激光功率对钛合金双侧同步焊接温度场的影响

为研究激光功率对TC4钛合金T型结构双激光束双侧同步焊接温度场的影响,针对TC4钛合金T型结构的双激光束双侧同步焊接过程,建立了相应的有限元模型,利用有限元分析软件进行了焊接过程温度场的计算,研究了激光功率对熔池形状的影响规律,并对不同激光功率下的温度场进行了分析.结果表明:随着激光功率的增加,熔池的熔深、熔宽均有所增...     

Infrared thermal imaging for melt pool analysis in SLM: a feasibility investigation

ABSTRACT

Melt pool dimension can help to relate process parameters and build part quality in selective laser melting (SLM) process. In this study, a near-infrared thermal imager (about 670?nm spectral range) was employed to collect powder layer thermal signal in SLM machine using nickel-based alloy as raw powder material. Radiant temperature distribution at different build heights has been acquired and melt pool sizes have been analysed. The major findings are as follows: (1) It is possible to estimate melt pool dimension based on the identified radiant liquidus temperature and appropriate thermal imager setting, but it is difficult to obtain true temperature. (2) At nominal process conditions of 600?mm/s beam speed and 180?W beam power for Inconel 718 powder, the melt pool has a length of about 0.36?mm and a width of about 0.21?mm. Build height seems to have little effect on melt pool dimensions.     

Thermal behavior and densification mechanism during selective laser melting of copper matrix composites: Simulation and experiments

Simulation of temperature distribution and densification process of selective laser melting (SLM) WC/Cu composite powder system has been performed, using a finite volume method (FVM). The transition from powder to solid, the surface tension induced by temperature gradient, and the movement of laser beam power with a Gaussian energy distribution are taken into account in the physical model. The effect of the applied linear energy density (LED) on the temperature distribution, melt pool dimensions, behaviors of gaseous bubbles and resultant densification activity has been investigated. It shows that the temperature distribution is asymmetric with respect to the laser beam scanning area. The center of the melt pool does not locate at the center of the laser beam but slightly shifts towards the side of the decreasing X-axis. The dimensions of the melt pool are in sizes of hundreds of micrometers and increase with the applied LED. For an optimized LED of 17.5 kJ/m, an enhanced efficiency of gas removal from the melt pool is realized, and the maximum relative density of laser processed powder reaches 96%. As the applied LED surpasses 20 kJ/m, Marangoni flow tends to retain the entrapped gas bubbles. The flow pattern has a tendency to deposit the gas bubbles at the melt pool bottom or to agglomerate gas bubbles by the rotating flow in the melt pool, resulting in a higher porosity in laser processed powder. The relative density and corresponding pore size and morphology are experimentally acquired, which are in a good agreement with the results predicted by simulation.     

40Cr轴面激光熔覆Ni60数值模拟

目的 针对激光熔覆过程中熔池内部复杂的传热和对流现象,分析激光功率和扫描速度对熔池内部温度场、流场演变和分布的影响.方法 采用双椭球热源模型,建立了40Cr轴面基体激光熔覆Ni60粉末过程的三维温度场流场数值模型,并进行试验验证.结果 熔覆过程形成了近似椭球体的熔池,最高温度位于移动光斑中心偏后方,达到了2080.4 ...     

316L不锈钢选区激光熔化单道熔池几何尺寸演变规律

目的 探究激光功率(P)和扫描速度(v)对单熔道熔池几何特征尺寸的影响规律,以及P–v组合工艺参数对熔池从成形到稳定状态经历的扫描距离的影响规律。方法 以316L为材料,通过单熔道数值仿真分析,建立P–v变量与研究目标之间的影响关系。结果 不同P–v参数组合对熔池几何尺寸的影响规律明显,熔池几何参数达到稳定状态需要经历一定的激光扫描距离(小于1 mm)。随着激光功率增大,熔池长度达到稳定状态所经历的激光扫描距离随之增大,而熔池深度尺寸随之减小。扫描速度增大到400 mm/s时,熔池达到稳定经历的扫描长度缩短了6.7%,扫描速度对熔池稳定性的影响效果不显著。结论 在SLM单道成形过程中,激光功率、扫描速度越大,成形熔池平均长度尺寸也越大;激光功率越大、扫描速度越小,成形熔池深度及平均宽度越大。模拟试验获得重熔效果较好的P–v参数组合为P=200 W、v=800 mm/s,重熔率达到94%。在熔池成形过程中,激光功率对熔池稳定性的影响起主导作用。为了减少成形件的边界翘曲,在打印试件初始成形阶段应在合理激光功率范围内选择较高的激光功率。     

Finite element simulation of the temperature and stress fields in single layers built without-support in selective laser melting

Overhanging and floating layers which are introduced during the build in selective laser melting (SLM) process are usually associated with high temperature gradients and thermal stresses. As there is no underlying solid material, less heat is dissipated to the powder bed and the melted layer is free to deform resulting undesired effects such as shrinkage and crack. This study uses three-dimensional finite element simulation to investigate the temperature and stress fields in single 316L stainless steel layers built on the powder bed without support in SLM. A non-linear transient model based on sequentially coupled thermo-mechanical field analysis code was developed in ANSYS parametric design language (APDL). It is found that the predicted length of the melt pool increases at higher scan speed while both width and depth of the melt pool decreases. The cyclic melting and cooling rates in the scanned tracks result high VonMises stresses in the consolidated tracks of the layer.     

激光熔化沉积工艺参数对CoCrFeNiMn系高熵合金成形的影响

目的 用激光熔化沉积法制备Co Cr Fe Ni Mn系高熵合金,以得出最优成型方案。方法 通过正交试验方法,以沉积层的显微硬度为评价指标,分析激光功率、激光扫描速度和送粉速度对沉积层成型质量的影响程度,并得出激光增材制造的最佳工艺组合。结果 当激光功率超过2 000 W时,沉积层表面开始出现烧蚀现象,沉积层表面出现波纹,熔池宽度不均匀;当激光扫描速度为5、7 mm/s时,沉积层相对较均匀,表面平坦;当送粉速度为0.7 r/min时,送入金属粉末的量的增加使沉积层体积增大,宽度变均匀。结论 最佳工艺参数为：激光功率P=2 000 W、扫描速度V_g=7mm/s、送粉速度V_f=0.7r/min。多道沉积时,搭接率为50%其成型性最优,制备得到的材料抗拉强度为453.7 MPa,伸长率为27.5%。     

A transient finite element simulation of the temperature and bead profiles of T-joint laser welds

Laser welding is a high power density welding technology, which has the capability of focusing the beam power to a very small spot diameter. Its characteristics such as high precision and low and concentrated heat input, helps in minimizing the micro-structural modifications, residual stresses and distortions on the welded specimens. In this study, finite element method (FEM) is adopted for predicting the bead geometry in laser welding of 1.6 mm thick AISI304 stainless steel sheets. A three-dimensional finite element model is used to analyze the temperature distribution in a T-joint weld produced by the laser welding process. Temperature-dependent thermal properties of AISI304 stainless steel, effect of latent heat of fusion, and the convective and radiative boundary conditions are included in the model. The heat input to the model is assumed to be a 3D conical Gaussian heat source. The finite element code SYSWELD, along with a few FORTRAN subroutines, is employed to obtain the numerical results. The T-joint welds are made using a Nd:YAG laser having a maximum power of 2 kW in the continuous wave mode. The effect of laser beam power, welding speed and beam incident angle on the weld bead geometry (i.e. depth of penetration and bead width) are investigated. Finally, the shapes of the molten pool predicted by the numerical analysis are compared with the results obtained through the experimentation. The comparison shows that they are in good agreement.     

激光熔丝增材过程传热流动行为数值模拟

目的 研究激光熔丝增材制造过程的熔池流动特性,探究工艺参数对熔池流动与传热行为的影响.方法 建立了考虑运动丝材持续送进过程的激光熔丝增材熔池传热和流动行为数学模型.针对316L不锈钢的激光熔丝增材制造,开展了成形过程中丝材送进、熔化和凝固行为的实验和数值模拟研究.结果 模拟结果 显示在成形过程中,准稳态阶段激光辐照中心...     

Development of a theoretical process map for laser cladding using two-dimensional conduction heat transfer model

In blown powder laser cladding process, the powder travels across the laser path, gets heated up by absorbing laser energy, and finally melts on the substrate under the intense laser beam; as the substrate moves away this melt pool solidifies to form a continuous built-up layer. In the present study a two-dimensional conduction heat transfer equation has been solved using finite volume method to develop a theoretical process map for laser cladding. The developed process map indicates a range of scanning speed and powder feed rate for the feasibility of the process; the lower limit is dictated by the maximum melt pool temperature, and the higher limit by poor bonding due to lack of melting of the substrate (i.e. low dilution). Parametric regions for thick and thin cladding with low dilution can be decided from the process map. It is found that the process range expands with the increase in total absorbed power as well as power directly absorbed by the powder. Correlations for maximum melt pool temperature and dilution are presented. A process map for identifying the form and scale of the microstructure in the solidified layer is also presented.     

Rapid prototyping with high power fiber lasers

Laser rapid prototyping technologies comprise a set of technologies used in a wide range of materials to produce prototypes or small batches of complex shaped components. This paper presents a research work on rapid prototyping technology with laser additive manufacture of wire based alloy Ti-6Al-4V with an 8 kW fiber laser for the production of components with cylindrical geometry. For this, an engineering system was developed, a demonstration part produced and the deposition process was characterized. Two processing parameters were investigated: and these were the relative position between the wire feeding system and the substrate and the laser beam to wire width ratio. The former affects the molten metal transfer mode and the pressure exerted by the wire tip on the molten pool, while the laser beam to wire width ratio affects the process efficiency, since this is a compromise of process stability and process speed. Both parameters control surface finishing and the smoothness of the part. The melting efficiency of the process is low when compared to alternative processes involving powder pre deposition, but the density of the part is improved with homogeneous structural characteristics.     

钛合金表面激光熔覆TiC/NiCrBSi涂层温度场有限元模拟

为在钛合金表面获得优质激光熔覆涂层,用有限元方法研究了激光熔覆工艺对熔池温度场分布和凝固后熔覆层组织的影响,考虑相变潜热、辐射对流散热以及温度对热物理性能的影响等因素,建立三维有限元模型模拟了Ti6Al4V合金表面激光熔覆TiC/NiCrBSi复合涂层过程中的温度场,并结合熔覆过程的温度场分布,对涂层的形貌、结合区、基...     

On selective laser melting of ultra high carbon steel: Effect of scan speed and post heat treatment

Selective laser melting is a laser‐based additive manufacturing process applying layer manufacturing technology and is used to produce dense parts from metallic powders. The application of selective laser melting on carbon steels is still limited due to difficulties arising from carbon content. This experimental investigation aims at gaining an understanding of the application of the process on ultra high carbon steel, which is a special alloy with remarkable structural properties suitable for different industrial applications. The feedstock ultra high carbon steel (2.1% C) powder, 20 μm to 106 μm was prepared by water atomizing technique. This powder was used for the selective laser melting to build specimens 10×10×40 mm in dimensions. To decrease the thermal stresses during layer by layer building, laser scanning was done through 5×5 mm random island patterns while layer thickness was 30 μm. Laser beam diameter, maximum power output, layer thickness and scan speed range were 0.2 mm, 100 W, 30 μm and 50–200 mm/s respectively. The process was done inside high purity nitrogen environment, with less than 0.5% oxygen content. The results illustrate the influence of scan speed from 50 to 200 mm/s on product geometry and dimensions, surface roughness, internal porosity and cracks, microstructure and surface hardness. The effect of post heat treatment by heating and holding for one hour (annealing) at different temperatures of 700°C, 750°C, 950°C is studied. The results indicate that selective laser melting is able to produce near to 95% density of ultra high carbon steel parts with acceptable geometry and surface quality. Porosity cracks, and microstructure formed during the process could be controlled through proper selection of process parameters and post heat treatment. Industrial ultra high carbon steel products can be rapidly fabricated by selective laser melting.     

激光熔覆粉末粒径对熔覆层成形控制的影响

目的 揭示激光熔覆过程中TiC粉末粒径及工艺参数对复合材料熔覆形貌的影响规律,实现熔覆层成形控制。方法 采用响应面法中心复合设计模块分析扫描速度、激光功率、粉末粒径对复合材料熔覆形貌的影响,建立工艺参数及TiC粉末粒径与复合材料熔覆层面积、熔覆层高度、熔覆层宽度之间的数学模型,通过方差分析和模型检验验证模型的准确性。结果 激光功率对复合材料熔覆形貌的影响不显著,粉末粒径对熔覆面积影响最为显著,熔覆层面积随着扫描速度的减小和粉末粒径的增大而增大;粉末粒径对熔覆层高度影响最为显著,熔高随着粉末粒径的增大而增大,随着扫描速度的降低而减小;扫描速度对熔覆层宽度的影响最为显著,熔宽随着扫描速度的增大而下降,随着粉末粒径的增大而增大。结论 以熔覆面积最大及熔宽熔高最大为优化目标,对比预测值与实际值,熔覆层面积、熔覆层高度、熔覆层宽度的误差率分别为6.81%,3.9%,7.7%。该研究成果为提高复合材料熔覆形貌的预测与控制提供了理论依据。     

A three dimensional model for direct laser metal powder deposition and rapid prototyping

A three-dimensional model for direct laser metal powder deposition process and rapid prototyping is developed. Both numerical and analytical models are addressed. In the case of numerical modeling, the capabilities of ANSYS parametric design language were employed. The model calculates transient temperature profiles, dimensions of the fusion zone and residual stresses. Model simulations are compared with experimental results acquired on line using an ultra-high shutter speed camera which is able to acquire well-contrasted images of the molten pool, and off-line using metallographical and x-ray diffraction analyses. The experiments showed good agreement with the modeling. The results are discussed to provide suggestions for feedback control and reduction of residual stresses.     

Laser surface alloying of 1045 AISI steel using Ni–CrB2 powder

Abstract

Laser surface alloying is a process whose purpose is to improve the surface properties by incorporating alloying elements into the surface. The advantages of using laser for surface treatment are: formation of a non-equilibrium or amorphous phase as well as homogenisation and refinement of the microstructure, all without affecting the substrate properties. Powder (50 wt-%Ni–50 wt-%CrB₂) was injected into a melt pool created by a CW–CO₂ laser on AISI1045 steel plates. In order to alloy the entire surface, the sample was scanned at scan speeds in the range of 600–6000 mm min^–1 and the laser power was in the range of 1750–2500 W. The powder feed rate was 1·6 g min^–1, the laser beam was 2 mm in diameter, with 60% overlap between successive laser paths. Metallographic cross-sections were made of the samples. For each sample the following properties were characterised: layer depth, microhardness (HV), layer microstructure and composition. It has been found that the scan speed and the laser power affect the depth of the melt pool, the microstructure, the hardness and the treated layer composition. The laser boronised surface exhibits better wear resistance than D2 tool steel hardened to 59 ± 1 HRC. This will be discussed based on numerical analysis of the laser/material interaction.     

Rapid Directional Solidification with Ultra-High Temperature Gradient and Cellular Spacing Selection of Cu-Mn Alloy

The detailed laser surface remelting experiments of Cu-31.4 wt pct Mn and Cu-26.6 wt pct Mn alloys on a 5kW CO2 laser were carried out to study the effects of processing parameters (scanning velocity, output power of laser) on the growth direction of microstructure in the molten pool and cellular spacing selection under the condition of ultra-high temperature gradient and rapid directional solidification. The experimental results show that the growth direction of microstructure is strongly affected by laser processing parameters. The ultra-high temperature gradient directional solidification can be realized on the surface of samples during laser surface remelting by controlling laser processing parameters, the temperature gradient and growth velocity can reach 10^6K/m and 24.1mm/s, respectively, and the solidification microstructure in the center of the molten pool grows along the laser beam scanning direction. There exists a distribution range of cellular spacings under the laser rapid solidification conditions, and the average spacing decreases with increasing of growth rate. The maximum,λmax, minimum, λmin, and average primary spacing,-↑λ, as functions of growth rate, Vb, can be given by, λmax=12.54Vb^-0.61,λmin=4.47Vb^-0.52, -↑λ=9.09Vb^-0.62, respectively. The experimental results are compared with the current Hunt-Lu model for rapid cellular/dendritic growth, and a good agreement is found.     

基于μCT表征的SLM成形GH3536高温合金缺陷特征EI北大核心CSCD

选择激光选区熔化(selective laser melting,SLM)工艺中不同激光功率和扫描速度的参数组合制备GH3536高温合金试样,采用μCT技术表征试样内部的孔隙率及缺陷特征,同时采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜验证缺陷类型,并分析熔池形貌。结果表明:SLM工艺参数与合金中缺陷特征和熔池形貌密切相关,优化参数组合时连续性熔池具有较大的长宽比、彼此搭接良好,同时成形试样的孔隙率远低于0.01%,存在随机分布、尺寸较小的气孔;偏离优化参数组合时不仅在间断性熔池界面形成了尺寸较大的孔洞,而且增加了SLM成形过程的不稳定性,形成了少量的未熔合,这两类缺陷均具有一定的各向异性;试样中还存在未能被μCT发现的微气孔和微裂纹。     

T型接头旋转激光+GMAW复合焊熔池动态行为数值分析模型

目的 研究T型接头旋转光纤激光+GMAW复合焊熔池的温度场和流态特征,揭示气孔缺陷的产生及抑制机理。方法 依据光学、电磁学、传热学及流体动力学机理,建立T型接头旋转光纤激光+GMAW复合焊熔池数值分析模型。使用Fluent软件对旋转频率分别为50 Hz和100 Hz的T型接头旋转激光+GMAW复合焊进行温度场以及流态特征的模拟,对比不同频率下T型接头横、纵截面,从工艺和焊缝成形角度出发,针对不同频率对熔池、小孔成形以及气孔抑制的影响进行讨论。结果 当旋转频率为50 Hz时,纵截面内小孔最大深度为5.4 mm,横截面熔池内小孔开口直径相对较大,旋转一周后,小孔远离气泡,气泡无法逸出,形成气孔;当旋转频率为100 Hz时,纵截面内小孔深度显著降低,熔池体积明显减小,横截面内小孔最大开口直径和深度均降低,熔池尺寸也有所减小,在时间为0.097 s时,小孔上方区域出现的顺时针涡流不仅能抑制气孔,还能改善熔池的下垂以及立板焊趾处的咬边。结论 随着旋转频率的增大,小孔的最大开口直径和深度均降低,还对熔池具有搅拌作用,使熔池体积变小。     

Inconel 625镍基高温合金激光增材制造翘曲变形行为研究

为了明晰激光增材制造翘曲变形行为,获得相关变形规律。对Inconel 625高温合金激光增材制造工艺对零件变形量的影响进行了分析,实验结果表明:扫描路径的长度决定翘曲变形量的大小;不同工艺参数对翘曲变形量的影响程度不同;激光增材制造加工过程一般会同时引起两个方向的翘曲变形;同时翘曲变形量随着激光功率的增加而增加,随着扫描速度的增加而增加,随着送粉速度的增加而减少。