume (V) is calculated from the following:formula: S = c · V + S_o. When hardened paste cured at atmospheric pressure is placed in high hydrostatic pressure, the larger the strength is, the larger the lowering it becomes.     

Deflocculated refractory concretes with a high cement content

Dependences are provided for the spreadability and mechanical characteristics of deflocculated concretes on the content of microsilica, deflocculant and water. The effect of microsilica on hydration of calcium aluminate cements is discussed. __________ Translated from Novye Ogneupory, No. 1, pp. 44–48, January 2008.     

Strength of corundum concretes

Conclusions Studies were made of the strength properties of corundum concretes containing a hydraulic bond, and an assessment was made of bending strength in relation to the heat-treatment temperature.It is shown that the concretes investigated belong to nonlinearly deformable materials. We determined the true strength of the concretes, which with rise in temperature increases; the strongest are concretes with a bond from hydraulically setting cement — Talum cement.We determined the maximum bending deformation of the concretes. It is shown that the lower the elastic deformation shown by the refractory material before failure then the less catastrophically will the destruction occur.We determined the densities of the full energy of deformation and the elastic energy at temperatures of 120, 1400, and 1750°C. It was established that concretes characterized by maximum strength possess the greatest stock of densities of full and elastic energy.On the basis of the deformation diagrams obtained for nonlinear-elastic concretes we determined the magnitudes of static and dynamic elasticity moduli. The strongest concretes are characterized by the maximum modulus values.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 6, pp. 9–14, June, 1986.     

粉煤灰掺量准确计量与有效控制

1年产100万t水泥粉磨生产线概况介绍 在水泥生产过程中,合理利用工业废渣对环保节能、降低成本、提高企业经济效益具有重要意义.根据"在没有石灰石资源的地区重点发展旋窑熟料水泥粉磨站"的国家产业政策,并考虑就近利用电厂排出的粉煤灰生产水泥,我公司在山东省菏泽市鲁宏工业园投建一条年产100万t的水泥粉磨生产线(以下简称"粉磨站").该粉磨站于2005年8月建成投产,主要生产"鲁宏"牌P·0 42.5、P·O 32.5及P·C32.5水泥,并可根据用户需求生产P·O 52.5及道路水泥."鲁宏"牌水泥现已是我国水泥行业十大品牌之一,已广泛用于国家重点工程.     

粉煤灰在油田开发中的应用

本文在对某热电厂粉煤灰的粒度、化学成分、水化性等性能分析的基础上,介绍了一种以粉煤灰为主剂的水井用调剖剂。经室内实验分析和现场应用的效果分析,证明FP-2型粉煤灰类调剖剂的堵水调剖效果好,为粉煤灰的综合利用找出了一条新的应用途径。     

利用粉煤灰研制高贝利特硫铝酸盐水泥

0前言无水硫铝酸钙(C4A3S)具有早强、高强的特性,而贝利特(β-C2S)具有形成温度低、后期性能好的特点,所以将C4A3S与β-C2S结合研制高贝利特硫铝酸盐水泥必将赋予水泥优异的性能,得到了越来越多的关注[1～3]。本研究用工业废弃料粉煤灰全部取代矾土进行配料,烧制出以β-C2S为主     

Strength and shrinkage properties of mortar containing a nonstandard high-calcium fly ash

A laboratory study was undertaken to assess the compressive and flexural tensile strength and drying shrinkage properties of mortar mixtures containing high-calcium nonstandard Afsin-Elbistan fly ash (FA). Possibility of using Afsin-Elbistan FA in cement-based materials as shrinkage-reducing or compensation agent was also discussed. Five mortar mixtures including control Portland cement (PC) and FA mortar mixtures were prepared. FA replaced the cement on mass basis at the replacement ratios of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. Water-cementitious materials ratio was 0.4 for all mixtures. The mixtures were cured at 65% relative humidity and 20±2 °C. The compressive and flexural tensile strength and drying shrinkage values of the mortar mixtures were measured. The results show that Afsin-Elbistan FA reduced drying shrinkage of the mortar by 40%. Therefore, it was concluded that Afsin-Elbistan FA can be used as a shrinkage-reducing agent. The mortar containing 40% FA expanded. This indicates that Afsin-Elbistan FA may be utilized to compensate drying shrinkage of cement-based materials.     

高钙固硫粉煤灰水热条件下元素的溶出机制

试验用比色法和原子吸收法等分析手段系统地研究了粉煤灰 H2O、粉煤灰 NaOH H2O、粉煤灰 Ca(OH)2 H2O3个系统在不同水热条件下Al、Si、Ca元素溶出浓度。结果表明:温度、反应时间和OH-的浓度是影响离子溶出的主要因素;计算了不同粉煤灰 Ca(OH)2 H2O系统在100℃、12h条件下SiO2的溶出率,高钙固硫粉煤灰中SiO2的溶出率高于普通粉煤灰,用SiO2的溶出率可以表征粉煤灰的活性;粉煤灰与Ca(OH)2的水热反应,可能是一个原地化学反应。     

一种NGD脱硫用粉煤灰f-CaO含量测定方法

为探索一种NGD脱硫用粉煤灰脱硫活性的快速评价方法,采用蔗糖浸取EDTA滴定法对几种灰样中的f-Cao含量进行测定。在测试煤种和工况下,锅炉燃烧得到的纯粉煤灰f-CaO含量约为7%,分别加入0.5%和1%熟石灰后灰样中f-CaO含量增加为7.43%和7.89%。滴定结果与计算值一致。通过脱硫效果测试发现,样品的脱硫效率与其f-CaO含量的趋势一致。该测试方法得到的数据可靠且操作简单。作为评价NGD用粉煤灰脱硫活性的辅助手段,本方法具有很强的实用价值。     

粉煤灰轻质泡沫混凝土的应用研究

节能、环保、轻质、保温隔热是建筑保温材料的主要研究方向,粉煤灰轻质泡沫混凝土的研制很好地适应了这个课题,集工业废料与保温隔热材料泡沫混凝土相结合,各种材料取长补短,很好地改善了建筑保温材料的单一性。分析了粉煤灰轻质泡沫混凝土的组成、特性以及目前存在的问题,研究了国内泡沫混凝土作为建筑保温材料的应用情况,并展望了粉煤灰轻质泡沫混凝土的未来应用前景。     

An experimental study on strength development of concrete containing fly ash and optimum usage of fly ash in concrete

This paper presents a laboratory study on the strength development of concrete containing fly ash and optimum use of fly ash in concrete. Fly ash was added according to the partial replacement method in mixtures. A total of 28 mixtures with different mix designs were prepared. 4 of them were prepared as control mixtures with 250, 300, 350, and 400 kg/m³ cement content in order to calculate the Bolomey and Feret coefficients (K_B, K_F). Four groups of mixtures were prepared, each group containing six mix designs and using the cement content of one of the control mixture as the base for the mix design. In each group 20% of the cement content of the control mixture was removed, resulting in starting mixtures with 200, 240, 280, and 320 kg/m³ cement content. Fly ash in the amount of approximately 15%, 25%, 33%, 42%, 50%, and 58% of the rest of the cement content was added as partial cement replacement. All specimens were moist cured for 28 and 180 days before compressive strength testing. The efficiency and the maximum content of fly ash that gives the maximum compressive strength were obtained by using Bolomey and Feret strength equations. Hence, the maximum amount of usable fly ash amount with the optimum efficiency was determined.This study showed that strength increases with increasing amount of fly ash up to an optimum value, beyond which strength starts to decrease with further addition of fly ash. The optimum value of fly ash for the four test groups is about 40% of cement. Fly ash/cement ratio is an important factor determining the efficiency of fly ash.     

The effect of high content of fly ash on the properties of glass fiber reinforced cementitious composites

The objective of this paper was to study glass fiber reinforced cementitious composites (GFRCC) with Portland cement, a high content of fly ash as matrix. The effect of fly ash content, the initial curing time, and accelerated ageing on the flexural strength of GFRCC was investigated. The suitability of the accelerated ageing method was queried by analyzing the results from SEM observation, XRD analysis, and deflection testing.