TA31钛合金电弧增材制造过程液桥过渡数值分析

建立了电弧熔丝增材制备TA31钛合金过程传热传质的三维瞬态计算流体力学模型,采用流体体积法对自由表面进行追踪,计算了熔滴生长、液桥过渡和脱离焊丝进入熔池的动态演化,以及在表面张力、电弧压力、电弧剪切力、电磁力、重力和热浮力的作用下熔池流体流动的速度分布,并通过与高速成像以及沉积层横截面的比较,验证了该数值模型的有效性。结果表明：液桥过渡模式对熔池冲击较小,有利于减少成形表面的不规则性。随着熔池几何形状的扩大,沉积层高度先增大后减小,最后趋于稳定。在电弧压力和表面张力的作用下,熔池表面形成凹陷,熔池内部产生对流。惯性力和表面张力是影响液桥流动的最重要驱动力,粘性力和重力的影响可以忽略不计。     

Measuring the process efficiency of controlled gas metal arc welding processes

Abstract

The thermal or process efficiency in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is a crucial input to numerical models of the process and requires the use of an accurate welding calorimeter. In this paper, the authors compare a liquid nitrogen calorimeter with an insulated box calorimeter for measuring the process efficiency of Fronius cold metal transfer, Lincoln surface tension transfer and RapidArc, Kemppi FastRoot and standard pulsed GMAW. All of the controlled dip transfer processes had a process efficiency of ～85% when measured with the liquid nitrogen calorimeter. This value was slightly higher when welding in a groove and slightly lower for the RapidArc and pulsed GMAW. The efficiency measured with the insulated box calorimeter was slightly lower, but it had the advantage of a much smaller random error.     

激光液态填充焊的填材熔化与过渡稳定性

针对激光填丝焊过程中焊丝对入射激光能量的反射、匙孔不稳定等问题,提出了激光液态填充焊方法,采用电弧提前预熔焊丝,让填材以液态方式流入熔池中.分析了激光液态填充焊的熔化、过渡模式,以及工艺参数对过渡模式的影响规律.结果表明,在电弧热作用下焊丝有液桥过渡和滴状过渡两种模式,焊接电流较小时,焊丝的上部熔化,下部依然保持固态,形成稳定的液桥过渡;焊接电流较大时,焊丝端部全部熔化易回缩成球为滴状过渡,过渡稳定性变差.为改善滴状过渡的稳定性,可依靠间隙的毛细作用稳定流入熔池中.激光液态填充焊可降低对匙孔的冲击,提高匙孔的稳定性.     

送丝方式对步进填丝双脉冲TIG电弧增材成形精度的影响

针对电弧增材制造热质传输强耦合、成形尺寸精度低等共性关键问题,提出一种步进填丝双脉冲钨极氩弧(tungsten inert gas,TIG)电弧增材制造方法. 基于此方法建立增材成形试验系统,开展系列变化参数的直壁墙增材工艺试验. 利用同步采集的熔滴、熔池动态变化图像数据重点研究分析了送丝方式对焊丝熔化、熔滴过渡、熔池行为和成形尺寸精度的影响规律. 结果表明,前、后送丝方式下熔滴均以液桥过渡方式熔入到熔池;相比前送丝增材过程,后送丝方式下焊丝熔化效率和熔滴过渡频率明显增加,熔滴尺寸变小,熔池表面高度和宽度尺寸波动均减小;高频脉冲电弧使熔池体积略微增加,热稳定性明显增强,直壁墙沉积件成形精度明显提高.     

激光填丝焊焊丝熔入行为特征

采用高速摄像技术和工艺试验相结合的手段进行铝合金光纤激光填丝焊焊丝熔入行为及工艺特性研究.分析了焊丝熔入行为及其主要影响因素,研究了送丝方式与送丝角度对焊缝成形及焊接过程稳定性的影响.结果表明,依据光丝间距的不同,焊丝熔入行为可分为3种典型特征,铺展过渡、液桥过渡和大滴过渡,其中液桥过渡最为理想;前置送丝焊丝熔化效率高,工艺窗口较宽;送丝角度影响焊丝吸收激光能量程度以及液态焊丝对液态熔池的冲击力的大小,随着送丝角度的增加焊缝背部熔宽有明显增加,而焊缝熔深基本不变.     

Steel wire patenting: thermal and metallurgical comparison between quenching in lead and quenching in a fluidised bed

Abstract

Patenting of steel wire is a common process whereby the wire is heated to ～950^°C to form austenite, and then rapidly quenched in molten lead held at ～500^°C. The fine-grained structure so formed, patenting sorbite, has high strength coupled with good ductility. However, using lead as a quench medium poses environmental challenges due to its toxicity. An environmentally friendly alternative to lead quenching is quenching in a fluidised bed. The thermal and metallurgical performance of lead quenching is compared with that of fluidised bed quenching. It is concluded that quenching in a fluidised bed can provide similar results to lead quenching for smaller diameter wires.     

Study on metal transfer modes and welding spatter characteristics of self-shielded flux cored wire

Abstract

The metal transfer behaviour of self-shielded flux cored wire and the resultant welding spatter were investigated by using a high speed camera. Three modes of metal transfer were found, i.e. bridging transfer without arc interruption in explosive form or by surface tension, globular repelled transfer and droplet transfer, while the former two modes played a key role in the weld metal transfer. Correspondingly, the bridge explosion, discontinuous globular repelled process and the misalignment of droplets transfer were the main factors causing the welding spatter.     

A novel molten wire tungsten inert gas welding process

ABSTRACT

A novel molten wire tungsten inert gas welding process was presented. In this process, a welding arc is used to melt the workpiece, and a melting arc is used to melt the feeding wire. Metal transfer is separated from the melting of the wire and the workpiece, and the arcs are stable no matter the droplet transfer mode is spraying or globular. The spatter rate in the process is close to zero. Mechanical properties of low carbon steel joint bonded with this process are superior to those bonded with the metal inert gas welding process.     

短路过渡GMAW系统中参数变化的预测分析

在建立了短路过渡GMAW系统动态模型的基础上，研究了与GMAW短路过渡过程有重要关系的动态参数，特别涉及到一些无法通过试验获取的参数的动态变化，并进一步讨论了有关参数间的内在联系。焊丝熔化速度与焊接电流变化规律一致，但在燃弧和短路的交替瞬间发生跳变；焊丝熔化速度直接影响到焊丝干伸长的变化和短路液桥高度的变化；短路期液桥的体积同时受到焊丝熔化和液桥金属向熔池过渡的影响。     

Thermal and metal transfer behaviours in pulsed current gas metal arc weld deposition of Al–Mg alloy

Abstract

The control of pulsed current gas metal arc (GMA) welding is highly critical owing to the simultaneous influence of the pulse parameters on thermal and metal transfer behaviours of the process. An analytical model has been developed to provide a theoretical understanding of the influence of pulse parameters on the behaviour of metal transfer and thermal characteristics in pulsed current GMA welding using Al–Mg filler wire. The variations in thermal and metal transfer behaviours with changes in pulse parameters have been satisfactorily analysed considering a summarised influence of pulse parameters defined by a dimensionless factor &phis; = (I _b/I _p)ft _b, proposed previously. A large number of process parameters have been considered, as a result of using four different GMA welding power sources. The hypothesis has been verified using some previously reported experimental results. The theoretical model may be useful in the control of pulse parameters to achieve desired behaviours of thermal and metal transfer under different conditions of weld fabrication, thereby facilitating more universal application of GMA welding.     

Effect of energy transfer modes on solidification cracking in pulsed laser welding

Abstract

In this study, solidification cracking in pulsed laser welding of fully austenitic, AISI Type 316 stainless steel has been analysed at different energy transfer modes. The pulse parameters have been selected appropriately to obtain conduction, transition and keyhole mode welds. Conduction and transition mode welds exhibit higher susceptibility to cracking than keyhole mode welds. It is observed that both heat input and energy transfer mode affect the cooling rate and hence influence solidification cracking. Microstructures of the fusion zone have been analysed, and the cooling rate experienced by the weld is estimated from the mean cell size in the weld. It is found that the critical cooling rate below which cracking does not occur is ～10⁴ K s^??1.     

Wear mechanism in contact tube

Abstract

Stable sliding contact is the most important factor in the stable arc discharge of solid wire. If the contact tube wears seriously, arc discharge will become unstable and the wire position will be shifted. Ordinary non-Cu-coated solid wire causes much wear of the contact tube, about 10 times that caused by Cu-coated solid wire. The mechanism of contact tube wear is not only friction at high temperature, but also a molten bridge formed between the contact tube and wire surface. A complex of superfine particles decreases the amount of contact tube wear. For example, the mixture of graphite and magnetite reduces the amount of contact tube wear by 80%. These particles form an interface layer on the inner surface of the contact tube, and the layer prevents the transfer of molten Cu to the wire surface. The interface layer mainly consists of FeO and complex oxides.     

短路过渡GMAW系统动态过程参数的研究

从全系统的角度研究了短路过渡GMAW系统动态过程参数的内在联系.以焊接回路模型为主体,进行了短路过渡GMAW过程全系统的动态模型建立,并在此基础上讨论了焊接电流的变化影响到焊丝熔化速度的动态变化,并进一步影响到焊丝伸出长度和液桥高度的动态变化.     

磁致旋转射流过渡MAG焊接工艺分析

在设计一种工程实用性强、小型化的纵向磁场发生装置的基础上,将纵向磁场引入到98％Ar＋2％O2保护的射流过渡MAG焊中,提出了一种稳定、可控、有规律的磁致旋转射流过渡MAG焊接工艺,并详细研究了励磁电流（磁场强度）对电弧形态及运动行为、焊丝熔化特性、熔滴过渡机制和焊缝成形的影响规律,同时指出了该工艺的不足之处一纵向磁场在抑制指状熔深的同时却形成了偏心焊缝。结果表明,外加纵向磁场后,MAG焊电弧、液锥和液流束都偏离焊丝轴线并高速旋转,熔滴过渡虽然偏离了焊丝轴线,但仍在电弧烁亮区内部进行;随着励磁电流的增大,电弧旋转角速度增加,可见弧长缩短,熔滴过渡速度加快,焊接电流减小,焊丝熔化系数提高。     

压电驱动GMAW短路过渡行为控制

文中提出了一种基于压电致动器的高动态焊丝启停控制技术,压电致动器膨胀锁止焊丝,收缩则释放焊丝.在焊丝锁止-释放过程中,可以主动驱动熔滴与熔池短路,并利用这一动态过程产生的惯性力驱动短路液桥断裂完成一次熔滴过渡.研究结果表明,组合压电致动器的加入对于小电流下GMAW短路过渡有显著的改善,短路开始和结束都稳定可控,避免了随机短路的发生,不再依赖大短路电流强制缩颈液桥,短路过渡频率显著提升,在DCEP 100 A焊接电流下可达130 Hz,DCEN模式下由于阴极斑点爬升导致电弧稳定性较差,但短路过渡频率也可达100 Hz.     

Development of low spatter CO2 arc welding process with high frequency pulse current

Abstract

Metal transfer phenomena and spatter generation in CO₂ arc welding with a solid wire were investigated, and a low spatter welding process using a high frequency pulse rectangular current was developed. The optimal conditions of high frequency pulse CO₂ arc welding were determined to be a peak current of 450–550 A and pulse frequency of 450–750 Hz. These high frequency pulse currents influenced the droplet oscillation due to resonance between the applied pulse frequency and the natural frequency of the droplet. A droplet was regularly transferred by 9–11 pulses, and the average interval of metal transfer was ～16 ms, which was half of that in conventional CO₂ arc welding. The average droplet weight is 34 mg, showing a large reduction in comparison with that of the conventional method. As a result, the total spatter weight was reduced by 70% in comparison with the conventional method, and particularly large spatters more than 0·5 mm in diameter were reduced from 25 to 3 mg s^?1.     

Convective heat and mass transfer at the solidification front of binary alloys subjected to laser treatment

The process (initiated by convection at the melt-crystal interface) of the formation of a cellular structure at the front of rapid solidification in binary metallic alloys irradiated with a laser with a wavelength λ ～ 1 μm at a density of radiation power q ～ 10⁸–10¹⁰ W/m² and pulse duration τ ～ 10^?3 s has studied; an original physical model of convective heat and mass transfer at the melt-crystal interface under the effect of laser treatment with the above parameters has been developed; an improved mathematical formulation of the problem of stability of a planar solidification front has been suggested; formulas for calculating parameters of the process of heat and mass transfer at the melt-crystal interface are given; and experimental data on the formation of cellular structures on Grade 45 steel and some alloys such as L62 (Cu-38% Zn) and Nb-50% Ti are presented. The results of the investigation can serve as a theoretical base for controlling directionally solidified structures and properties of surface layers of metallic alloys subjected to laser treatment; in practice, they can be applied for laser strengthening of surface layers of heavily loaded friction units.     

激光诱导向前转移薄膜材料的研究进展

激光诱导向前转移技术(LIFT)是一种新兴数字打印技术,利用脉冲激光束透过石英基板辐射供体材料,进而推动部分材料于受体表面沉积成膜。LIFT技术具有打印膜层精度高、非接触式沉积、操作环境限制低和可操作性高等特点。LIFT技术印刷材料跨度大意味着更广泛的激光诱导向前转移技术应用领域,从表面微结构到印刷电极,从化学传感器到航空航天设备。随着各种功能化材料的需求出现,LIFT技术不断创新,目前包括吸收层LIFT技术、气泡驱动LIFT技术、动态释放层LIFT技术和基质辅助脉冲激光蒸发直写技术等。针对固相与液相的薄膜材料,从激光与材料相互作用及转移的机制方面进行了归纳,综述了LIFT技术在制造各种功能器件的研究进展,希望为该技术进一步发展提供新思路,以应对在多尺度多材料应用平台开发相关材料的挑战。     

Formation of hardened layers on aluminium alloy surfaces by the plasma transferred arc process

A new criterion for stability analysis of the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process is proposed and presented in this work, based on acoustic emission generated by the arc during short-circuiting metal transfer. For the experimental development an AWS ER70S-6 wire with a diameter of 0.8 mm and a DEP 401 rectifier were used. The weld bead was carried out on a 4-mm-thick AISI 1020 steel plate. Several welding conditions were studied with variation of the process parameters during the deposition of the beads. The acoustic emission signals were acquired using a measurement system composed of a MV-201 microphone, with a sensitivity of 10 ± 3 mV Pa^? 1 and frequency bandwidth of 20 Hz to 170 dB to 100 kHz, and a data acquisition card coupled to a PC. A stability index was proposed. Eventually, a statistical analysis for validation of the obtained experimental results was carried out. The outputs allowed obtained a relationship between the acoustic signals and the arc voltage signals. The feasibility of the proposed index, and the effectiveness of the method as a novel means of analysing the stability of arc welding, was demonstrated based on acoustic emission for analyses of GMAW process stability.     

自保护药芯焊丝弧桥并存过渡试验分析

采用高速摄影、汉诺威弧焊质量分析仪和体式显微镜对自保护药芯焊丝弧桥并存过渡特征和过渡机理进行了试验研究,结果表明:弧桥并存过渡是一种液桥持续存在的同时电弧不熄灭的熔滴过渡模式,是自保护药芯焊丝主要熔滴过渡模式之一;电弧电压和焊接电流波形没有短路过渡特征,表现为一定范围内小幅波动,与弧桥并存过渡特征相对应;电压概率密度分...