12Cr铁素体/马氏体钢在650℃/25MPa超临界水中的腐蚀行为

研究了12Cr铁素体/马氏体钢在650℃/25MPa超临界水中的腐蚀行为。采用扫描电镜-X射线能量色散谱(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)分析了不同腐蚀时间氧化膜的显微形貌、组织结构与成分分布。结果表明,在650℃/25MPa的超临界水中腐蚀1000h后,12Cr铁素体/马氏体钢的均匀腐蚀增重速率达到了0.6328mg/(dm2.h)。随着腐蚀时间的延长,表面多面体氧化物颗粒长大,并且在氧化膜表面出现了气孔和裂纹。氧化膜为双层结构,厚度约为50μm,外层氧化膜较疏松而富Fe贫Cr,内层氧化膜相对致密而富Cr。     

铅铋共晶合金的流动速度对CLAM钢腐蚀行为的影响

为了研究中国低活化马氏体(CLAM)钢在不同相对流速铅铋共晶合金(LBE)中的腐蚀行为,本研究对CLAM钢在550℃不同流动速度(0 m/s、1. 70 m/s、2. 98 m/s、3. 69 m/s、4. 77 m/s)的液态LBE中进行了500 h的腐蚀试验。试验后分别对腐蚀试样表面进行SEM、XRD检测以及对试样截面进行SEM-EDS和面扫描检测。结果表明,经过500 h腐蚀试验后的试样表面均形成双层结构的氧化层,外氧化层由Fe_3O_4组成,内氧化层由(Fe,Cr)_3O_4组成。在LBE相对流速从0 m/s增大到2. 98 m/s的过程中,试样表面氧化层的厚度逐渐增大,这是由于相对流速的增大提高了Fe元素的溶解速率和O元素的扩散迁移速率,进而导致试样表面发生严重的氧化腐蚀。而当LBE相对流速从2. 98 m/s继续增大到4. 77 m/s时,CLAM钢表面的氧化层厚度逐渐减小,这是由于随着LBE相对流速的进一步增大,试样表面冲蚀腐蚀程度逐渐加重,外氧化层厚度因遭受一定程度的剥落而急剧减小,进而使得试样表面总氧化层的厚度逐渐减小。本研究结果为未来ADS嬗变系统的实际应用提供了数据支持和参考。     

CLAM钢TIG焊接接头在液态铅铋共晶体中的短期腐蚀行为

研究了中国低活化马氏体(CLAM)钢TIG焊接接头(焊缝和热影响区)在500℃静态饱和氧浓度液态铅铋共晶体(LBE)中的腐蚀行为。未热处理的焊接接头腐蚀时间为200和400 h,回火处理的焊接接头腐蚀时间为400 h。研究发现,钢中有明显的元素的溶解,所有试样表面均形成了具有保护作用的双氧化层,外氧化层为疏松多孔的Fe3O4,内氧化层为致密的Fe-Cr尖晶石,没有发现Pb、Bi渗透进基体材料。回火处理可有效提高焊接接头的耐腐蚀性能,焊缝耐蚀性低于热影响区。     

430不锈钢在550℃流动Pb-Bi合金中的腐蚀行为

为了研究430不锈钢(430ss)与高温Pb-Bi合金的相容性将430ss浸没在550℃、2.98 m/s的液态Pb-Bi合金中进行200 h、400 h和600 h的腐蚀试验。利用XRD、SEM和EDS进行检测,分别研究经腐蚀不同时间后试样表面和截面的腐蚀现象。结果表明:腐蚀试样表面首先产生不规则形状的由Fe、Cr、O三种元素组成的氧化物,而后逐渐生长并汇集成相对均匀的氧化层;氧化层呈双层结构,分别为外氧化层和内氧化层,外氧化层主要由疏松多孔的Fe_3O_4以及部分渗入的Pb-Bi组成,内氧化层主要由致密的Fe-Cr尖晶石(Fe,Cr)_3O_4组成;随腐蚀时间的延长(0～600 h),内外氧化层厚度不断增加并变得相对均匀;在腐蚀过程中同时发生溶解腐蚀和氧化腐蚀。     

高温碳氢气氛下Cr5Mo钢的尘化腐蚀状况

金属渗碳腐蚀(即尘化)是高温碳氢环境下常发生的灾难性腐蚀。Cr5Mo钢的工程应用量大面广,过去对其渗碳腐蚀研究不够。为此,研究了炉管材料Cr5Mo钢在600℃,50%CO-H2-3%H2O气氛下的尘化腐蚀行为,采用X射线衍射分析了腐蚀试样的物相组成,采用扫描电镜对试样进行了微观形貌分析。结果表明:Cr5Mo钢在试验条件下呈现均匀腐蚀,材料自表面向内依次析出Fe5C2和Fe3C脆性腐蚀产物,经560h尘化腐蚀后的试样平均腐蚀深度约为200μm,而基体材料性质无明显改变。因此Cr5Mo钢在尘化过程中出现的腐蚀减薄是由脆性碳化物层的析出引起的。     

掺杂17(Cu-Ni)对18NiO-NiFe_2O_4复合陶瓷烧结气氛及性能的影响

采用粉末冶金法制备了掺杂17(Cu-Ni)的18NiO-NiFe2O4复合陶瓷,研究了掺杂17(Cu-Ni)对18NiO-NiFe2O4复合陶瓷烧结气氛、物相组成、微观形貌、相对密度和抗弯强度的影响。结果表明,在复合陶瓷的烧结过程中,烧结气氛起着显著的影响,氧分压过低时,陶瓷相中Fe2O3首先发生分解生成Fe3O4和O2;氧分压过高时,金属相中的Ni首先发生氧化生成NiO。在可控气氛下烧结,掺杂17(Cu-Ni)后复合陶瓷试样由NiO和NiFe2O4两相组成转变为NiFe2O4(NixFe3-xO4)、NiO和Cu3-xNix三相组成;在1473K烧结时,试样相对密度由83.28%增加到99.04%,抗弯强度由31.93MPa增加到53.41MPa,晶粒尺寸由2～3μm长大到20～30μm,断裂方式由沿晶断裂转变为穿晶断裂。     

CO2腐蚀产物膜的微观形貌和结构特征

研究了碳钢、低Cr钢在不同条件下形成CO2腐蚀产物膜的微观形貌、成分和结构特征.结果表明,N80(碳钢)、1Cr-L80形成的腐蚀产物膜主要由FeCO3晶体堆垛而成,而3Cr-L80、5Cr-L80的表层则形成大面积的含Cr化合物,主要为Cr(OH)3和Cr2O3.这些Cr的化合物脱水后比较疏松,容易形成龟裂.在静态条件下,碳钢和含Cr钢的腐蚀产物膜均具有分层结构,碳钢外层与内层腐蚀产物膜的成分变化不大,主要为Fe、Ca碳酸复盐.含Cr钢的内层腐蚀产物膜中出现Cr元素的富集,外层主要为Fe、Ca碳酸复盐.随着Cr含量的增加,材料的腐蚀产物膜向非晶态转变.在静态条件下,低Cr钢比碳钢的腐蚀速率稍大;在动态(1.5 m/s)条件下,含Cr钢的腐蚀速率明显低于碳钢,而且腐蚀速率随着Cr含量的增加而下降.     

410不锈钢在550℃流动的铅铋共晶合金中的腐蚀行为

为了研究马氏体410不锈钢在不同流速的高温液态铅铋共晶合金中的腐蚀行为,本工作对410不锈钢在相对流速为0 m/s、1. 70 m/s、2. 31 m/s、2. 98 m/s的550℃液态铅铋共晶合金中进行600 h试验后的腐蚀现象进行研究,并对不同流速腐蚀试验后的腐蚀试样的表面和截面分别进行XRD、SEM、EDS检测。结果发现:随着相对流速的增大,腐蚀样品表面的氧化层越来越致密,氧化层的厚度也不断增厚。这是由于传质速率的增大加快了氧化层的生成速率;腐蚀样品表面的氧化层主要分为外氧化层和内氧化层,外氧化层主要由Fe_3O_4以及部分渗入的Pb-Bi组成,内氧化层主要为尖晶石结构的(Fe,Cr)_3O_4;在腐蚀过程中同时发生晶间腐蚀和氧化腐蚀现象。     

Fe-Cr合金预氧化后涂覆KCl盐膜的热腐蚀行为

为开发新型耐高温氯化腐蚀合金及防护涂层,对比研究了750 ℃下Fe-20%Cr(质量分数)合金直接涂KCl和预氧化后再涂KCl盐膜条件下的热腐蚀行为.采用XRD及EPMA对其现象进行分析,结果表明:预氧化生成的初始Cr2O3层对Fe-20%Cr合金在KCl盐膜下的热腐蚀有一定的保护作用,表现为降低腐蚀速率,减轻腐蚀对基体的破坏并维持氧化膜的完整性;Fe-20%Cr在750℃KCl盐膜下的腐蚀产物主要是Fe2O3,Cr2O3以及少量K2Fe2O4和K2Cr2O7等复杂氧化物,其中Fe2O3分布在氧化膜外层,而Cr2O3集中于靠近氧化膜/基体界面的氧化膜内侧.用热力学理论解释了这种氧化膜的形成原因.     

预氧化对TP347H锅炉钢650℃水蒸气中腐蚀的影响

超临界发电锅炉在650℃水蒸气中常发生腐蚀,针对此问题进行了锅炉钢表面化学预氧化防护研究。先将锅炉钢TP347H放入管式炉中,管式炉通流量为20 mm/s的氧气,温度300℃下氧化2 h,利用重量法研究了氧化层对锅炉钢的防护效果,利用扫描电子显微镜观察了材料的表面形貌,结合产物成分分析得到以下结论：TP347H锅炉钢在300℃氧化2 h,可生成约0.2μm的氧化膜;这种氧化膜使材料在650℃水蒸气中腐蚀速度比未预氧化的材料降低了87.5%;表面没有氧化的TP347H锅炉钢在高温水蒸气中腐蚀后,产物为2层,表层主要为Fe的氧化物,底层为Fe、Cr、Ni的氧化物,2层间结合强度较差,外层产物容易脱落,而表面氧化后的试样腐蚀产物为单层,腐蚀产物中为Fe、Cr、Ni的氧化物,涂层与基体结合强度好,腐蚀产物不易脱落。     

Anomalous steam oxidation behavior of a creep resistant martensitic 9 wt. % Cr steel

The efficiency of thermal power plants is currently limited by the long-term creep strength and the steam oxidation resistance of the commercially available ferritic/martensitic steel grades. Higher operating pressures and temperatures are essential to increase efficiency but impose important requirements on the materials, from both the mechanical and chemical stability perspective. It has been shown that in general, a Cr wt. % higher than 9 is required for acceptable oxidation rates at 650 °C, but on the other hand such high Cr content is detrimental to the creep strength. Surprisingly, preliminary studies of an experimental 9 wt. % Cr martensitic steel, exhibited very low oxidation rates under flowing steam at 650 °C for exposure times exceeding 20,000 h. A metallographic investigation at different time intervals has been carried out. Moreover, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analysis of a ground sample exposed to steam for 10,000 h at 650 °C revealed the formation of a complex tri-layered protective oxide comprising a top and bottom Fe and Cr rich spinel layer with a magnetite intermediate layer on top of a very fine grained zone.     

Oxidation behavior of ferritic/martensitic steels in flowing supercritical water

The oxidation behavior of two Ferritic/Martensitic(F/M)steels including novel SIMP steel and commercial P91 steel were investigated by exposure to flowing deaerated supercritical water(SCW)at 700℃for up to 1000 h.The kinetic weight gain curves follow parabolic and near-cubic rate equations for SIMP and P91 steels,respectively.X-Ray Diffraction analysis showed the presence of magnetite and a spinel phase in flowing SCW for both steels.The morphology and structure of the oxide scales formed on these two steels were analyzed.The relationship between the microstructure and oxidation behavior and the reason that SIMP steel showed better oxidation resistance than P91 steel were discussed.     

HP40Nb钢热浸镀Al-Si高温氧化行为及组织研究

为提高高温抗氧化性能,对HP40Nb钢进行了热浸镀Al-10%(质量分数)Si,并进行不同温度扩散处理,研究了不同扩散处理试样在1000℃条件下的高温氧化行为,通过SEM,EDS和XRD分析了经不同扩散处理后的渗层在高温氧化过程中的组织结构变化.结果表明:经800℃/4h扩散处理,渗层由内层(NiAl+ Cr3 Si)...     

Field studies of steam oxidation behavior of austenitic heat-resistant steel 10Cr18Ni9Cu3NbN

The steam oxidation of austenitic steel 10Cr18Ni9Cu3NbN at about 605 °C after in service for 12,000 h and 34,696 h in a 660 MW USC power plant was investigated. Results show that a double layer structure consisting of a magnetite outer layer and Cr-rich inner layer was observed. After 12,000 h, shot blasting treatment improved the steam oxidation resistance of 10Cr18Ni9Cu3NbN steel compared with previous report. Scale oxide which was beneficial from shot blasting treatment spalled off within a short time before 34,696 h. After initial scale exfoliation, the newly formed scale oxide was more likely to be the oxide in 9–12%Cr steels, which was attributed to the low chromium under the initial oxide.     

Microstructural characterization of oxide scales formed on steels P91 and P92

Abstract

In this paper, an in-depth study of steam oxidation of two 9Cr ferritic-martensitic steels (P91 and P92), for advanced power plant, has been carried out. The steels investigated were exposed to a 100% flowing steam environment at 650°C for 1,000 – 3,000 hours. Metallographic analysis showed a multilayered scale was formed on both substrates consisting of an outer Fe-rich phase and inner Fe – Cr spinel, of varying oxide stoichiometry, as well as Cr –Mn-rich bands. The results of scale thickness measurements showed that the oxide formed on the P92 steel was thicker compared to that on the P91 steel. Crystallographic analysis showed that the P91 steel exhibited a martensite to ferrite transformation adjacent to scale – substrate interface which was not observed on the P92 steel. The outer oxide layer on both substrates exhibited a region of equiaxed grains followed by a region of columnar crystal growth. However, on the P91 steel the longer exposure time (3,000 hours) resulted in the outer layer having a region with coarsened equiaxed magnetite grains. The roles of alloying elements (Cr, Mo, W and Mn) were investigated to provide a better understanding of the oxide growth behaviour.     

Effect of surface nanocrystallization on the tribological properties of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel

Surface nanocrystallization of 1Cr18Ni9Ti austenite stainless steel was conducted by the supersonic fine particles bombarding (SFPB) technique. The friction coefficients and wear losses in air and vacuum were tested to analyse the effect of surface nanocrystallization on the tribological properties of 1Cr18Ni9Ti steel. The results show that the microstructure of the surface layer was refined into nano-grains successfully by SFPB treatment; furthermore, strain-induced martensitic transformation occurred during the treatment. The tribological properties of SFPB treated samples enhanced greatly, The dominant wear mechanism of the original 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel is abrasive wear and adhesive wear, while it transfers to the combined action of fatigue wear, abrasive wear and adhesive wear after surface nanocrystallization by SFPB.     

9Cr-1Mo钢在含水蒸汽气氛中的氧化行为

研究了9Cr-1Mo(ASME T91)钢在(Ar 10%H_2O)气氛中600℃、650℃和700℃下的高温氧化行为.在恒温氧化10 h过程中,在600℃氧化遵从抛物线规律;而在650℃和700℃氧化则遵从分阶段抛物线规律,且后一阶段的速度常数高于前一阶段的;随着温度的升高,氧化速度明显增大;氧化激活能为157.2 kJ/mol.T91钢氧化时表面形成了多层结构的氧化膜,从外到内依次为Fe_2O_3、Fe_3O_4和(Fe,Cr)_3O_4;钢基体也发生了内氧化,内氧化物为FeO和Cr_2O_3.只有在700℃氧化时没有外层Fe_2O_3形成和内氧化发生.9Cr-1Mo钢氧化后冷却至室温后,氧化膜发生开裂或局部剥落.最外层Fe_2O_3与次外层Fe_3O_4间出现很大的裂隙,Fe_2O_3层容易剥落.同时探讨了9Cr-1Mo钢在含水蒸汽气氛中的氧化机制.     

Plasma Post Oxidation of Plasma Nitrocarburized SKD 61 Steel

Plasma nitrocarburizing and plasma oxidizing treatments were performed to improve the wear and corrosion resistance of SKD 61 steel.Plasma nitrocarburizing was conducted for 12 h at 540℃in the nitrogen, hydrogen and methane atmosphere to produce theε-Fe-（2-3）（N,C） phase.The compound layer produced by plasma nitrocarburising was predominantly composed ofε-phase,with a small proportion ofγ′-Fe-4 （N,C） phase. The thickness of the compound layer and the diffusion layer are about 10μm and about 200μm,respectively. Plasma post oxidation was performed on the nitrocarburized samples with various oxygen/hydrogen ratio at constant temperature of 500℃for 1 h.The very thin magnetite （Fe-3O-4） layer of 1-2μm in thickness on top of the compound layer was obtained.Anodic polarization test revealed that plasma nitrocarburizing process contributed a significant improvement of corrosion resistance of SKD 61 steel.However,the corrosion characteristics of the nitrocarburized compound layer was deteriorated by oxidation treatment.     

Designing a high Si reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel for nuclear power generation by using Calphad method

A high Si reduced activation ferritic/martensitic(RAFM) steel for nuclear structure application is successfully designed by using Calphad method. The main designed chemical composition is C 0.18–0.22%, Cr10.0–10.5%, W 1.0–1.5%, Si 1.0–1.3%, V+Ta 0.30–0.45%, and Fe in balance. High Si design brings excellent corrosion resistance, while low activation is advantageous in the nuclear waste processing. The experimental results indicate that the newly designed high Si RAFM steel had full martensitic structure and uniformly distributed fine second phase particles, and exhibited excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Compared to the P91 steel, this new RAFM steel designed by Calphad method is expected to be a promising candidate used in nuclear power generation, which also provides a new and effective approach to the development of RAFM steel for nuclear application.