绿色建筑设计中被动设计与性能工具的应用思路与策略研究

研究立足于绿色建筑被动设计手法,关注性能工具与绿色设计相结合的设计思路,以及相关性能工具所涉及的热环境、光环境、风环境等环境性能。着重探讨这三类环境性能在进行绿色建筑设计时对建筑各个层面的影响,如立面设计、造型设计、空间组织等。同时,研究绿色建筑设计性能工具由手工模拟逐步转为计算机动态模拟技术势态。其发展趋势让建筑师直观并准确了解环境性能作用于建筑的影响结果,给绿色建筑设计带来全新的变革。通过对大量国内外案例分析比较,同时结合项目实践的经验,对绿色建筑的性能设计加以分析研究,试图启发基于气候因素的绿色建筑被动设计策略与方法的新思路。     

Simplified thermal and hygric building models: A literature review

This paper provides a systematic literature review on simplified building models. Questions are answered like: What kind of modelling approaches are applied? What are their (dis)advantages? What are important modelling aspects? The review showed that simplified building models can be classified into neural network models (black box), linear parametric models (black box or grey box) and lumped capacitance models (white box). Research has mainly dealt with network topology, but more research is needed on the influence of input parameters. The review showed that particularly the modelling of the influence of sun irradiation and thermal capacitance is not performed consistently amongst researchers. Furthermore, a model with physical meaning, dealing with both temperature and relative humidity, is still lacking. Inverse modelling has been widely applied to determine models parameters. Different optimization algorithms have been used, but mainly the conventional Gaus–Newton and the newer genetic algorithms. However, the combination of algorithms to combine their strengths has not been researched. Despite all the attention for state of the art building performance simulation tools, simplified building models should not be forgotten since they have many useful applications. Further research is needed to develop a simplified hygric and thermal building model with physical meaning.     

基于天然采光性能的建筑中庭形体设计导则研究

建筑师在进行形体创作时须将良好的技术性能作为重要目标，而直观、形象、非严格定量的设计导则是一种简易有效的辅助手段。然而，运用数字设计方法辅助建筑形体创作中的技术性能问题的既有研究对设计导则的关注较少，不能满足形体创作需求。本研究结合参数化模型、性能模拟等数字方法，以中庭为例、探讨了基于天然采光性能的圆形与方形中庭形体设计导则。研究结果表明，中庭的面积、贯穿层数、平面比例等形体参数对其天然采光性能具有显著影响，故在形体创作中建筑师应结合设计导则将天然采光性能纳入考虑；此外，本研究所采用的技术路线能够揭示建筑的技术性能与其形体特征的关系、是一种有效的设计导则获取方法。     

State Space Analysis of Dynamic Closed Loop Environmental Systems

Structured, generalised, digital modelling and simulation software tools that enable engineers to more easily produce formalised, documented and transferable software for prediction of thermal performance and energy use in buildings are described. The basis for these tools is modern state-space analysis techniques that cast modelling equations into a vector-matrix form ideally suited for digital computation. An automated building modelling capability generates detailed and simplified models directly from building plans through use of a library of construction element models (walls, floors, etc.). A user-oriented program interface enables interconnection of the building model with other component models selected from a library of HVAC equipment. controls, internal load schedules, and weather data to construct a closed-loop system simulation. Theoretical considerations for the modelling methodologies implemented in these tools are discussed, along with techniques to systematically reduce the modelling complexity and simulation costs without loss of accuracy. Plans to implement the simulation tools on a minicomputer with an array processor are overviewed.     

Energieausweis nach DIN V 18599 und mittels Gebäudesimulation – ein Projektbericht

Energy performance assessment based on DIN V 18599 vs. building simulation – a project report. The new German Energy Conservation Ordinance (EnEV 2007), which came into force on 1^st October 2007, stipulates a new approach to energy performance assessment for non‐domestic buildings. In the past the calculations based on DIN 4701‐10 for office buildings and heated halls, for example, were relatively simple. DIN V 18599, in contrast, now specifies a rather time‐consuming procedure. In parallel, since the 1970s the approach to energy performance assessment increasingly developed from “passive” calculations to an “active” and key component of the design and formation process for a project, and this is indeed how it should be if the aim is to create an energy‐optimised building design. Based on a specific project the suitability for practical application and the benefit for the client of the calculation procedure according to DIN V 18599 were compared with a thermal building simulation. The resulting implementation issues are discussed in this paper. The Energy Conservation Ordinance 2007 no doubt represents a further milestone with far‐reaching consequences for the planning process and for building design and raises new issues that will have to be addressed in future.     

Thermal simulation of buildings with double-skin façades

Highly glazed commercial buildings with double-skin façades may overheat during summertime due to a coincidence of high outside temperatures, solar gains and internal heat gains. To optimize thermal comfort and minimize cooling loads, the thermal behaviour of this type of building, therefore, requires careful investigation at the design stage. However, complex physical phenomena—notably optical, thermodynamic and fluid dynamic processes—are involved and as yet, no single simulation tool is able to handle all these processes while remaining an efficient design tool. This paper presents a method based on the coupling of three different types of simulation models that is economical in terms of computing time, and thereby, suitable for design purposes. These models are: spectral optical model, computational fluid dynamics model and building energy simulation model. Various tools are available at each modelling level. The method is demonstrated on a commercial building with double-skin façades and additionally, night-time ventilation.     

Development of building thermal environment emulator to evaluate the performance of the HVAC system operation

A “performance gap” arises when the actual value of building energy consumption during the operational phase deviates from the value predicted using simulation during the design phase. One cause of this performance gap is that operation is not ideal, as assumed in the simulation, and the control of the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is not optimized. These problems occur because the operator has not been trained sufficiently and/or the building automation system is not working as intended by the developer. Both problems are fundamentally caused by the fact that the quality of building operation cannot be quantitatively evaluated by comparison with other buildings because a building is a heterogenous, single-item product. To address the performance gap problem, we developed a method for quantitatively evaluating building operation using a precise simulation based on a thermal environment emulator. The emulator software was developed using the BACnet protocol as an interface to the real world and includes an occupant behavior model to enable the assessment of operation in terms of thermal comfort as well as energy performance. In this paper, we report on the program and network structure of the proposed emulator. In addition, we show the concrete results of changing the operational control, and we assess changes in energy performance and comfort from the perspective of Pareto efficiency.     

An efficient tool for future building design

Efficient design tools for the thermal performance of buildings have a tremendous potential to curb the profligate use of non-renewable energy and reduce global environmental and housing problems. Consequently a sound design tool philosophy is proposed which will ensure the development of efficient design tools in future. Based on this philosophy a new design tool is proposed which eliminates identified shortcomings. A first order thermal model of a building zone is employed. This uncomplicated representation is essential when extending the application of the model. Extended design tool features are highlighted, namely the simulation of multizone behaviour, time-dependent thermal parameters such as variable ventilation, heat flow into the ground underneath a building, alternative air-conditioning systems such as evaporative and structural cooling and comfort temperatures. The validity of the first order model is proven by 70 validation studies performed in 32 buildings ranging from single-zone buildings in the desert to multistorey office blocks in a city centre. The success of the proposed design tool is evident from its worldwide distribution.     

Heating and cooling in high-rise buildings using facade-integrated transparent solar thermal collector systems

New facades of high-rise buildings often include renewable energy converters to allow “green building” operation. At the same time, numerous tenants value visual transparency. Transparent solar thermal collectors (TSTCs) aim at decreasing the non-renewable primary energy demand and increasing the visual transparency at the same time. On the one hand, this paper presents the main modelling challenges that arise when considering building facades and especially integrated TSTC systems. New transient systems simulation (TRNSYS) [Beckman, W. A., L. Broman, A. Fiksel, S. A. Klein, E. Lindberg, M. Schuler, and J. Thornton. 1994. “TRNSYS The Most Complete Solar Energy System Modelling and Simulation Software.” Renewable Energy 5 (1–4): 486–488] types have been especially developed for this purpose. A simplified model is presented for comparison purposes. On the other hand, the overall performance for a building with facade-integrated TSTC, as measured by its non-renewable primary energy demand, is treated. This is achieved by considering a complete simulation model coupling the TSTC, building and heating, ventilation and air conditioning operation. Possibilities for primary energy savings are investigated using the building mass as additional thermal storage.     

Exceedance Degree-Hours: A new method for assessing long-term thermal conditions

Several “discomfort indices” have been proposed and codified into building standards, with several needs usually reported for such indices. They should: express the severity of discomfort in time steps while incorporating all environmental and personal factors; be usable with any comfort model (and thus, a variety of interests, for example, traditional thermal comfort, sleep comfort), among other requirements. The existing indices, however, fall short of meeting all these goals, limiting their usefulness in many situations, such as assessing conditions in mixed-mode buildings, especially when used for building performance simulation and design optimization purposes. Here, a new discomfort index called “Exceedance Degree-Hours” is developed, which accounts for all six main environmental and personal factors. By using an equivalent temperature index, “Exceedance Degree-Hours” can capture variations in discomfort severity between different thermal conditions that other indices cannot. In contrast with other indices, “Exceedance Degree-Hours” can be paired with various comfort definitions from literature, and, importantly, it can be used to assess thermal comfort in mixed-mode buildings, providing a single value as a result. Here, the results of the proposed method are compared to those of existing discomfort indices suggested in standards, and the advantages and limitations of the proposed approach are discussed.     

A critical and theoretical analysis of current proposals for integrating building thermal simulation tools into the building design process

This article critically examines the main trends in attempting the integration of building thermal simulation tools throughout the whole building design process, focusing on studies related to building design only, not addressing studies related to heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and servicing engineering design. It presents a review of the research literature on the issue showing that, so far, attempts have been concentrated in propositions to improve thermal simulation tools data interpretation as well as propositions to improve the role of tools in building design practice. Examples of the literature related to the two topics are critically examined by considering their effectiveness in addressing the interdisciplinary problem of integration. This critical examination leads to a thorough mapping of specific reasons about why integration is not happening, complementing the current information provided from empirical studies on the matter. Even though the author recognizes integrated design should account for HVAC and servicing, it is necessary to first have a discussion that addresses assimilating simulation tools into the design process if proper integrated design is to happen.     

Regression analysis of high-rise fully air-conditioned office buildings

The building energy simulation computer program DOE-2 was used to carry out a parametric study of a generic high-rise air-conditioned office building in Hong Kong. A total of 28 design parameters related to the building load, the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system and the HVAC refrigeration plant were found to correlate well with the predicted annual electricity consumption. Both linear and non-linear multiple regression techniques were used to develop regression models and energy equations for the prediction of annual electricity use. Twelve input design parameters (six from building load, four from HVAC system and two from HVAC refrigeration plant) were considered to be the most significant design variables and were used in the energy prediction equations. It is hoped that the resulting models and energy equations can be used as a simplified design tool for comparing the relative thermal and energy performance of different design schemes during the early design stage. This paper presents the methodology and the development work, and discusses the findings.     

Review of modelling approaches for passive ceiling cooling systems

Passive ceiling cooling systems can lead to reduced cooling requirements, less fan energy and downsized ductwork, compared to conventional all-air systems. Additionally, radiant cooling of occupants allows for improved comfort while allowing for higher operating temperature, improving chiller efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive review of current modelling approaches for passive ceiling cooling systems in order to document the state of the art and identify current research gaps and modelling development needs. Modelling methods are separated in three main categories, based on the domain of interest: component or “passive ceiling cooler” models, “indoor environment” models and “integrated” models. Simplified, detailed and empirical models are presented for each category. Different modelling approaches may be appropriate for different purposes (design vs. control analysis, and system simulation vs. whole building performance). The study summarizes useful findings, modelling limitations and applications, and presents needs for further modelling and simulation research, including passive chilled beams.     

Responsive envelope tessellation and stochastic rotation of 4-fold penttiles

This paper reports on the design and control of a responsive envelope based on the rotation of tessellated components. The study investigates responsive and dynamic approaches for building facades and envelopes to regulate solar shading, light control, views and thermal gain within the building. It is well known that near real-time visual output from computational simulation can significantly impact the prediction of dynamic building-environment interactions and lead to the development of smart, adaptable, net zero energy buildings. To address these motivations, this paper reports the development of an experimental simulation of a responsive envelope based on using a 4-fold penttile scheme. The simulation is developed using a novel pentagonal approach involving component (tile) design, tessellation and control methods. The paper further elaborates on the geometry and control aspects of the facade subdivision and presents the results of applying this tessellation geometry to a building envelope shading study based on facade components with rotation. Finally, it tests the “responsiveness” to multiple performance metrics by applying a non-deterministic exploration method for the stochastic rotation of individual panels. The sophisticated evaluation of alternative envelope configurations for a set of performance criteria require a tighter computational coupling between modelling and control of dynamic geometry.     

Fundamentals of performance-based building design

The paper formulates some fundamental principles of performance-based design (PBD), suggesting a conceptual framework and systematic approach suitable for application in most areas of building design, and in the development of simulation tools and performance test methods required in the design and assessment processes. A schematic algorithm, which has been developed for the common engineering approach, was helpful in identifying the inter-relation with the required knowledge-based databases and tools that are needed for proper implementation of PBD. It is also shown that this schematic algorithm can serve not only as a conceptual model but also as the basic framework for developing or adapting simulation tools that are intended for PBD and assessment. The last part of the paper demonstrates the application of the fundamental approach in several areas of building performance (fire safety, acoustics, moisture safety, indoor air quality, and durability), outlining in each area the main user needs, ensuing performance requirements, and the most significant capabilities required of adequate simulation tools, with an emphasis on input/output.     

Application of global sensitivity analysis of model output to building thermal simulations

This paper deals with a set of applications of global sensitivity analysis to building thermal modelling. The aim is to demonstrate the interest of such tools for model analysis and to encourage their use. Indeed, since the last ten years important improvements have been made in the field of sensitivity analysis and especially in computational methods based on the analyse of variance (ANOVA). Yet, their use in the field of building performance modelling is uncommon. After recalling the concept of ANOVA-based sensitivity analysis and the associated sensitivity indices, we describe some computational methods to compute the global sensitivity indices of model input factors. The emphasis is on the methodology that is computationally cheapest but provides more information. For illustration, they are applied to an actual test-cell thermal model.     

Dynamic thermal CFD simulation of a typical office by efficient transient solution methods

This paper describes the evolution and application of an efficient dynamic thermal modelling (DTM) procedure, developed within computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The results of a case study to simulate the dynamic thermal conditions within a typical office space using the novel DTM–CFD procedure are reported. The main area of investigation was the ability to account for the time-varying thermal response of building fabrics to internal and external ambient conditions and the consequential effect on the air inside the enclosure. The proposed DTM–CFD procedure utilised a transient time-varying grid schedule, ‘Freeze-Flow’ and ‘Boundary Freeze’ techniques. ‘Freeze Flow’ paused the solution of all governing equations of fluid flow, except temperature; while ‘Boundary Freeze’ froze temperatures at boundaries of the CFD model whilst solving all equations in the flow domain. The DTM–CFD procedure provides the potential for solving the problem of generating large quantities of data, whilst effectively and accurately modelling heat transfer through the building fabric and internal air simultaneously using CFD alone. An assessment of the performance of the DTM–CFD procedure was made through inter-model comparisons with fully transient CFD solutions. The procedure was successful in providing more detailed dynamic thermal simulations than would have otherwise been obtainable from a DTM and more efficiently (simulation time) than a CFD model.     

概念设计阶段建筑能效计算机辅助评价及系统开发

概念设计是建筑设计最重要的环节之一,其中能效分析是建筑概念设计的重要内容。当前已有的能效分析方法或模拟工具都要求大量详细的参数输入,然而在建筑概念设计阶段,许多输入参数是没有确定的,目前国内大量采用的能耗模拟方法无法应用。针对建筑概念设计阶段,提出了一种能效分析方法,该方法可用于在策略性建筑设计阶段的建筑能效进行多方案对比。只需输入很少数据,就可以快速对不同的建筑方案进行能效分析,从而获得相应的最佳建筑设计建议,为我国快速工程设计与可持续发展之间提出了一种可行的解决方案。     

基础隔震结构直接基于位移设计的一体化抗震设计方法

为更加合理地进行基础隔震结构的抗震设计,以使用铅芯橡胶隔震支座(LRB)的基础隔震结构作为研究对象,提出了基础隔震结构直接基于位移设计(DDBD)的一体化抗震设计方法.对于给定地震水准下预先设定的性能目标(即LRB隔震系统最大水平变形和上部结构最大层间位移角),通过所提出的一体化抗震设计方法可以确定LRB隔震系统的力学...