NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLOW AND DILUTION BEHAVIOR OF RADIAL WALL JET

The radial wall jet is a flow configuration that combines the radial jet and the wall jet. This article presents a simulation of the radial wall jet by applying the transition Shear-Stress Transport (SST) model. Tanaka's experimental data are used for validation. The computed velocity profiles agree well with the experimental ones. The distributions of the velocity on cross-sections show a similarity in the main region and the profiles are different with those of the free radial jet or the wall jet, because the presence of the wall limits the expansion of the jet. By introducing the equivalent nozzle width, the maximum velocity decays and the half-width distributions are normalized, respectively. In addition to compare the flow field with experiments, this paper also analyzes the dilution effect of radial wall jets in terms of the concentration distributions. The concentrations on the wall keep constant within a certain distance from the nozzle. And the concentration distributions also show a similarity in the main region. Both the decays of the maximum concentration and the distributions of the concentration half-width fall into a single curve, respectively. The dilution effect of radial wall jets is thus verified.     

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN A PLANAR JET FLOW UNDERGOING SHEAR-INDUCED COAGULATION AND BREAKAGE

A CFD simulation is performed for a particle-laden planar jet flow.The Reynolds number is 8300,and the initial particle diameter is 1 μm.Large Eddy Simulation(LES) is employed to calculate the flow field,and the Taylor-series expansion moment method(TEMOM) is adopted to deal with the balance equation of particle coagulation and breakage.The shear-induced coagulation kernel,power-law breakage kernel and symmetric fragment distribution function are involved.The prediction of the distribution of the mean streamwise velocity of the jet is in good agreement with experimental data.The evolution of particle number concentration,volume concentration,polydispersity,particle diameter and standard geometric deviation is discussed in detail.The results show that as the jet travels downstream,the particle number concentration and volume concentration decrease,while their spans become wider.The polydispersity and particle diameter are very large in the shear layers at the upstream and in the core of vortex structures at the downstream.The particle standard geometric deviation changes within the range of 1.32 ≤σg≤ 1.96,and increases sharply in the shear layers.All variables approach the steady-state as time progresses.     

PIV EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF INSTANTANEOUS FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF CIRCULAR ORIFICE SYNTHETIC JET

The instantaneous flow characteristics of circular orifice synthetic jet was experimentally studied by a phase-locked Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system. The instantaneous flowfields, including the forming, developing and breaking down of the vortex for the jet were clearly shown by the PIV experimental results. As the basis of the study of the instantaneous flow, 36 images were taken and phase-averaged for each condition. The PIV experiment was mainly focused on the time evolution of the vortex pairs formed in the push cycle, the saddle point existing in the suck cycle, the variation of the centerline velocity in the whole cycle and the cross-stream velocity profiles and their self-similarity. Finally, the orifice depth was changed from 1.5 mm to 2 mm and 3.5 mm in order to study the effect of different orifice depths on the flow structure, which shows that at all stream wise sections, the peak of the mass flux and momentum flux increases as the orifice depth increases. Furthermore, the nondimensional distance of the mass flux from the exit is the maximum, while the nondimensional distance of the centerline velocity peak from the exit is the minimum, and nondimensional distance of the momentum flux from the exit section is between them.     

不同动力环境下孔间距对双孔射流特性的影响

为研究孔间距对双孔射流运动和稀释特性的影响,采用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)和激光诱导荧光技术(PLIF)分别对静水、横流和波浪环境下双孔射流的速度场和浓度场进行测量,对比分析了孔间距为5倍、10倍和15倍射流孔直径时双孔射流的轴向速度、横断面垂向速度、轨迹线及浓度场分布情况。结果表明:在静水环境下,孔间距较小时双孔射流的轴向速度衰减较单孔射流慢,随着孔间距的增大双孔射流轴向速度衰减的程度逐渐趋近于单孔射流。在横流环境下,随着孔间距的增大,前方射流对后方射流的遮掩作用不断减小,而后方对前方射流的卷吸作用也有所减弱,导致前方射流弯曲程度的增大和后方射流上升高度的降低。在波浪环境下,孔间距较小时,两孔中间存在一个独立的高浓度区;孔间距增大后,浓度等值线逐渐呈"凸"形分布。为降低双孔射流相互作用对射流初始稀释的影响,建议在波浪和横流环境下双孔射流的孔间距不宜小于射流孔直径的10倍。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HORIZONTAL BUOYANT WALL JET

This article applies the realizable k-ε model to simulate the buoyant wall jet and gives the results of cling length,centerline trajectory and temperature dilutions at certain sections.The comparison between the numerical results and Sharp's experimental data indicates that the model is effective in estimating velocity distribution and temperature dilutions.The velocity profiles at the cental plane and z-plane both show a strong similarity at certain distance from the nozzle,and the distributions of velocity and temperature dilutions also exhibit a similarity along the axial direction at centerline in the near-field.Based on the results,the article gives the corresponding relationships between the distance and the dilutions of velocity and temperature,which is useful in predicting the behavior of the wall buoyant jet.     

An application of linear programming to determine optimal systems for rainwater management: An economic view

Two decision models, one for determining optimal systems for rainwater management and the other for allocating additional water supplies from managed rainfall in conjunction with irrigation water, are formulated. The application of a rainwater management model to the command and to a watercourse, decides the minimum cost activities to manage rainwater. The output from the first model is used as the input in the second model which optimally allocates water to competing crops. It has been shown that 80% of rainwater could be managed economically in rice fields and in storage underground through artificial recharge. Optimal allocation of managed rainwater in conjunction with irrigation water increases the income of the project area to the extent of 14%.List of symbols AER Total available energy kWh - B _max Maximized value of the objective function, Rs - C _W Cost of canal water, Rs/10³ m³ - C _i Cost of managing rainwater through activityi, Rs/10³/m³ - C _min Minimized cost of managing surplus rainwater, Rs - C _RF Average cost of managed rainwater through activityi, Rs/10³ m³ - E _i Energy consumption in rainwater management activityi, kWh/10³ m³ (only energy required for pumping water is considered) - FLS Available capacity for fallow land storage, 10³ m³ - FPS Total storage in lined and unlined farm ponds, 10³ m³ - GWR Runoff diversion for artificial recharge through inverted tubewells, 10³ m³ - i A suffix for management activities having values 1,2,3,..., - j Crop index having values 1,2,3,..., - k Index for crop season, 1=kharif (summer) and 2=rabi(winter) - MRF Maximum rainfall surplus (runoff) available for management. (Runoff value at a 5-year return period was adopted) - P _j Income from crop activityj, Rs/ha - RFL Storage in fallow alkali land, 10³ m³ - RFS Storage in rice fields up to various depths, 10³ m³ - RWM _i Volume of rainwater managed through activityi, 10³ m³ - VCW Volume of canal water, 10³ m³ - VGW Volume of ground water, 10³ m³ - X _j Area under cropj, ha.     

ON THE SELF-SIMILARITY OF A JET IN CROSSFLOW

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NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TURBULENT JETS WITH LATERAL INJECTION INTO A CROSSFLOW

1. INTRODUCTION The interaction of jets with crossflow generates complex flow fields which exist in a variety of industrial applications, e.g. internal film cooling of turbine blades, dilution air jets in combustion chambers, jet from V/STOL aircraft in transition flight. Systematic experimental, theoretical and numerical investigations of the flow fields began several decades ago, where the parameters studied include the jet injection angel, the jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio, the jet …     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL MEAN AND TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IMPINGING DENSITY JET IN A CONFINED CROSSFLOW IN NEAR FIELD

The three-dimensional mean and turbulence characteristics of an impinging density jet in a confined crossflow were numerically investigated using the RNG turbulence model. The comparison of the subregion structures and gross features between the numerical results and the experimental data show good agreement. The velocity, Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) and concentration distributions of the impinging jet in near field were obtained and analyzed. The results indicate that the flow and concentration fields of the impinging jet in the crossflow exhibit distinguished three-dimensionality in the near field. There exist upstream wall vortices and downstream wall jet zones in the impinging region, and the TKE and concentration decays are asymmetrical in relation to the stagnation point. The lateral concentration distributionrange in the impinging region spreads considerably. The enhanced entrainment and mixing of the impinging jet in the confined crossflow are mostly associated with the impinging action and lateral expansion in the impinging region. The presence of the bottom wall restrains the formation of the spanwise rollers in the transverse jet region and vertical entrainment and mixing in the impinging region and the transition region.     

SCALE EFFECT OF IMPINGING PRESSURE CAUSED BY SUBMERGED JET

The characteristics of the impinging pressure at the jet equipment where the maximum jet velocity can reach 50m/s were studied. By comparing the impinging pressure with the one measured at the low velocity conditions, two conclusions of the scale effect are drawn： firstly, the velocity attenuation degree is smaller than that of low velocity jet, and secondly, the relative impinging width is narrower than that of low-velocity jet. The reasons of the scale effect of the impinging pressure were elucidated through numerical simulation.     

不规则波作用下垂向圆管浮射流的试验研究

在不规则波作用下垂向圆管非浮射流试验研究的基础上,进一步对相同条件下垂向圆管浮射流的水动力特性进行试验研究.通过对比不同波浪条件下平均流速场和浓度场的变化,发现随着波浪作用的增强,浮射流轴线速度明显减小,其影响范围相应增大,周围水体对浮射流的稀释能力亦明显增强;通过引入特征速度和新定义的特征长度,拟合得到了不规则波作用下浮射流轴线流速、射流宽度以及轴线稀释度等一系列的经验公式,它们可为将来的工程应用、试验对比以及数值模拟提供重要的试验参考.     

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF ENTRAINED AND TRANSPORTED CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBMERGED JET

This paper presents entrainment mechanism, and transported and diffusion characteristics at the point of entry of submerged jet. The profiles of both velocity and concentration within the air water mixing layer were theoretically deduced. And the comparisons between theoretical values and measured data were made. Results show that the velocity profile within the air water mixing layer exhibits a form of error function. The concentrations of air entrainment in the internal and external regions of ai~water mixing layer correspond to Gaussian distribution.     

不规则波作用下垂向圆管浮射流的试验研究

本文在已完成的不规则波作用下垂向圆管非浮射流试验研究的基础上，进一步对相同条件下垂向圆管浮射流的水动力特性进行试验研究。通过对比不同波浪条件下平均流速场和浓度场的变化，发现随着波浪作用的增强，浮射流轴线速度明显减小，其影响范围相应增大，周围水体对浮射流的稀释能力亦明显增强；通过引入特征速度和新定义的特征长度，拟合得到了不规则波作用下浮射流轴线流速，射流宽度以及轴线稀释度等一系列的经验公式，它们可为将来的工程应用、试验对比以及数值模拟提供重要的试验参考。     

湍浮力射流形成区内特性的预报

应用作者所提出的数学模型和计算方法,对浮力射流形成区内的特性进行了预报。得出了形成区内中线流速、温度和湍动能的沿程变化,以及射流核的长度和掺入速度。也得出了流速、温度和湍动能在断面上的分布。并分析和讨论了出口条件及环境分层对这些特性的影响。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF LAMINAR SQUARE IMPINGING JET FLOWS

A theoretical study has been undertaken to determine the flow characteristics associated with a three-dimensional laminar impinging jet issuing from a square pipe nozzle. Interesting flow structures around the jet are detected. The numerical result reveals the existence of four streamwise velocity off-center peaks near the impingement plate, which is different from the rectangular jet impingement. The mechanism of the formation of the off-center velocity peaks and the parameters affecting the flow-field characteristics are discussed by comparison of the computed results with different nozzle-to-plate spacings and Reynolds numbers.     

Trophic evolution of Lake Lugano related to external load reduction: Changes in phosphorus and nitrogen as well as oxygen balance and biological parameters

Lake Lugano is located at the border between Italy and Switzerland and is divided into three basins by two narrowings. The geomorphologic characteristics of these basins are very different. The catchment area is characterized by calcareous rock, gneiss and porphyry; the population amounts to approximately 290 000 equivalent inhabitants. The external nutrient load derives from anthropogenic (85%), industrial (10%) and agricultural (5%) sources. The limnological studies carried out by Baldi et al. (1949) and EAWAG (1964) revealed early signs of eutrophication, with a phosphorous concentration of about 30–40 mg m^–3 and an oxygen concentration of less than 4 g m^–3 in the deepest hypolimnion. Subsequently Vollenweider et al. (1964) confirmed these data and was the first to point out the presence of a meromictic layer in the hypolimnion of the northern basin. From the 1960s, as a result of an increase in the population and internal migration, the lake became strongly eutrophic with the P concentration reaching 140 mg m^–3 and the oxygen in the hypolimnion reduced to zero. Fifty‐five per cent of the P was from metabolic sources and 45% from detergents and cleaning products. In 1976, a partial diversion of waste water from the northern to the southern basin was begun, and gradually eight waste water treatment plants came into operation using mechanical, chemical and biological treatments. In 1986, Italy and Switzerland began to eliminate the P in detergents and cleaning products. Since 1995, the main sewage treatment plants have improved their efficiency by introducing P post‐precipitation, denitrification and filtration treatments. The recovery of the lake is due to be completed by the year 2005. Altogether, during the last 20 years recovery measures have reduced the external P load from about 250 to 70–80 tonnes year^–1; the goal to be reached is 40 tonnes year^–1. In‐lake phosphorous concentrations have decreased from 140 to 50–60 mg m^–3, with the target at 30 mg m^–3. Dissolved oxygen concentration is satisfactory only between the depths of 0 and 50 m, falling rapidly to zero in the deepest layers. Below a depth of 90 m, high CH₄, HS^–, NH₄⁺, Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ concentrations exist. Primary production has decreased from 420 to 310 g C_ass m^–2 year^–1, notwithstanding an increase in the thickness of the trophogenic layer. Structure and dynamic biomass show marked changes: phytoplankton dry weight has decreased from 16 to 7 g m^–2, while zooplankton dry weight has increased from 3 to 4.5 g m^–2. Chlorophyll concentration has fallen from 14 to 9 mg m^–3 and Secchi disk transparency has increased from 3.5 to 5.5 m. The current sources of the external load are uncollected small urban conglomerations, storm‐water overflows from outfall sewers, and the residual load from sewage treatment plants, particularly those without P post‐precipitation.     

RESEARCH ON MOTION CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS-SOLID JET FLOW

l.INThoDUCT1ONTheresearchontwo-phasejetflowisbecomingahotspotofjetflowresearchinrecentyears.Therapiddevelopmentofcomputertechnologyhasmadeitpossibletosimulatetwo-phasejetflow,whichisofessentialimPortanceinvariousengineeringapplications.Forin-stanceitisausualproceduretospoutparticlesintoreactororcombustorinengineering.Theeffectofflowonparticlesdeterminestheparticledistributionandthepresenceofparticleshaveeffectonjetflowinturn.Therefore,theinvestigationontheparticledistributionandtheflowchar…     

EFFECT OF ENLARGED FREE JET ON ENERGY CONVERSION IN PELTON TURBINE

NOMENCLATURE Q —flow rate H— head Dref —diameter of pitch circle B —inner width of bucket ω —angular speed of runner QDH —unit discharge Sn —needle strokesn—relative needle stroke Dinj —diameter of injector inlet Dt —diameter of nozzle throat D     

EFFECT OF SUSPENDED PARTICLE ON STABILITY OF INTERFACE OF MOVING TWO-PHASE JET

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Predicting Impact Velocities of Developed Jets

Abstract

Dam overtopping often results in the erosion of foundation and abutment materials. To quantify erosion potential, the jet impact velocity at the plunge pool interface must be estimated. Regións of the overtopping jet trajectory through free-fall are termed undeveloped (compact) and developed (individual particles). A physical model was constructed to simulate the developed region of a free-falling jet and to measure the impact velocity of developed jets. The equation derived for estimating the impact velocity of an undeveloped jet (Ervine and Falvey, 1987) was applied to the developed portion. The undeveloped jet estimation equation significantly overestimated the impact velocity of the developed jet. A drag expression was formulated and appended to the undeveloped equation resulting in a new equation, referred to as the Dimensional Equation Technique. The Dimensional Equation Technique was used to estimate developed jet impact velocities to within ± 4 percent.