ECAP工艺及时效处理对Cu-Cr-Zr合金组织和性能的影响

研究等径弯曲通道变形(ECAP)与时效相结合的不同加工工艺对Cu-0.8Cr-0.15Zr合金的组织和性能的影响。结果表明,合金经ECAP挤压8道次后形成了均匀的等轴晶结构,平均晶粒尺寸为200nm,时效使得合金组织均匀性进一步提高。室温力学性能和导电性能测试结果显示,合金具有很强的时效强化效应,时效前的冷变形能显著提升合金的性能,合金经ECAP工艺8道次挤压后420℃时效3h,合金的硬度、抗拉强度和伸长率分别达到了249.15 Hv,623.1MPa和12.3%,合金的导电率达到了85.34%IACS。ECAP过程中合金的强化机制主要是细晶强化,细小弥散分布的析出相对位错的钉扎作用也为合金性能的提升做出了贡献。     

ECAP变形对超细晶铜再结晶行为的影响

为研究ECAP变形对超细晶铜再结晶行为的影响,室温条件下对纯铜进行12道次等通道转角挤压(ECAP)变形,分别在100、150、280℃下对不同道次的超细晶铜进行退火处理,分析其硬度及微观组织变化规律.结果表明:经12道次ECAP变形后,铜的晶粒尺寸细化到约250 nm,硬度达146 HV;随着变形道次增加,超细晶铜的热稳定性降低,软化速度加快,在150℃退火时,1道次超细晶铜完成再结晶的时间约为20 h,12道次为0.5 h;12道次ECAP超细晶铜等温退火温度越高,完成再结晶时间越短,150℃完成再结晶时间约为1 200 s,200℃时缩短至600 s,280℃时再结晶仅需50 s;利用Arrhenius公式计算了再结晶激活能,1道次约为1 eV,12道次为0.78 eV,ECAP变形降低了铜的再结晶激活能.     

Y对ZK60镁合金组织与性能的影响研究

以ZK60为母合金,通过添加不同量的稀土元素Y,制备了2种Mg-Zn-Y-Zr合金.用扫描电镜和X射线衍射对合金铸态组织进行观测和分析发现,在ZK60合金中添加质量分数为1.04%的Y后,组织中析出I相(Mg3Zn6Y).当Y的加入量增至2.10%,合金组织中主要析出W相(Mg3Zn3Y2)伴有微量的I相.I相和W相呈层片状分布在晶界处,有少量呈棒状,分布在晶内.这些细小、弥散分布的第二相对合金产生显著的强化作用,改善了合金的热加工性能,使得ZK60合金易热裂的缺点得到明显改善,在340～380℃温度范围内挤压没有发生热裂.实验表明,添加Y的挤压棒材的拉伸强度有较大幅度提高,延伸率略有增加.     

铸态ZK60 镁合金往复挤压的组织与性能

目的探索工艺参数对微观组织和力学性能的影响。方法材料选用铸态ZK60合金,通过试验研究挤压比、往复挤压道次对镁合金微观组织演变的影响,分析挤压比对T6处理的材料力学性能的影响。结果在一定范围内增大挤压比和增加往复挤压道次均有助于组织细化。在350℃、挤压比为8时,经过8道次往复挤压变形可以细化晶粒到3μm左右。晶粒尺寸达到5μm以下,增加往复道次使晶粒细化的效果不明显,但有利于晶粒的均匀化。在往复挤压温度350℃,挤压比8,往复道次8的条件下,经过T6处理的试样具有良好的综合力学性能,伸长率达到22.1%,抗拉强度为308.6 MPa。结论 ZK60镁合金在往复挤压和动态再结晶过程中,晶粒的细化与往复挤压道次和挤压比有关。若挤压比较小,尽管往复道次较大,但是晶粒细化的效果不明显;合理的匹配挤压比与往复道次,能获得细小、均匀的组织。     

准晶增强Mg-Zn-Y合金的ECAP变形组织及力学性能

镁及镁合金作为目前工业应用中最轻的结构材料之一,具有良好的应用前景,然而由于镁合金自身强度较低、抗氧化性能差以及高温抗蠕变性能差等问题,使其作为某些结构件的应用受到限制,为进一步扩大其应用,人们采用了多种方法来提高其综合力学性能.二十面体准晶相(简称Ⅰ-phase)由于其特殊的结构而具有优异的力学性能,如高强度、高硬度等,将Ⅰ-phase作为一种增强相引入到镁合金中可大大提高镁合金的力学性能,为新型镁合金的开发和实际应用提供了一种新途径.本文采用常规铸造法制备了含有粗大网状Ⅰ-phase和α-Mg两相组织的Mg-Zn-Y合金.研究了合金含量及Zn/Y比对Mg-Zn-Y合金显微组织和力学性能的影响,探讨了热处理工艺对合金中相析出行为及Ⅰ-phase热稳定性的影响.以时效处理后的Mg-Zn-Y合金为研究对象,研究了两种塑性变形工艺(常规热挤压和等径角挤压变形)对合金显微组织和力学性能的影响,并对合金的细化机制、断裂行为与强化机制进行了研究.研究结果表明,在Y含量为0.3%～2.0%(at),Zn含量为1.7%～6.0%(at)的富镁Mg-Zn-Y合金中,合金的铸态组织及相组成取决于Zn/Y比和Zn含量,Zn/Y比为6时,合金的铸态组织由α-Mg基体和晶界上富镁相与Ⅰ-phase两相共晶组织组成;在所研究的合金成分范围内,合金中Ⅰ-phase的形成及其体积分数与合金的凝固速度有关,采用快速凝固的方法得到的合金中,由于第二相的形核及长大受到抑制,形成的Ⅰ-phase的体积分数相对于常规铸造工艺下制备的合金中Ⅰ-phase的含量有所减少,同时发现,合金的极限抗拉强度和屈服强度随合金中Ⅰ-phase体积分数的增加而增加,但合金的延伸率略有降低;在400℃、24h的热处理工艺下,Mg95Zn4.3Y0.7合金基体上有球形Ⅰ-phase析出,且析出的Ⅰ-phase在随后的时效处理中表现出热稳定性;在190℃不同时效时间下合金基体中的析出相为密排六方结构的MgZn2相,其析出行为与Mg-Zn二元合金类似.Mg-Zn-Y合金的热挤压结果表明,通过挤压变形可以显著细化合金的晶粒组织,合金的晶粒大小可由变形前的40～60μm减小到8～15μm,在挤压过程中位于晶界的Ⅰ-phase被破碎并较均匀地分布在基体合金中,随着挤压比的增大和挤压温度的降低,晶粒进一步细化,Ⅰ-phase的弥散程度增加.挤压变形可以显著提高Mg-Zn-Y合金的强度、硬度和延伸率;随着挤压比的增大,合金的强度、硬度和延伸率均有所增加;在所研究的3种合金中,Mg95Zn4.3Y0.7合金在523K以25:1的挤压比挤压后,具有较高的力学性能,其极限抗拉强度为287MPa,屈服强度为203MPa,延伸率为14.1%.对于预挤压态Mg-Zn-Y合金的ECAP变形结果表明,ECAP对于预挤压态Mg-Zn-Y合金组织的细化是一个不断加强的过程,1道次ECAP变形后,在一些粗大晶粒之间分布着许多细小的晶粒,随变形道次的增加,原始粗大的晶粒消失,形成均匀细小的等轴晶粒,平均晶粒尺寸为1～3μm,同时在ECAP过程中Ⅰ-phase被破碎并呈弥散分布.ECAP变形1道次可以显著提高Mg-Zn-Y合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率,Mg95Zn4.3Y0.7合金ECAP变形1道次后力学性能指标σb=331MPa,σ0.2=223MPa,δ=19.4%.Mg-Zn-Y合金以A、BA、Bc、C等4种不同工艺路线进行8道次ECAP变形后的显微组织差异不大,均形成细小的等轴晶粒;4种工艺路线在1～8道次的变形过程中,合金的力学性能变化不同,对于路径A和BA,随着变形道次的增加,合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率变化幅度不大,对于路径BC和C,变形道次超过4次后,产生的变形织构的弱化作用导致合金的屈服强度迅速降低,但是合金仍保持较高的抗拉强度和延伸率.通过对ECAP变形过程中Mg-Zn-Y合金晶粒细化过程的分析,结合其力学性能的变化得出ECAP变形的细化机制和准晶相强化机制:ECAP对于准晶增强Mg-Zn-Y合金的细化机制主要是基体在不同变形路径下的连续剪切变形机制和准晶粒子对于基体的剪切及钉扎机制;准晶增强Mg-Zn-Y合金ECAP变形过程中存在3种强化机制:细晶强化、第二相粒子强化和位错强化,3种强化机制分别在ECAP变形的不同阶段起主导作用,在共同的强化作用下提高合金的强度.     

ECAP变形对Mg2Si增强耐热镁合金组织及性能的影响

为了提高镁合金的耐热性能,在Mg-Zn合金中加入Si,形成Mg-Zn-Si镁合金.采用ECAP工艺在变形温度为573 K和挤压路径为Bc条件下对Mg-Zn-Si镁合金进行不同道次的变形.运用金相显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段对变形后的Mg-Zn-Si镁合金进行了组织表征,对变形后的合金进行了室温拉伸和高温蠕变等力学性能测试.结果表明:随着挤压道次增加,α-Mg基体、Mg Zn相及Mg2Si相均得到细化且分布趋于均匀.1道次挤压后部分基体α-Mg细化,4道次挤压后α-Mg的尺寸减小为5~10μm,且晶粒大小趋于均匀;2道次挤压后Mg2Si相枝晶在原位置破碎为颗粒状,6、8道次挤压后Mg_2Si相呈弥散分布.4道次挤压后合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度均提高120%,伸长率提高353%;8道次挤压后合金的抗拉强度和伸长率与4道次相比变化不大,但屈服强度进一步提高了19%.随着挤压道次增加,高温抗蠕变性能提高,8道次后高温稳态蠕变速率降低5倍.Mg2Si相细化机理为受剪切而机械碎断.     

快速凝固/粉末冶金法制备ZK60高强镁合金

采用快速凝固/粉末冶金法(RS/PM)制备块体ZK60(Mg-5.52Zn-0.33Zr,质量分数/%)镁合金,研究了挤压态合金在200,300℃退火1h后微观组织和力学性能的变化.结果表明:挤压致密化过程中,合金粉末颗粒在剪切力作用下被拉长,内部晶粒碎化成小角度亚晶粒、位错胞和条带状亚晶,第二相纳米颗粒沿亚晶界随机分布;随后200℃退火后,组织发生不完全再结晶,位错密度有所降低;而在300℃退火后,合金组织发生完全再结晶,形成平均尺寸约2.5μm的等轴晶,同时晶内析出大量β2′相.挤压态合金的屈服强度和延伸率分别为394MPa,15.2%;随着退火温度的升高,强度略有下降,塑性提高,合金综合性能优异.     

ECAP加工与热处理对工业纯铁点蚀行为的影响

通过多道次等通道转角挤压(ECAP)和退火热处理,制备不同组织结构状态的超细晶工业纯铁,采用透射电镜观察微观组织结构特征,并用电化学极化和阻抗谱技术表征超细晶纯铁在含氯离子的钝化介质中点蚀行为。结果表明:随着ECAP加工道次增加,低道次形成的高位错密度板条状结构转变为低位错密度等轴晶;ECAP样退火热处理后,位错减少、大角度晶界增加。ECAP加工道次对纯铁自钝化性能影响不大,开路电位和极化电阻变化均较小;耐点蚀性能与加工道次有关,点蚀电位随加工道次先下降后升高;退火处理后自钝化性能和耐蚀性提高,开路电位、极化电阻和点蚀电位均明显增大。     

退火对ECAP纯铝组织结构、力学及腐蚀性能的影响

为研究高温后超细晶纯铝的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能变化,本文在室温下对99.6%的纯铝(CP-Al)进行等通道转角挤压(ECAP)后,获得超细晶纯铝.在8道次、Bc挤压路径,不同退火温度下,通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、单向拉伸与硬度测试及电化学测试分析,对其力学性能、组织结构、耐腐蚀性进行了研究.实验结果表明,随着退火温度的升高,8道次ECAP纯铝的强度和硬度降低,塑性逐渐提高;其在未退火及150、250、350 ℃退火后的硬度和抗拉强度分别为99.4HV,279.6 MPa、94HV,276.2 MPa、80HV,220.6 MPa、47HV,209.5 MPa;延伸率分别为4.89%、5.68%、9.81%、12.10%;晶粒尺寸由612 nm增加到1 314 nm,晶面取向发生变化.在质量分数为3.5% NaCl溶液中,对8道次ECAP纯铝在不同退火温度下分别进行了极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试,并观察了显微结构图,结果表明,ECAP 8道次挤压后,随着退火温度的增加纯铝的腐蚀电流密度由未退火时的5.756 μA/cm²略减少到150 ℃的5.732 μA/cm²,而后增加到300 ℃的6.846 μA/cm²,腐蚀形貌发生改变.退火温度为150 ℃时,纯铝表现出更好的耐腐蚀性能,这是由于退火温度增加会减少材料缺陷,但晶粒增大对耐腐蚀性的抑制高于材料微观结构改善对耐腐蚀性的促进.     

ZK60镁合金型材挤压过程有限元数值模拟

本文运用DEFORM-3D平台对ZK60变形镁合金型材挤压过程进行了数值模拟.分析了变形温度(T=300℃/350℃)、变形速度(V=2、5mm/s)对合金等效应变、等效应力、温度场以及变形载荷的影响规律.结果表明:温度对等效应力影响显著,变形温度从300℃升高到350℃,合金最大等效应力从75MPa降低到55MPa;变形速度对温升影响显著,挤压速度由2mm/s升高到5mm/s,合金最大温升由81℃升高到118℃.确定了ZK60合金在挤压比为25时,适宜的挤压温度为350℃,挤压速度应在5mm/s以下.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from