Space-vector-based PWM switching strategies for a three-level dual-inverter-fed open-end winding induction motor drive and their comparative evaluation

Two space-vector-based pulse-width-modulated (PWM) strategies are proposed for a dual two-level inverter-fed open-end winding induction motor drive. Neither of these PWM strategies require sector identification or lookup tables. These PWM strategies require only instantaneous phase reference voltages. Also, a simple model is suggested to compute the motor phase currents for this drive, and this model is validated through experimentation. The inverter losses are estimated for this drive system with these PWM strategies using an existing thermal model. The simulation studies suggest that one of these two PWM strategies is better than the other, as it causes lower losses in the inverters.     

Modeling of Eddy-Current Loss of Electrical Machines and Transformers Operated by Pulsewidth-Modulated Inverters

Pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) inverters are used more and more to operate electrical machines and to interface renewable energy systems with the utility grid. However, there are abundant high-frequency harmonics in the output voltage of a PWM inverter, which increase the iron losses and result in derating of the machine or transformer connected to them. Predicting the iron losses caused by the PWM supply is critical for the design of electrical machines and transformers operated by PWM inverters. These losses are primarily attributed to eddy-current loss caused by the PWM supply. In this paper, after analyzing the harmonic components of PWM voltage, we derive the effects of different parameters of PWM switching on the eddy-current loss. We compare the iron losses modeled with the proposed analytical methods on a three-phase transformer, a dc motor, and an induction motor with the results of time-stepping finite-element analysis and experiments. We provide detailed equations for the prediction of iron losses. These equations can be directly applied in the design and control of PWM converters and electric motors to improve energy efficiency in electrical machines and transformers operated from PWM converters.      

A current ripple reduction of a high-speed miniature brushless direct current motor using instantaneous voltage control

High-speed miniature brushless direct current motor (BLDCM) is used in robots and medical applications because of its high-torque and high-speed characteristics. When compared with the general BLDCM, a high-speed miniature BLDCM has a low electrical time-constant. The current and torque ripple are very high when compared with the conventional pulse-width modulation (PWM) control scheme in the conduction period because of the inherent electrical characteristics. The authors propose a simple instantaneous source voltage and phase current control for torque ripple reduction of a high-speed miniature BLDCM. To reduce the switching current ripple, instantaneously controlled source voltage is supplied to the inverter system according to the motor speed and the load torque. In addition, a fast hysteresis current controller can keep the phase current within a limited band. Computer simulations and experimental results up to 40 000 rpm show the effectiveness and verification of the proposed control scheme.     

Single-phase induction motor drive system using z-source inverter

Employing conventional three-phase inverter in variable speed single-phase drive suffers from limited maximum output voltage applied to motor or voltage utility factor (VUF). In this study, a z-source inverter (ZSI) has been used to drive a single-phase induction motor (SPIM). By the proposed topology, VUF and consequently torque speed characteristic of the single-phase motor is improved. The equations for employing ZSI in SPIM drive and modulation method are described. Results of two simulations using conventional inverter and ZSI are presented. The results show that using ZSI leads to an increase in motor electromagnetic torque compared to conventional three-phase inverter due to improved VUF. The experimental results confirm the theory and simulation.     

基于状态空间的PWM逆变器数字PI双环控制技术研究

主要研究了数字控制的实际应用情况以及脉宽调制(PWM)正弦波逆变器的特点,包括电流内环电压外环的双闭环控制。在建立逆变器控制系统状态空间模型的基础上,详细分析了外环为输出电压,内环为电感电流加负载电流前馈控制对应的控制策略的稳定性和动态响应。先对控制系统直接离散化,再利用极点配置的方法进行系统参数设计。从响应速度、外特性、稳定性方面进行了具体分析,结果说明在离散域里双环控制逆变器具有较好的动态响应速度和输出外特性。最后通过实验验证和仿真波形分析,证明这种双环控制技术能满足各项性能指标要求。     

Theoretical prediction and experimental verification of light-load instability in a 11-kW open-loop induction motor drive

This paper presents the small-signal stability analysis of an 11-kW open-loop inverter-fed induction motor drive, including the effect of inverter dead-time. The analysis is carried out using an improved small-signal model of the drive that has been reported in literature recently, and is used to demonstrate small-signal instability in a higher-power-level motor. Through small-signal stability analysis, the region of oscillatory behaviour is identified on the voltage versus frequency plane (V–f plane), considering no-load. These predictions using the improved model are also compared against predictions of a standard model of an inverter-fed induction motor including dead-time effect. The oscillatory behaviour of the 11-kW motor drive is also studied through extensive time-domain numerical simulations and actual measurements over wide ranges of operating conditions. Both the simulation and experimental results confirm the validity of the predictions by the improved analytical model. Further, these results establish that the analysis is valid for both sine-triangle pulse-width modulation (PWM) and conventional space vector PWM.     

Multiple-load series resonant inverter for induction cooking application with pulse density modulation

Multiple-load induction cooking applications are suitable used when multi-output inverters or multi-inverters are needed for multiple-load operation. Some common approaches and modifications are needed in inverter configuration for multiple-load application. This paper presents an inverter configuration with two loads by using pulse density modulation control technique. It allows the output power control of each load independently with constant switching frequency and constant duty ratio. The pulse density modulation control technique is obtained using phase on–off control between two legs of the inverter to reduce acoustic noise. The two-load three-leg inverter configuration provides reduction of the component count for extension of multiple loads. The control technique provides a wide range of output power control. In addition, it can achieve efficient and stable zero voltage switching operation in the whole load range. The proposed control scheme is simulated and experimentally verified with two-load inverter configuration.     

Fast sag/swell detection method for fuzzy logic controlled dynamic voltage restorer

In this study, the design and analysis of a fuzzy logic (FL) controlled dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) are presented and extended to perform fast fault detection. A new control method for DVR is proposed by combining FL with a carrier modulated PWM inverter. The proposed control scheme is simple to design and has excellent voltage compensation capabilities. The proposed method for voltage sag/swell detection has the ability of detecting different kinds of power disturbances faster than conventional detection methods. Effectiveness of the proposed detection method is shown by comparison with the conventional methods in the literature. Simulation results under unbalanced supply voltage are presented to evaluate the performance of the designed DVR.     

Study on the new control scheme of class-E inverter for IH-jar application with clamped voltage characteristics using pulse frequency modulation

A new control scheme of Class-E inverter for induction heating jar applications with clamped voltage characteristics using pulse frequency modulation (PFM) is introduced. To reduce the voltage stress of a switch, the proposed PFM control scheme does not need any auxiliary circuit. It can decrease the voltage stress of a switch through the modulation of switching frequency. The Class-E inverter using the proposed control scheme has the advantages of not only the same output power when it is compared with an active clamped class-E (ACCE) inverter, but also zero-voltage-switching, which are characteristics of conventional Class-E and ACCE inverter. The control principles of the proposed method are explained in detail and its validity is verified through experimental results     

Modelling and analysis of an open-loop induction motor drive incorporating the effect of inverter dead-time

The objective of this paper is to study the influence of inverter dead-time on steady as well as dynamic operation of an open-loop induction motor drive fed from a voltage source inverter (VSI). Towards this goal, this paper presents a systematic derivation of a dynamic model for an inverter-fed induction motor, incorporating the effect of inverter dead-time, in the synchronously revolving dq reference frame. Simulation results based on this dynamic model bring out the impact of inverter dead-time on both the transient response and steady-state operation of the motor drive. For the purpose of steady-state analysis, the dynamic model of the motor drive is used to derive a steady-state model, which is found to be non-linear. The steady-state model shows that the impact of dead-time can be seen as an additional resistance in the stator circuit, whose value depends on the stator current. Towards precise evaluation of this dead-time equivalent resistance, an analytical expression is proposed for the same in terms of inverter dead-time, switching frequency, modulation index and load impedance. The notion of dead-time equivalent resistance is shown to simplify the solution of the non-linear steady-state model. The analytically evaluated steady-state solutions are validated through numerical simulations and experiments.     

Model reference adaptive control-based adaptive current control scheme of a PM synchronous motor with an improved servo performance

A model reference adaptive control (MRAC)-based current control scheme of a PM synchronous motor with an improved servo performance is presented. Although the predictive current control is known to give ideal transient and steady-state responses among various PWM inverter-fed current control schemes for a PM synchronous motor, its steady-state response may be degraded under the motor parameter variations. To overcome such a limitation, the disturbances caused by the parameter variations will be estimated using an MRAC technique and compensated by a feedforward manner. Thus, the steady-state control performance can be effectively improved, while retaining its good dynamic performance. The proposed control scheme does not require the measurement of the phase voltage unlike the conventional disturbance estimation scheme using observer. This can be an effective way considering the phase voltage contains much harmonics as well as noise. The asymptotic stability of the overall system is proved and the adaptation laws are derived by the Lyapunov stability theory. The proposed scheme is implemented using DSP TMS320C31 and the effectiveness is verified through the comparative simulations and experiments.     

Pulse width modulation technique with harmonic injection and frequency modulated carrier: formulation and application to an induction motor

A new generated pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is presented, making it possible to significantly reduce harmonics in comparison to currently used PWMs operating in real time. This improvement means that a motor connected to an inverter that is controlled with this technique undergoes less overheating and vibrations, thereby improving its performance.     

Five-leg inverter PWM technique for reduced switch count two-motor constant power applications

Industrial applications often require a number of variable speed electric drives. In the majority of cases, these multi-motor drive systems require independent control of individual motors. Over the past decade, research efforts have been made to reduce the number of power electronic devices required in multi-motor drive systems in order to reduce the overall complexity and hence cost of the drive. It has been shown recently that it is possible to independently control two three-phase induction machines using a five-leg voltage source inverter (VSI) as the supply, with one inverter leg being common to both machines. The existing pulse-width modulation (PWM) methods for this supply topology either limit the amount of DC bus voltage available to each machine or lead to uneven and increased switching frequency across five legs of the VSI. A new PWM method that effectively utilises the standard three-phase modulators in conjunction with appropriate modifications to generate modulation signals for all five legs of the VSI is presented. It enables an arbitrary distribution of the available DC bus voltage between the two machines. The considered supply topology, when utilised in conjunction with the developed PWM technique, is well suited to constant power applications such as centre-driven winders. Verification of the developed modulation method and its applicability to winder systems are demonstrated by experimental testing that includes both steady state and transient operation.     

Minimization and identification of conducted emission bearing current in variable speed induction motor drives using PWM inverter

The recent increase in the use of speed control of ac induction motor for variable speed drive using pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter is due to the advent of modern power electronic devices and introduction of microprocessors. There are many advantages of using ac induction motor for speed control applications in process and aerospace industries, but due to fast switching of the modern power electronic devices, the parasitic coupling produces undesirable effects. The undesirable effects include radiated and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) which adversely affect nearby computers, electronic/electrical instruments and give rise to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor. Due to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor, electrical discharge machining takes place in the inner race of the bearing which reduces the life of the bearing. In high power converters and inverters, the conducted and radiated emissions become a major concern. In this paper, identification of bearing current due to conducted emission, the measurement of bearing current in a modified induction motor and to minimize the bearing current are discussed. The standard current probe, the standard line impedance stabilization network (LISN)), the electronics interface circuits are used to measure high frequency common mode current, bearing current and to minimize the conducted noise from the system. The LISN will prevent the EMI noise entering the system from the supply source by conductive methods, at the same time prevents the EMI generated if any due to PWM, fast switching in the system, will not be allowed to enter the supply line. For comparing the results with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) standards, the graphs are plotted with frequency Vs, line voltage in dBμ V, common mode voltage in dBμ V and the bearing current in dBμ A with out and with minimizing circuits.     

A frequency‐dependent droop scheme for parallel control of ups inverters

Abstract

This paper presents a frequency‐dependent droop scheme for paralleling UPS inverters with no control interconnection, so the inverters can be tightly connected with the load. At the fundamental frequency, the reference voltage of the inverter is generated as a reactor connected between the inverter and the load. The intention is to control the real and reactive power sharing of inverters with the Q‐V and P‐ω droop scheme employed in the power system without needing a true transfer reactor. At the harmonic frequency, the reference voltage is generated as a resistor connected between the inverter and the load. The intention is that the load harmonic current can be shared equally and the voltage waveform distortion will be low. Two 1KVA single‐phase inverters are designed and implemented, some simulation and experimental results are provided for demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Zero-voltage-switching DC/AC inverter

A novel zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) DC/AC inverter is proposed. The proposed inverter can not only provide output voltage that is higher or lower than DC input voltage but can also use the pulse-width modulation (PWM) control technique. Furthermore, in the proposed inverter, besides operating at constant frequency, all semiconductor devices operate at soft-switching without additional voltage stress and current stress. A design example of 1000 W ZVS-PWM buck-boost inverter is examined to assess the inverter performance     

Analytical closed-form investigation of pwm inverter induction motor drive performance under dc bus voltage pulsation

The voltage unbalance conditions at the input rectifier stage of the AC?DC?AC rectifier-inverter fed induction motor drive is analysed. This unbalance can cause significant voltage harmonic of twice the line frequency 2f1 in the DC bus. This voltage ripple can have a degrading effect on the induction-machine performance characteristics. The authors present an analytical closed-form mathematical model and analysis of the impact of DC bus ripple voltage of the three-phase voltage source inverter with the space-vector PWM on the induction machine phase voltages, currents and torque pulsations. The analytical expressions for the voltage and current space vectors as a function of the DC bus voltage pulsation are derived. Using superposition, the separate parts of the motor currents can be determined. From the current space vectors, the torque behaviour is estimated, again as a function of DC link voltage pulsation. Next, it is shown that the DC link voltage ripple components may cause large torque pulsation. The proposed analytical method is based on the mixed p?z approach, enabling presentation of the results in lucid and closed form. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed analytical model, experimental results based on laboratory setup were obtained.     

Synchronised carrier-based SVPWM signal generation scheme for the entire modulation range extending up to six-step mode using the sampled amplitudes of reference phase voltages

The issues in synchronised implementation of space vector-based pulse width modulation (SVPWM) signal generation are addressed on a conventional DSP platform. With the present day digital signal processors (DSPs) with clock over 10 MHz, it is possible to include additional tasks for synchronisation in the interrupt service routine (ISR). Also, the task of the synchronisation can be easily accommodated within the same ISR without disturbing the time critical pulse width modulation (PWM) operation. The authors systematically present the additional software requirements to determine the time period proportional to the half carrier switching time interval that is required for the synchronisation. First, the DSP implementation of the conventional multi-level SVPWM based on the sampled amplitudes of reference voltages is presented and then the additional requirements to maintain the PWM in synchronisation are discussed. The simulation results as well as experimental results are presented for a five-level PWM signal generation. A five-level inverter configuration, using a 1.5 kW open-end winding induction motor drive, is used for experimentally verifying the SVPWM     

Static DC to sinusoidal AC inverter using techniques of high-frequency pulse-width modulation

A dc to sinusoidal ac inverter is described in which high-frequency pulse-width modulation is used to provide a low-frequency sine-wave output without the need for either a low-frequency power transformer or for low-frequency filter components. The inverter is physically simple and has low weight and small size. From a practical viewpoint the usefulness of this inverter is further enhanced by its self-regulating property. An analysis of this circuit and its output waveform is also given which provides the mathematical basis for the experimentally observed test results. In addition to the proof of the self-regulating property, it is further proven analytically that the amplitudes of the harmonics of the sinusoidal output voltage are very small with respect to the amplitude of the fundamental voltage.     

Multi-criteria-based design approach of multi-phase permanent magnet low-speed synchronous machines

A design methodology dedicated to multi-phase permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) supplied by pulse width modulation voltage source inverters (PWM VSIs) is presented. First, opportunities for increasing torque density using the harmonics are considered. The specific constraints caused by the PWM supply of multi-phase machines are also taken into account during the design phase. All the defined constraints are expressed in a simple manner by using a multi-machine modelling of the multi-phase machines. This multi-machine design is then applied to meet the specifications of a marine propeller: verifying simultaneously four design constraints, an initial 60-pole three-phase machine is converted into a 58-pole five-phase machine without changing the geometry and the active volume (iron, copper and magnet). First, a specific fractional-slot winding, which yields to good characteristics for PWM supply and winding factors, is chosen. Then, using this winding, the magnet layer is designed to improve the flux focussing. According to analytical and numerical calculations, the five-phase machine provides a higher torque (about 15%) and less pulsating torque (71% lower) than the initial three-phase machine with the same copper losses.