核酸适配体生物传感器在食品霉菌毒素检测中应用的研究进展

霉菌毒素是由霉菌产生的次级代谢物,是人类健康的主要威胁之一。食品中霉菌毒素的污染已经成为人们热切关注的主要食品安全问题之一,所以开发出用于简便、快速和灵敏检测食品中霉菌毒素的方法显得尤为重要。核酸适配体是在体外筛选,并能特异性识别目标物的单链寡核苷酸序列,因具有易合成、易标记、易修饰、灵敏度高、特异性高、分子量小等优势而广泛应用于蛋白质、霉菌毒素、农兽药等目标物检测的生物传感器。本文主要综述了食品中霉菌毒素的限量和危害,以及核酸适配体生物传感器筛选技术用于食品中霉菌毒素检测的研究进展。     

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Mycotoxins

ABSTRACT: Mycotoxin toxicity occurs at very low concentrations, therefore sensitive and reliable methods for their detection are required. Consequently, sampling and analysis of mycotoxins is of critical importance because failure to achieve a suitable verified analysis can lead to unacceptable consignments being accepted or satisfactory shipments unnecessarily rejected. The general mycotoxin analyses carried out in laboratories are still based on physicochemical methods, which are continually improved. Further research in mycotoxin analysis has been established in such techniques as screening methods with TLC, GC, HPLC, and LC–MS. In some areas of mycotoxin method development, immunoaffinity columns and multifunctional columns are good choices as cleanup methods. They are appropriate to displace conventional liquid–liquid partitioning or column chromatography cleanup. On the other hand, the need for rapid yes/no decisions for exported or imported products has led to a number of new screening methods, mainly, rapid and easy‐to‐use test kits based on immuno‐analytical principles. In view of the fact that analytical methods for detecting mycotoxins have become more prevalent, sensitive, and specific, surveillance of foods for mycotoxin contamination has become more commonplace. Reliability of methods and well‐defined performance characteristics are essential for method validation. This article covers some of the latest activities and progress in qualitative and quantitative mycotoxin analysis.     

胶体金免疫层析技术在真菌毒素快速检测中的应用

胶体金免疫层析技术具有快速、简便、特异、敏感等特点, 弥补了真菌毒素传统检测方法的不足, 适用于真菌毒素快速现场筛选。本文主要介绍了胶体金免疫层析技术的原理及其在真菌毒素快速检测中的应用及发展前景。     

基于信号放大策略的适配体电化学传感器检测真菌毒素研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌分泌的一类次级代谢产物, 是农产品的主要污染物之一, 具有强毒性。人畜误食会导致急性、慢性中毒症状, 严重危害农产品安全, 威胁人类健康。开发快速、超灵敏、高通量、高性价比的传感技术十分重要。适配体是一段单链DNA或RNA, 具有特异性良好、合成简单、易于化学修饰、稳定性高等优势, 且可以与基于核酸的传感及扩增策略相结合, 具有广阔应用前景。电化学传感器因其反应快速、灵敏度高、成本低等优势受到广泛关注。适配体电化学传感器已成为目前检测真菌毒素的有力工具。本文综述了适配体电化学传感器常见的信号传感方式, 主要关注基于核酸和纳米材料的信号放大策略, 以及它们在检测应用中的优势与不足; 最后对该技术的发展趋势进行了展望, 为基于适配体的真菌毒素电化学传感器的深入研究与应用提供参考。     

适配体传感器在玉米赤霉烯酮检测中的应用

玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN)是由镰刀菌属产生的一种非甾体真菌毒素,广泛存在于霉变的玉米、高粱等谷类作物以及奶制品中。由于其具有类雌激素作用,对动物和人均具有潜在的危害。因此,开发灵敏快速的ZEN检测技术对于防控ZEN具有重要意义。近年来,适配体传感器(aptasensors)因其分子量小、亲和力强、易于合成和修饰及稳定性好等优点,已广泛应用于临床诊断、药物分析、环境监测、食品安全等领域。尤其在食品安全检测领域,适配体传感器可提供灵活多变的构建策略,且易于实现现场快速检测。因此本文结合国内外的研究进展,综述了近些年来基于适配体传感器的玉米赤霉烯酮检测方法,概括了各种检测方法的原理及其在实际样品检测中的应用,旨在为发展新的分析检测方法提供参考。     

Keeping mycotoxins away from the food: Does the existence of regulations have any impact in Africa?

Following the discovery of aflatoxins in the early 1960s, there have been many studies leading to the uncovering of many mycotoxins and the understanding of associated health effects in animals and humans. Consequently, there has been a global increase in the number of countries with mycotoxin regulations in foods. However, many African countries have only regulations for aflatoxins (or a few other mycotoxins) in specific foods, or no regulations at all. This paper critically reviews the challenges thwarting the establishment of mycotoxin regulations and their impacts on human dietary mycotoxin exposure in Africa. Mycotoxin regulatory limits for different countries are compared with mycotoxin tolerable daily intakes established by international food safety bodies taking into account consumption patterns. The agrarian setup, food insecurity, and mycotoxin analytical challenges in African countries are discussed; and more feasible mycotoxin dietary exposure reduction strategies are proposed.     

快速检测技术在食品真菌毒素检测中的研究进展

真菌毒素是具有毒性的次级代谢产物,可污染多种食品.食用被毒素污染的食品会对人类和动物造成严重的健康风险,因此一种高灵敏度、快速的分析方法对于提高检测能力、保证食用安全和人类健康能够提供重要保障.该文综述近年来几种常见的快速检测技术(酶联免疫吸附测定、层析免疫测定、生物传感器、生物芯片)在食品真菌毒素检测中的应用进展,同...     

Mycotoxin contamination of foods in Southern Africa: A 10-year review (2007–2016)

Major staple foods in Southern Africa are prone to mycotoxin contamination, posing health risks to consumers and consequent economic losses. Regional climatic zones favor the growth of one or more main mycotoxin producing fungi, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Aflatoxin contamination is mainly reported in maize, peanuts and their products, fumonisin contamination in maize and maize products and patulin in apple juice. Lack of awareness of occurrence and risks of mycotoxins, poor agricultural practices and undiversified diets predispose populations to dietary mycotoxin exposure. Due to a scarcity of reports in Southern Africa, reviews on mycotoxin contamination of foods in Africa have mainly focused on Central, Eastern and Western Africa. However, over the last decade, a substantial number of reports of dietary mycotoxins in South Africa have been documented, with fewer reports documented in Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Despite the reported high dietary levels of mycotoxins, legislation for their control is absent in most countries in the region. This review presents an up-to-date documentation of the epidemiology of mycotoxins in agricultural food commodities and discusses the implications on public health, current and recommended mitigation strategies, legislation, and challenges of mycotoxin research in Southern Africa.     

Food Safety and Increasing Hazard of Mycotoxin Occurrence in Foods and Feeds

The possible hazard of mycotoxin occurrence in foods and feeds and some food-borne mycotoxicoses is reviewed. Management of the risk of mycotoxin contamination using some useful preventive measures against mycotoxin contamination of foods/feeds during pre- and post-harvesting periods is considered. The physical and chemical methods of mycotoxin decontamination of foods/feeds are briefly described. The use of various feed additives as a method for prevention of the adverse effects of mycotoxins is reviewed. The processing of various foods and feeds is considered in a view to possible mycotoxin decontamination. The necessary hygiene control and risk assessment in regard to mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds in addition to some useful prophylactic measures are briefly described. A short reference is made concerning the most successful methods of veterinary hygiene control in order to prevent a possible entering of some mycotoxins in commercial channels with a view to human health.     

真菌毒素适配体筛选技术研究进展

真菌毒素遍布于粮食生产、储藏、运输和加工等各个环节,其污染已经成为全球亟待解决的问题。对真菌毒素进行监测并配合使用各种有效的降毒手段,有助于真菌毒素污染问题的解决。目前,真菌毒素检测、监控和靶向降解所用识别元件多为抗体,但抗体存在价格昂贵、批次间差异性大、热稳定性差等缺点,限制了其应用,而适配体合成简单、热稳定性强、免疫原性小、几乎无批次间差异等优点,有望取代抗体,但目前有关适配体商业化应用仍旧很少。本文概括总结了以真菌毒素为靶标的适配体筛选技术及其所筛适配体情况,并分析了适配体商业化应用仍旧很少的原因,以及各种筛选技术所面临的问题和挑战,以期为真菌毒素适配体的筛选提供参考,促进粮食中真菌毒素污染问题的解决。     

Natural Occurrence,Analysis, and Prevention of Mycotoxins in Fruits and their Processed Products

Mycotoxins are small toxic chemical products formed as the secondary metabolites by fungi that readily contaminate foods with toxins in the field or after harvest. The presence of mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and patulin, in fruits and their processed products is of high concern for human health due to their properties to induce severe acute and chronic toxicity at low-dose levels. Currently, a broad range of detection techniques used for practical analysis and detection of a wide spectrum of mycotoxins are available. Many analytical methods have been developed for the determination of each group of these mycotoxins in different food matrices, but new methods are still required to achieve higher sensitivity and address other challenges that are posed by these mycotoxins. Effective technologies are needed to reduce or even eliminate the presence of the mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products. Preventive measures aimed at the inhibition of mycotoxin formation in fruits and their processed products are the most effective approach. Detoxification of mycotoxins by different physical, chemical, and biological methods are less effective and sometimes restricted because of concerns of safety, possible losses in nutritional quality of the treated commodities and cost implications. This article reviewed the available information on the major mycotoxins found in foods and feeds, with an emphasis of fruits and their processed products, and the analytical methods used for their determination. Based on the current knowledge, the major strategies to prevent or even eliminate the presence of the mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products were proposed.     

表面增强拉曼光谱技术在果蔬真菌毒素残留检测中的研究进展

果蔬在采摘后的加工、贮藏、运输等环节中易受到环境中微生物的污染,造成果蔬腐败变质,其中部分产毒真菌在增殖过程中会产生大量真菌毒素,给消费者身心健康造成了严重威胁,因此建立快速、准确的真菌毒素检测方法对保证果蔬品质安全至关重要。近年来,表面增强拉曼光谱技术(surface-enhancement Raman spectroscopy, SERS)因具有高灵敏性、快速性、无破坏性、不受水分干扰等优点备受关注。本文阐述了SERS概况和增强机制,对SERS检测果蔬真菌毒素领域常用的金属溶胶基底和固体复合基底进行了简单介绍,以检测方法、基底制备技术、检测结果和遗留问题为切入点强调了SERS对不同果蔬食品真菌毒素痕量检测的应用,并介绍了SERS在真菌毒素检测领域的应用前景和局限性,对现有问题提出了解决思路,旨在为今后SERS应用于真菌毒素检测领域提供帮助。     

乳酸菌对真菌毒素的减毒研究进展

真菌毒素是由多种真菌产生的有毒次生代谢产物，它们对食品和饲料的污染已经给人和动物的健康造成了潜在的危害。乳酸菌作为去除真菌毒素的一种替代策略，在大规模、低成本的食品减毒方面显示出良好的潜力。本文总结了食品中几种主要真菌毒素的特征，从乳酸菌对真菌毒素产生的抑制、体外吸附、体内毒性缓解等方面概述相关国内外研究进展，并关注乳酸菌减毒在食品体系中的应用，以期为乳酸菌在食品和饲料中作为真菌毒素天然清除剂的应用提供理论参考。     

基于新型标记材料的免疫分析技术在真菌毒素检测中应用的研究进展

食品中真菌毒素污染成为近年来食品安全检测领域的热点和难点。免疫分析技术具有检测快速、操作简便、价格低廉且环境友好等优点,适合应用于食品安全检测领域。本文对基于新型标记材料的免疫分析技术,包括酶联免疫吸附法、免疫层析技术、电化学免疫传感技术、免疫芯片技术、基于免疫分析的流式微球技术和时间分辨荧光免疫分析技术,应用于粮食产品中真菌毒素快速检测的研究现状进行综述,系统分析了各种免疫分析技术的优缺点,为免疫分析技术在真菌毒素检测的应用及发展提供参考,同时也为保障粮食产品的安全提供了新思路。     

食品中新兴真菌毒素检测技术及其污染现状研究进展

真菌毒素是由曲霉菌、青霉菌和镰刀菌等丝状真菌在适当的环境条件下产生的有毒次生代谢产物，是谷物、水果、坚果等食品中常见的污染物，可引起广泛的毒性效应，主要表现为致癌性、致突变性、肝毒性、肾毒性、免疫毒性、神经毒性、致畸性等，对人类和动物的健康构成威胁。近些年来，由于自然气候的改变及检测技术的创新发展，一些新出现的真菌毒素逐渐引起大家的广泛关注，如已报道的交链孢毒素、新兴镰刀菌毒素等。这些尚未得到监管，并且如何产生、浓度水平和毒理数据有限的真菌毒素被定义为“新兴”真菌毒素。本文综述了两大类12种新兴毒素的结构性质、检测分析技术进展及在食品中的污染状况，以期为真菌毒素污染的全面评估及防控提供思路。     

基于纳米材料的适配体生物传感器检测真菌毒素研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌在饲料或食品中生长所产生的次级代谢产物,通过食物链可在人和动物体内不断蓄积,且较难通过代谢排除,给人体和畜牧业构成了较大威胁。因此,真菌毒素的监测成为了预防真菌毒素污染的重要途径之一。近年来,随着纳米材料科学的飞速发展和研究人员在真菌毒素检测方面的不断深入研究,基于纳米材料的适配体生物传感在真菌毒素检测领域得到了广泛应用。与传统检测方法相比,适配体与纳米材料联用检测技术更加快捷、方法更加简单、成本更加低廉。因此,本文归纳了近几年有关真菌毒素快速检测方面的文献,分析总结了以纳米材料为基础的适配体生物传感器用于真菌毒素的快速检测研究,以及有关食品安全现阶段面临的主要问题,期望对真菌毒素检测的相关研究发展起到一定的借鉴与启示。     

磁性固相萃取技术在食品真菌毒素分析中的应用

真菌毒素常见于食品和各种粮食作物中，具有致癌性、诱变性、致畸性等危害，严重威胁人类和动物的健康。由于真菌毒素在食品基质中存在种类多、浓度低、极性范围广等特点，因此建立快速高效的食品样品前处理方法对真菌毒素的痕量分析十分重要。磁性固相萃取（magnetic solid-phase extraction，MSPE）是一种基于磁相互作用的样品前处理技术，凭借简单快速、绿色安全、高效经济等特点，已广泛应用于食品样品真菌毒素分析的前处理中。本文介绍了MSPE的萃取过程和磁性纳米材料的制备和修饰，综述了以无机材料（氧化硅基和碳基）、有机材料（印迹型、有机高分子、表面活性剂和有机小分子）和其他材料（离子液体和单克隆抗体）为代表的MSPE吸附剂在食品样品真菌毒素检测中的应用，并对MSPE技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Advanced synchrotron-based and globar-sourced molecular (micro) spectroscopy contributions to advances in food and feed research on molecular structure,mycotoxin determination,and molecular nutrition

ABSTRACT

Mycotoxin contamination has been a worldwide problem for food and feeds production for a long time. There is an obviously increased focus of the food and feed industry toward the reduction of mycotoxin concentration in both the raw materials and finished products. Therefore, both effective qualitative and quantitative techniques for the determination of mycotoxins are required to minimize their harmful effects. Conventional wet chemical methods usually are time-consuming, expensive, and rely on complex extraction and cleanup pretreatments. Synchrotron-based and globar-based molecular spectroscopy have shown great potential to be developed as rapid and nondestructive tools for the determination of molecular structure, molecular nutrition and mycotoxins in feed and food. This article reviews the common types of mycotoxins in feed and food, their toxicity, as well as the conventional detection methods. The principle of advanced molecular spectroscopy techniques and their application prospects for mycotoxin detection are discussed. Recent progress in food and feed research with molecular spectroscopy techniques is highlighted. This review provides a potential and insight into how to determine the structure and mycotoxins of feed and food on a molecular basis with advanced Synchrotron-based and globar-based molecular (micro) spectroscopy.     

Rapid and advanced tools for mycotoxin analysis: a review

The problems associated with mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds are well established and, in many cases, have been known for a long time. Consequently, the techniques for detecting known mycotoxins are quite advanced and range from methods for directly detecting the toxins themselves, based upon physical characteristics of the toxins, to methods for indirectly detecting the toxins, such as immunoassays. This review focuses on recent technologies that can be used to detect mycotoxins and, as such, is not a comprehensive review of the mycotoxin analytical literature. Rather, the intent is to survey the range of technologies from those that are instrument intensive such as modern chromatographic methods to those that require no instrumentation, such as certain immunoassays and biosensors. In particular, mass spectrometric techniques using ambient ionization offer the intriguing possibility of non-destructive sampling and detection. The potential application of one such technique, desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), is demonstrated for fumonisin B₁ on maize. While methods for detecting mycotoxins are quite advanced, the need remains for assays with increased throughput, for the exploration of novel detection technologies, and for the comprehensive validation of such technologies as they continue to be developed.     

食品与饲料基质中真菌毒素检测技术研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌在生长繁殖过程中产生的相对分子质量较小的次生有毒代谢产物,不易被加工或烹调加热所破坏,超过一定摄入量后会引起人的肝肾功能下降、癌变或诱发免疫抑制性疾病。目前尚无绝对有效的措施避免真菌毒素的污染,因此,研究可以准确高效地测定食品和饲料基质中的真菌毒素的检测技术非常重要。本研究通过对真菌毒素提取方法、净化方法及检测技术的研究进展进行综述,发现目前研究方法大多是针对某一种真菌毒素进行检测的常规检测方法或者同时检测多种真菌毒素的检测方法,由于这些方法存在稳定性差、定量不准确或前处理复杂等,因此未来应大力开发检测快速、高灵敏度、高特异性的真菌毒素检测方法。