牦牛酪蛋白理化及功能特性的研究

研究了不同温度、pH值条件下牦牛酪蛋白的溶解度、表观黏度、疏水性以及乳化、发泡等功能特性.结果表明,在等电点范围之外,牦牛酪蛋白具有较理想的溶解性、乳化性、起泡性,其功能特性受pH值、温度影响较显著.     

Changes in functional properties of shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) cartilage gelatin produced by different drying methods

Fish gelatins extracted from shark ( Isurus oxyrinchus ) cartilage were dried by three different methods: freeze drying, hot-air drying and spray drying; and their functional properties were investigated. Freeze-dried gelatin was found to have the strongest gel strength, while gelatins made at high temperatures formed weaker gels. The 135-kPa gel strength of freeze-dried gelatin was relatively high. While foam formation ability of the freeze-dried gelatin was the highest, its foam stability was the lowest. In addition, spray-dried gelatin had the best emulsion capacities. Dynamic viscoelastic properties of shark cartilage gelatins prepared by these drying methods were closely correlated with their gel strength. Elasticity modulus ( G '; Pa) and loss modulus ( G "; Pa) of the freeze-dried gelatin had higher values than those prepared by hot-air drying and spray drying; viscoelastic properties of the freeze-dried gelatin were maintained longer than those of other drying methods.     

Studies on physicochemical and functional properties of commercial sweet whey powders

The objective of this study was to characterize variation and interrelatedness among primary functional and compositional parameters of commercially available sweet whey powders. Samples representing different plants/processes and cheese types were assayed for foaming capacity, foam stability, pH, protein content, soluble protein, turbidity, color, particle size distribution, lipid, and moisture. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis. Foaming capacity and stability varied from 10 to 220% and 0.1 to 14 min, respectively. Protein content and solubility ranged from 8.5 to 17.6% and 3.7 to 14.1%, respectively. Lipid content of sweet whey powder varied from 0.03 to 2.00%. The two main functional properties, foaming and protein solubility, did not show significant correlation with each other. Foaming properties showed a positive correlation to particle size and L* or lightness value, and negative correlation to lipid content. Protein solubility showed positive correlation with protein content and negative correlation with turbidity of the sample. Foaming behavior, protein, and particle size attributes were the main variables responsible for grouping of samples. Sweet whey powders from the same dairy plants were grouped together. The direct or indirect significance of these relationships to processing is detailed in this study.     

Microwave processing technology influences the functional and structural properties of fish gelatin

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of microwave processing technology (MPT, 240–800 W, 1 and 4 min) on the functional and structural properties of fish gelatin (FG). It showed that MPT could increase gel strength and texture properties of FG, especially for 240 W. MPT greatly increased emulsifying activity index (EAI) of FG, but decreased its emulsion stability index (ESI). Rheology results showed that MPT increased viscosity of FG, but decreased gelation times. Intrinsic fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results indicated that MPT could unfold gelatin, contributing to the formation of H-bonds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that low power and short time of MPT-treated gelatin gels had much more dense and less voids. This work provided guidance for the applications of MPT to improve the functional properties of FG, and the results show that MPT-treated FG can replace mammalian gelatin and meet the religious requirement.     

天然黑色素理化性质与功能特性研究进展

黑色素是广泛存在于生物体中的一类天然色素,具有许多重要的生理功能。本文从天然黑色素溶解性、光吸收特性、氧化还原特性、金属螯合特性、自由基特性等理化性质以及加固结构、抗辐射、抗氧化、螯合重金属、抗病毒、抗衰老、免疫调节和DNA保护等功能特性方面进行了综述。      

疣柄魔芋淀粉理化及功能性质研究

为了探索一种新的淀粉资源,对疣柄魔芋淀粉的性质进行了研究。通过电子显微镜、激光粒度分析、X-衍射分析、红外光谱分析等分析手段,并以玉米淀粉和木薯淀粉进为比较,结果显示:疣柄魔芋淀粉淀粉颗粒呈多面体形,棱角较尖锐突出;其粒径小于木薯淀粉和玉米淀粉;结晶型为A-型,相对结晶度为37.4%;红外光谱吸收峰、吸收强度与木薯淀粉和玉米淀粉基本相同;凝胶强度、糊化起始温度和糊化热焓高于木薯淀粉和玉米淀粉;且其抗酶解性优于木薯淀粉和玉米淀粉。因此,疣柄魔芋淀粉是一种潜在的可被开发为抗性淀粉的新资源淀粉。     

去凝集素芸豆粉理化与功能特性的研究

研究去凝集素芸豆粉理化与功能特性。溶剂浸提法制备去凝集素芸豆粉,测定其基本营养成分、堆积密度、吸水性指数、水溶性指数、吸水性、吸油性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性和泡沫稳定性等理化及功能性质。实验表明,去凝集素处理能够显著降低芸豆粉中蛋白质、总糖含量、吸水性指数、水溶性指数、吸水性、乳化性与起泡性(p<0.05),但对芸豆粉吸油能力、乳化稳定性及泡沫稳定性具有显著提高作用(p<0.05)。结果表明,去凝集素芸豆粉相对于普通芸豆粉仍保留了较好的营养成分组成及理化、功能特性,营养、理化及功能特性,可能更适用于复配杂粮膨化食品开发。      

Effect of succinylation on the functional and physicochemical properties of bovine serum albumin

Bovine serum albumin was modijed with succinic anhydride so that 50 or 82% of lysine residues were acylated. The structural alterations caused by modification were examined by pH titration, electrophoretic patterns, circular dichroism, amino acid analysis, and the measurement of amino, sulphydryl and hydrophobic groups. Changes in these physicochemical properties were related to inferior whipping, emulsification and gelling properties of succinylated bovine serum albumin compared with the native protein.     

Characteristics and functional properties of gelatin from seabass skin as influenced by defatting

Gelatins from nondefatted and defatted seabass skins were characterised and evaluated for their functional properties in comparison with commercial fish skin gelatin. All gelatins contained α₁‐ and α₂‐chains as the predominant components and showed a high imino acid content (199–201 residues/1000 residues). All gelatins had a relative solubility greater than 90% in the wide pH ranges (1–10). Foaming properties of all gelatins increased with increasing concentrations (1–3%, w/v). Gelatin from defatted skin had higher foam expansion and stability than that extracted from nondefatted skin. Emulsion containing gelatin from defatted skin had smaller oil droplet size (d₃₂, d₄₃), compared with that having gelatin from nondefatted skin (P < 0.05). After 10 days of storage at room temperature (28–30 °C), emulsion stabilised by gelatin from defatted skin showed the higher stability as indicated by the lower increases in d₃₂ and d₄₃, and lower flocculation factor and coalescence index. Coincidentally, emulsion stabilised by gelatin from defatted skin had higher zeta potential than that containing gelatin from nondefatted skin. Thus, defatting of seabass skin directly affected characteristics and functional properties of resulting gelatin.     

不同提取方法对马铃薯膳食纤维化学组成和理化性质的影响

为明晰不同提取方法对马铃薯膳食纤维化学组成和理化性质的影响,分别采用酸解法、复合酶法、酶碱法提取马铃薯膳食纤维,比较了提取的膳食纤维化学组成、持水力、膨胀力、阳离子交换能力和胆固醇、亚硝酸根吸附能力。结果表明,复合酶法提取的膳食纤维中淀粉质量分数最低(11.70%),总膳食纤维(TDF)和可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)质量分数最高(74.72%、7.10%);酸解法提取的膳食纤维中蛋白质质量分数最低(2.77%)。酸解法、复合酶法提取的膳食纤维的持水力、膨胀力和阳离子交换能力显著高于酶碱法(P0. 05);复合酶法、酶碱法提取的膳食纤维具有较强的胆固醇、亚硝酸根吸附能力。结论:不同提取方法对马铃薯膳食纤维化学组成和理化性质影响很大。     

Effect of modified resistant starch of culinary banana on physicochemical,functional, morphological,diffraction, and thermal properties

Resistant starch has received much attention for both its potential health benefits and functional properties. The present study revealed that the culinary banana can be a potential source for production of resistant starch type III. The results showed that resistant starch yield can be increased using debranching enzyme (Pullulanase EC 3.2.1.41) and hydrothermal process. The three repeated autoclaving and cooling (hydrothermal) cycles followed by storage at –20ºC, increased the resistant starch yield from 12.3 to 26.4%. The use of debranching enzyme and subsequent retrogradation at –20ºC increased the resistant starch yield up to 31.2%. The modified resistant starch when compared to culinary banana starch evinced better stability. The modified resistant starch was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, x-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric diffraction analysis to determine the structural changes which proved that the modification occurred substantially.     

Effect of thiolation on the physicochemical and functional properties of bovine serum albumin

The effects of the attachment of homocysteine residues, to either 16 or 21 amino groups of bovine serum albumin (BSA), on the physicochemical and functional properties were studied. Both thiolated protein derivatives had a lower isoelectric point, hydrophobicity and α-helix conformation compared with the native protein. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that modification of the proteins resulted in a mixture of products. Thiolation impaired the whipping and gelling properties of bovine serum albumin but there was little change in the emulsification properties. It was concluded that increasing the available sulphydryl groups did not promote disulphide/ sulphydryl interchange reactions leading to enhanced functional properties: on the contrary, the blocking of amino groups was instrumental in impairing the whipping and gelling properties.     

鱼源明胶改性的研究进展

鱼明胶由于其来源的特殊性,不仅能够满足有特殊需求的人群的需要,而且还具有功能独特、来源广泛、环保和无毒等优势。然而相对于传统明胶,鱼来源制备的明胶凝胶能力、成膜性、乳化和发泡等功能性能较差,从而在一定程度上限制了其应用。本文通过对近年来改善鱼明胶性能方法的研究展开综述,并对未来明胶功能特性的应用前景进行了展望。      

Structure,physicochemical, and functional properties of protein isolates and major fractions from cumin (Cuminum cyminum) seeds

In this study, cumin protein isolates (CPI) and major protein fractions were extracted and separated from cumin seeds, their structure, physicochemical, and functional properties were investigated. Albumin (62.29%) and glutelin (25.16%) were the predominant protein fractions of cumin seeds. Glutamic acid (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp) were the major amino acids of cumin proteins, whereas more hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids were predominantly found in chickpea protein isolates. Electrophoresis profiles indicated that CPI have more disulphide bonds than major protein fractions. The intrinsic fluorescence data revealed that glutelin displayed greater exposure of tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) residues compared to albumin and CPI. Circular dichroism (CD) data showed CPI presented more α-helix (14.4%) and less β-strand (30.7%) than albumin and glutelin. The atomic force microscope (AFM) profile and hydrodynamic diameter (D_h) determination showed the presence of low particle size in albumin fractions. Differences in the hydrophobicity (H_o) and the zeta-potential (ζ) of CPI, albumin, and glutelin were also observed due to their difference in structure and amino acid composition. Compared with CPI and glutelin, albumin exhibited the highest emulsifying activity (103.67 m²/g) and stability (42.84 min) and the smallest emulsion particle size (4.29 μm). The CPI, albumin and glutelin presented typical U-shaped protein solubility–pH curves, with the lowest solubility at pH 4.0. Rheological investigation demonstrated that CPIs were efficient in forming a gel at 80.6°C, whereas glutelin could form the hardest gel at 92.6°C. The overall results suggested that the cumin proteins can be a promising protein source for the food industry.     

两种超微粉碎方法对甘薯膳食纤维物化功能特性影响的比较研究

为改善甘薯膳食纤维的物化及功能特性,分别采用气流超微粉碎和微射流瞬时高压超微粉碎两种方式对三种不同来源甘薯渣制备的膳食纤维进行处理,并对其化学成分、物化及功能特性进行比较研究。结果表明:经两种超微粉碎法处理后,三种膳食纤维的化学成分均有不同程度的变化,膳食纤维的粒径显著减小,可溶性膳食纤维含量增加,各项功能特性指标均有不同程度增加。此外,与气流超微粉碎法相比,微射流瞬时高压超微粉碎法处理三种膳食纤维后,其持水性、持油性、葡萄糖吸收能力、α-淀粉酶活性抑制能力、脂肪吸收能力和胰脂肪酶活性抑制能力增加幅度更大。因此,微射流瞬时高压超微粉碎法处理膳食纤维在食品及保健品领域具有更广阔的应用前景。      

微粉化对豌豆粉理化性质的影响

研究了微粉化处理对豌豆粉理化和功能特性的影响。对5个不同粒径大小的豌豆粉进行粒径大小、粒径分布、微观形貌、基本成分含量、持水力、膨胀力、水溶性测定。结果表明:随着微粉化程度的增加,豌豆粉平均粒径逐渐减小,粒径分布范围逐渐变窄,比表面积增大,粉体更加均匀;豌豆普通粉经微粉碎后,粉体粒径减小,水分含量降低,损伤淀粉含量增加,持水力、膨胀力降低,但仍保持了一定的吸附水分的功能特性,水溶性呈先增强后减弱的趋势。      

Composition,physicochemical properties of pea protein and its application in functional foods

Abstract

Field pea is one of the most important leguminous crops over the world. Pea protein is a relatively new type of plant proteins and has been used as a functional ingredient in global food industry. Pea protein includes four major classes (globulin, albumin, prolamin, and glutelin), in which globulin and albumin are major storage proteins in pea seeds. Globulin is soluble in salt solutions and can be further classified into legumin and vicilin. Albumin is soluble in water and regarded as metabolic and enzymatic proteins with cytosolic functions. Pea protein has a well-balanced amino acid profile with high level of lysine. The composition and structure of pea protein, as well as the processing conditions, significantly affect its physical and chemical properties, such as hydration, rheological characteristics, and surface characteristics. With its availability, low cost, nutritional values and health benefits, pea protein can be used as a novel and effective alternative to substitute for soybean or animal proteins in functional food applications.