Synthesis of chemically cross-linked hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose hydrogels and their application in controlled release of 5-amino salicylic acid

The objective of this study was to achieve the colon-specific delivery of an anti-ulcerative colitis drug using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) hydrogels. HPMC hydrogels containing poly ethylene glycol (PEG) as cross-links have been prepared by reacting HPMC sodium salt with polyethylene glycol dichloride.

The effect of cross-linking agent on swelling behavior of HPMC-PEG hydrogels, were investigated. Swelling parameters such as equilibrium degree of swelling, swelling ratio and network parameter such as molecular mass between cross-links (M_c) were determined. The cross-linking concentrations were 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% (based on weight of HPMC). The equilibrium swelling ratio (Q) of cross-linked HPMC hydrogels increases from 13.2 to 27.1 as the cross-linker percentage increases from 0.5% to 2%. 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) was used as a model of an anti-inflammatory drug. Cross-linked HPMC hydrogels were found to be a promising drug delivery system for the drugs to be delivered to the colon.     

Physicochemical stability,pharmacokinetic, and biodistribution evaluation of paclitaxel solid dispersion prepared using supercritical antisolvent process

Aim: To investigate the physicochemical stability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and biodistribution of paclitaxel (PTX) from paclitaxel solid dispersion (PSD) prepared by supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process.

Methods: Physicochemical stability was performed in accelerated (40°C 70?±?5% RH) and stress (60°C) storage conditions for a period of 6 months and 4 weeks, respectively. PK and biodistribution studies were performed in rats following i.v. administration of PTX equivalent to 6 and 12?mg/kg formulations.

Results: Physical stability of PSD showed excellent stability with no recrystallization of the amorphous form. Chemical stability of PSD in terms of % PTX remaining was 98.2?±?0.6% at 6 months and 97.9?±?0.3% at 4 weeks of accelerated and stress conditions, respectively. The PK study showed a nonlinear increase in AUC with increasing dose, that is, 100% increase in dose (from 6 to 12?mg/kg) resulted in 405.90% increase in AUC. Unlike PK study, the organ distribution study of PTX from PSD showed linear relationship with dose escalation. The order of organ distribution of PTX from highest to lowest for both PSD and Taxol^® was liver>kidney>lung>brain.

Conclusions: This study demonstrated excellent physicochemical stability with insight information on the PK and biodistribution of PTX from PSD prepared by SAS process.     

Preparation of ZnO nanoparticles using electrodeposition and co-precipitation techniques for dye-sensitized solar cells applications

Zinc oxide thin films have been successfully prepared by co-precipitation and electrodeposition methods onto Fluorinated tin oxide substrate using zinc nitrate aqueous solutions at various bath temperatures (25–75 °C). The deposition of electrodeposition method was conducted using both using linear sweep voltammetry and Chronoamperometric techniques. The effects of solution composition, agitation and bath temperature on the electrochemical measurements and ZnO film characteristics were fully analyzed. The findings reveal that temperature and nitrate ion concentration have a strong promoting effect on ZnO film formation. Moreover, the obtained powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Field emission scanning electron microscopy and UV–Vis Spectroscopy. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction indicates the formation of ZnO phase and the deposited film exhibits the Zincite structure with crystallite size around 51 nm. The photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells based on both ZnO prepared by co-precipitation and electrodeposition methods was investigated. A power conversion efficiency (η) of 3.5 % was achieved for the DSSC with co-precipitation ZnO, which is higher than that of the cell with electrodeposition ZnO (2.5 %). Explanations are substantiated by incident photon to electron conversion efficiency curves.     

Preparation of PLGA nanoparticles using TPGS in the spontaneous emulsification solvent diffusion method

D-alpha-tocopheryl poly (ethylene glycol) 1000 succinate (TPGS) is a widely used form of vitamin E that has been used as a solubilizer, an emulsifier and as a vehicle for drug delivery formulations. In this study, poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles were prepared by spontaneous emulsification solvent diffusion (SESD) method. TPGS as an emulsifier and further as a matrix material blended with PLGA was used to enhance the encapsulation efficiency and improve the drug release profile of nanoparticles. Rifampicin and estradiol valerate were used as model drugs with different water solubility. The effect of formulation parameters such as drug/polymer ratio, oil phase combination, volume and surfactant content was evaluated. The surface morphology and size of the nanoparticles were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser light scattering. Drug encapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release profiles of nanoparticles were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The nanoparticles prepared in this study were spherical with size range of 150–250?nm. It was shown that TPGS was a good emulsifier for producing nanoparticles of hydrophobic drugs and improving the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading and drug release profile of nanoparticles. However, the drug loading efficiency of rifampicin, a slightly water-soluble molecule, was significantly lower than that of estradiol valerate, a water insoluble molecule.     

混合溶剂沉淀法制备纳米NiO及其表征

采用NiCl2·6H2O和Na2C2O4为原料,在混合溶剂乙醇 水溶液中,通过化学沉淀法制备出一种浅绿色前驱物,以前驱物的热分析结果为依据,在400℃分解3h可得产物NiO粉体。经XRD、比表面积测定和TEM分析表明,产物为平均粒径23nm且粒径分布均匀、无团聚的球形纳米NiO粉体。     

纳米氧化钛的制备、表征及应用研究

介绍了应用钛酸四丁酯和草酸作原料，在有机溶剂乙醇中形成混合前驱体的方法制备了粒径在70－90nm之间的二氧化钛，探讨了煅烧温度对二氧化钛晶型和晶粒大小的影响。扫描电镜观察粒子的形貌，大小及其粒径分布，利用光照对二氧化钛的甲基橙悬浮液的变色作用，考察了二氧化钛的光催化性能。     

纳米TiO2-MoO3的制备及对甲基红的催化降解

介绍了掺杂不同比例MoO3的纳米TiO2纳米混合金属氧化物TiO2-MoO3的制备,用TEM、XRD、IR等技术TiO2-MoO3催化剂进行了表征。结果表明纳米TiO2-MoO3催化剂为锐钛矿型晶相,且TiO2-MoO3的紫外吸收比纯TiO2的紫外吸收强度大得多。研究了催化剂TiO2-MoO3对甲基红的紫外光催化降解。探讨了MoO3的掺杂比例,催化剂用量及不同时间对甲基红的紫外光催化脱色的影响。结果表明,在适宜的反应条件下,脱色率达89．264％。     

用水热、溶剂热方法制备纳米CdS粒子及其光催化性能

以硫化钠和硫代乙酰胺为硫源,用水热和溶剂热方法制备了不同粒径的纳米硫化镉半导体光催化剂.借助X射线衍射（XRD）,UV-Vis漫反射对CdS催化剂进行了表征.以甲酸水溶液的光催化制氢反应为探针,评价了不同合成方法对催化剂活性的影响;用电化学方法测定了CdS光腐蚀程度.结果表明,反应物、溶剂与温度等都可影响CdS晶型与结晶度,导致其光催化活性差异;CdS光腐蚀性与其晶型有关,并随结晶度的提高显著降低,这说明通过控制合适的条件可制备高活性低腐蚀的CdS.     

Preparation of polypyrrole nanoparticles in reverse micelle and its application to glucose biosensor

Polypyrrole nanoparticles were successfully synthesized in cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)/hexanol/water reverse micelle. The morphology and particle size of the obtained nanoparticles were characterized with transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Glucose biosensors were formed with glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized in conducting composite material consisting of polypyrrole nanoparticles and ethyl cellulose. The effects of reaction conditions such as molar ratio of polypyrrole nanoparticles to ethyl cellulose, working voltage, glucose concentration, temperature and solution pH on the electrochemical response of the GOx electrode were studied. Experimental results showed that the linear range of GOx electrode was 1.0 x 10(-6)-6 x 10(-3) mol/L and the detection limit was 1.0 x 10(-7) mol/L. The electrode exhibited fine repeatability and selectability, and its lifetime was greater than one month. AFM showed that the surface of conducting composite material-glucose oxidase electrode's presents uniform granular after washing paraffin wax with cyclohexane, which was favorable for enzyme-catalyzed reaction.     

Preparation of controllable core-shell gold nanoparticles and its application in detection of silver ions

We report a novel shell technique to prepare controllable core-shell nanoparticles. In this technique, the shell is formed when the core reacts with metal ions and Na(2)S(2)O(3) and the size of the core and thickness of the shell can be controlled. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction reveal that the shell consists of insoluble complex salts comprising Au(2)S, AuAgS, and Ag(3)AuS(2). The resulting core-shell nanoparticles obtained at different reaction stages demonstrate that the formation of Au(2)S, AuAgS, and Ag(3)AuS(2) shell proceeds from the outside. The morphological evolution of the particles changes significantly with reaction time demonstrating that formation of the shell results from diffusion in the solid shell. The core-shell nanoparticles produced by this technique can be used as nanosensors to detect Ag(+) in aqueous media with high selectivity and sensitivity. The excellent selectivity for Ag(+) is demonstrated by comparing the response to other metal ions. In addition, our evaluation indicates that gold nanorods offer higher sensitivity than gold nanospheres.     

Preparation of bismuth nanoparticles in opal matrices through reduction of bismuth compounds with supercritical isopropanol

Bismuth nanoparticles have been produced in pores of opal matrices by reducing bismuth salts and oxide compounds with supercritical isopropanol. According to transmission electron microscopy data, the diameter of the SiO₂ spheres in the opal matrices is about 260 nm, and that of the bismuth nanoparticles does not exceed 80 nm.     

细菌纤维素负载TiO_2复合材料的制备及其在印染废水处理方面的应用

利用细菌纤维素超细高强的特点,原位制备细菌纤维素/TiO2纳米复合材料,并对其表面化学组成和微观结构进行表征。利用细菌纤维素负载TiO2纳米粒子用于染料废水的处理,具有处理效果好、可以多次反复使用等优点。结果表明:紫外光催化降解后,复合材料对甲基橙溶液的降解率可达到100%。重复4次降解后,最大降解率仍有51.8%。     

纳米纤维素分散的高稳定性单片层黏土分散液的制备及其在透明柔性薄膜的应用

以天然的纳米纤维素（NFC）为分散剂,利用其亲水亲油的特性,将其用于剥离和分散片层黏土,成功攻克单片层黏土易发生絮聚的缺陷,高获得率制备出NFC分散的具有优异稳定性的单片层黏土分散液,并采用AFM和TEM对NFC和单片层黏土的形貌进行表征。最后,将单片层黏土分散体与NFC结合成功制备出一种高透明柔性薄膜。当单片层黏土含量为50wt%时,NFC/单片层黏土复合薄膜在600~800 nm波长下的透光率高达90%,且呈现较低的雾度。此外,该薄膜还具有优异的紫外阻隔能力,在紫外区能完全阻隔短波紫外线（UVC,波长为100~290 nm）,阻隔大部分中波紫外线（UVB,波长为290~320 nm）。NFC分散的具有优异稳定性的单片层黏土分散液的成功制备,将有助于拓展纳米黏土的应用领域及提高单片层黏土基复合材料的性能。     

Preparation of nanocomposite for optical application using ZnTe nanoparticles and a zero-birefringence polymer

Surface-modified ZnTe nanoparticles were mixed in a zero-birefringence polymer matrix. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed that aggregates of ZnTe nanoparticles with a diameter of ∼20 nm were uniformly dispersed in the polymer. The transmittance of ZnTe nanocomposites rapidly decreased at wavelengths shorter than the critical wavelength corresponding to the band gap of ZnTe nanoparticles, an effect which became significant as the volume fraction of particles increased. In this way, the optical characteristic of ZnTe nanoparticles was added to the polymer. The intrinsic zero-birefringence was confirmed in the heat-drawn ZnTe nanocomposites. As the ZnTe nanocomposites were left in air, a lowering of transmittance was observed. This was due to the oxidation of Zn and the resultant deposition of Te in the ZnTe nanocomposite, as the light absorption of Te is significant. The formation of oxygen non-permeable SiO₂ films onto the ZnTe nanocomposite by the sol-gel method was useful in preventing oxidation so that the decrement of transmittance decreased from 47.2% to 14.9% at 530 nm near the ZnTe band gap.     

MnO2-rGO/竹纤维素基炭气凝胶的制备及其在超级电容器中的应用

研究以竹浆纤维为原料,在氢氧化钠和尿素溶解体系中加入氧化石墨烯,经过凝胶、热解制备还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)/竹纤维素基炭气凝胶.以此作为导电基质,采用水热法负载δ-MnO2纳米片,研究了MnO2负载量对复合材料的电化学性能影响,探讨了复合材料的储能机制.结果显示,随着MnO2负载量的增加,复合材料的电化学性能呈先提高后...     

Simple new synthesis of copper nanoparticles in water/acetonitrile mixed solvent and their characterization

Copper nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by the borohydride reduction of copper nitrate salt in water/CH₃CN mixed solvent under inert argon-purged conditions. Cu nanoparticles were synthesized in large-scale production for the first time by introducing CH₃CN into water and preventing oxidation during the preparation of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. High resolution TEM pictures showed the formation of homogeneous cubic-structured copper nanoparticles with sizes less than 100 nm. This new kind of synthesis method shows the excellent stability compared with that of citrate-protected copper nanoparticles, which may provide an efficient way to improve the fine tuning of the structure and size of copper nanoparticles.     

Rapid measurement of methyl cellulose precipitable tannins using ultraviolet spectroscopy with chemometrics: application to red wine and inter-laboratory calibration transfer

Information relating to tannin concentration in grapes and wine is not currently available simply and rapidly enough to inform decision-making by grape growers, winemakers, and wine researchers. Spectroscopy and chemometrics have been implemented for the analysis of critical grape and wine parameters and offer a possible solution for rapid tannin analysis. We report here the development and validation of an ultraviolet (UV) spectral calibration for the prediction of tannin concentration in red wines. Such spectral calibrations reduce the time and resource requirements involved in measuring tannins. A diverse calibration set (n = 204) was prepared with samples of Australian wines of five varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, Merlot, Pinot Noir, and Durif), from regions spanning the wine grape growing areas of Australia, with varying climate and soils, and with vintages ranging from 1991 to 2007. The relationship between tannin measured by the methyl cellulose precipitation (MCP) reference method at 280 nm and tannin predicted with a multiple linear regression (MLR) calibration, using ultraviolet (UV) absorbance at 250, 270, 280, 290, and 315 nm, was strong (r(2)val = 0.92; SECV = 0.20 g/L). An independent validation set (n = 85) was predicted using the MLR algorithm developed with the calibration set and gave confidence in the ability to predict new samples, independent of the samples used to prepare the calibration (r(2)val = 0.94; SEP = 0.18 g/L). The MLR algorithm could also predict tannin in fermenting wines (r(2)val = 0.76; SEP = 0.18 g/L), but worked best from the second day of ferment on. This study also explored instrument-to-instrument transfer of a spectral calibration for MCP tannin. After slope and bias adjustments of the calibration, efficient calibration transfer to other laboratories was clearly demonstrated, with all instruments in the study effectively giving identical results on a transfer set.     

Biosynthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Poplar leaf extract and its application in Suzuki coupling reaction

A green route for the synthesis of palladium (Pd) nanoparticles (Pd NPs) employing Poplar leaf extract as a reducing and capping agent is described. The as‐prepared Pd NPs are spherical with a face centred cubic structure, a particle distribution of 2.2–6.8 nm and an average particle size of 4.2 nm. The application of this catalyst toward homogeneous Suzuki coupling reactions was investigated. The Pd NPs afforded a yield of 98.86% in the Suzuki coupling reaction of 4‐bromotoluene with phenylboronic acid using 0.01 mmol% of the catalyst at 60°C for 30 min under an air atmosphere.Inspec keywords: palladium, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, particle size, catalysts, organic compounds, nanobiotechnologyOther keywords: biosynthesis, palladium nanoparticles, Poplar leaf extract, green route, reducing agent, capping agent, face centred cubic structure, particle size, catalyst, homogeneous Suzuki coupling reactions, 4‐bromotoluene, phenylboronic acid, size 4.2 nm, temperature 60 C, Pd