京津冀地区主要农作物生产水足迹研究

利用京津冀地区(2个直辖市、11个地级市)气象及农业基础数据,采用彭曼公式与CROPWAT软件相结合的计算方法,分析了2014年京津冀地区主要农作物的生产水足迹。结果表明:小麦在整个生长期需水量主要以蓝水足迹为主,玉米在整个生长期主要以绿水足迹为主;2014年京津冀地区主要农作物总的生产水足迹为437.03×108m3,其中绿水足迹为137.71×108m3,蓝水足迹为176.03×108m3,灰水足迹为123.30×108m3;从京津冀地区主要农作物总的生产水足迹空间格局上来看,沧州、保定、邯郸和石家庄地区的主要农作物生产水足迹较大,是水资源调控的主要地区。     

黄河流域粮食生产水足迹及虚拟水流动影响评价EI北大核心CSCD

为分析黄河流域粮食生产用水的可持续性,引入水足迹和虚拟水相关理论方法,对研究区主要粮食生产水足迹及粮食贸易伴生的虚拟水流动格局进行了量化解析,并对未来粮食生产水足迹进行了预估。结果表明:2011—2016年,全流域粮食生产总水足迹和单位水足迹分别由460亿m^(3)和1.20 m^(3)/kg降为402 m^(3)和0.93 m^(3)/kg,均呈下降趋势;从粮食贸易伴生的虚拟水流动特点来看,流域全口径粮食虚拟水从2011年的110.7亿m^(3)减小到2016年的50.3亿m^(3),呈输入态势;除稻谷之外的粮食虚拟水由82.6亿m^(3)增加到193.4亿m^(3),呈输出态势;在流域不同气候情景下,2035年粮食生产总水足迹为481.9亿~518.7亿m^(3),其中绿水足迹增幅达20%,而蓝水足迹增长不显著;未来流域内粮食输出量的增加会进一步加剧本地农业生产的用水矛盾,但粮食灌溉总用水量的增速可能放缓。     

Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern

The water footprint shows the extent of water use in relation to consumption of people. The water footprint of a country is defined as the volume of water needed for the production of the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The internal water footprint is the volume of water used from domestic water resources; the external water footprint is the volume of water used in other countries to produce goods and services imported and consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The study calculates the water footprint for each nation of the world for the period 1997–2001. The USA appears to have an average water footprint of 2480,m³/cap/yr, while China has an average footprint of 700,m³/cap/yr. The global average water footprint is 1240,m³/cap/yr. The four major direct factors determining the water footprint of a country are: volume of consumption (related to the gross national income); consumption pattern (e.g. high versus low meat consumption); climate (growth conditions); and agricultural practice (water use efficiency).     

辽宁省春玉米生产水足迹的时空变化研究

为降低农业生产活动中农作物对水资源的高消耗,提高用水效率,借助辽宁省1987—2018年19个气象站点逐日气象数据及春玉米产量数据,全面计算绿水足迹、蓝水足迹及灰水足迹的真实消耗。结果表明：（1）辽宁省春玉米生产水足迹自2002年起变化幅度不明显,多年平均值是1424.21 m³/t,其中绿水足迹占54%,灰水足迹占27%,蓝水足迹占19%。（2）从绿水足迹看,辽宁省春玉米绿水足迹每年以6.28 m³/t速率减少,空间分布上2002年绿水足迹高值区主要集中在东部地区;2010年辽宁省整体绿水足迹较高。（3）从蓝水足迹看,每年以1.06 m³/t的速率增长;2002年辽宁春玉米蓝水足迹高值区主要分布在环渤海、宽甸及其周围地区;2010年,辽宁省大部分地区蓝水足迹较低。（4）灰水足迹整体以每年14.03 m³/t的速率降低,主要与农作物产量及氮肥施用量相关。     

An Evaluation of China’s Water Footprint

The water footprint is an indicator of freshwater consumption that looks not only at direct water consumption of a consumer or producer, also at the indirect water consumption. The water footprint can be regarded as a comprehensive indicator of freshwater resources appropriation, next to the traditional and restricted measure of water withdrawal. Based on the concept and calculating method of water footprint, this paper estimates the water footprint of China in 2007. The result shows that the total water footprint of China is 856.34 × 10⁹ m³ and the per capita water footprint is 648.11 m³/year. The spatial difference of per capita water footprint is obvious among all provinces of China. Generally, the more developed cities, the southern and coastal provinces have a higher per capita water footprint, lower water footprint intensity and higher efficiency of water consumption, while the North West China has lower water utilization efficiency. China is one of the thirteen water scarce countries in the world and spatial distribution of water resources is non-uniform. In addition to the virtual water trade, government should apply advanced technology and best available management practices, improve the efficiency of water use, reduce virtual water content per unit product, and continue nation-wide readjustment of industrial structure to guarantee an efficient use of limited water resources.     

Water footprint for Korean rice products and virtual water trade in a water-energy-food nexus

ABSTRACT

One possible approach for addressing water and food insecurity involves food production, trade, and water used elsewhere. In this study, we introduce a water footprint for Korean rice products and focus on the impacts of localized cultivation and water supply systems on the water footprint. In addition, we discuss several studies on the application of water footprint and virtual water trade in water and food management in Korea. Finally, we suggest the role of water footprint and virtual water trade in sustainable resource management through a water-energy-food nexus approach.     

The effect of diet changes and food loss reduction in reducing the water footprint of an average American

ABSTRACT

We analyzed the consumptive water reduction of diet shifting along with food waste reductions in the case of the United States. We find that a dietary shift to healthy diet will not always lead to reduced water footprint. Dietary shifts to vegan and vegetarian diets provide larger reduction in the consumptive water footprint. Reducing food loss and waste produced the largest potential water footprint reduction in our analysis of the US food system. Our findings suggest that a combination of measures that include dietary shift, reducing caloric intake, and reducing food waste result in a significant decline in water footprint.     

土库曼斯坦农牧业水足迹研究

农牧业水足迹研究可揭示农牧业经济系统与水资源消耗间的联系与矛盾,为农业水资源合理利用和农业结构调整提供参考。运用水足迹理论和方法计算了土库曼斯坦农牧业水足迹,分析该农牧业水足迹总量、结构、人口密度、土地密度、农牧业水资源集约利用度、水资源负载指数特征及其年际动态和水资源生态安全指标。研究表明:土库曼斯坦农牧业水足迹总量介于1.63×1010².73×1010m3之间,年际变化总体呈上升趋势,2008年增幅最大;农产品水足迹组成中经济作物占总量的67.93%;农产品水足迹人口、土地密度的年际动态特征与总量相似,2008年出现峰值,畜产品水足迹较稳定;2007-2011年间该国农牧业水资源利用有效性提高,经济效益增加,但总体低于畜产品水资源的利用效率和经济效益;2007-2012年农业水资源负载指数显示农业水资源利用度和开发潜力持续升高,但仍有较大开发潜力;随着土国农牧业水足迹的上升,该国面临的水资源压力骤增,水资源生态安全问题突出。     

基于通径分析的海河流域冬小麦水足迹及影响因素

为量化冬小麦对水资源的消耗、合理利用区域水资源,基于彭曼公式、日尺度土壤水量平衡与通径分析法核算了1958—2016年海河流域冬小麦水足迹,分析了气象、农业生产投入因素对冬小麦水足迹的直接和间接影响。结果表明:流域冬小麦多年平均总水足迹为239. 6亿m3,平均水足迹为1 840 m3/t;海河流域冬小麦水足迹呈整体下降趋势,空间上京津地区最高,山西次之,山东、河南地区最低;农业机械总动力、化肥施用折纯量对冬小麦水足迹直接影响最大;气象因素主要通过农业生产投入因素对冬小麦水足迹产生影响。可通过提高农业生产力的方式降低冬小麦水足迹,京津等灰水足迹较高的地区应减少施肥。     

联合Landsat影像和ICESat测高数据估计青海湖湖泊水量变化

湖泊既是陆地水资源的重要储蓄场所,也是区域和全球水文循环系统的重要组成部分,其水量波动对气候变化较为敏感。为了掌握湖泊面积、水位和水量的变化规律,借助1988-2018年Landsat TM/ETM/OLI影像和归一化差异水体指数NDWI（normalized difference water index）提取青海湖湖泊水域面积;利用ICESat-GLAS（ice, cloud, and land elevation satellite-geoscience laser altimeter system）测高数据提取青海湖湖泊水位变化,并结合观测资料检验陆地GLAS光斑脚点高程和湖泊水位的估测精度。根据湖泊面积与水位、水量与水位的关系,构建1988-2018年青海湖湖泊面积-水位-水量波动时变序列,并探讨湖泊水位、面积、水量的年内和年际变化特征。结果表明：GLAS光斑脚点高程与高程实测值的标准误差为0.14 m,与SRTM3高程标准误差为0.26 m;1988-2018年青海湖年均水位和水量总体上呈增加趋势,其中年均水位最低值出现于2004年,平均水位为(3 193.0±0.16) m,湖泊面积为(4 190±13) km²;与1988年年均水位相比,2018年青海湖年均水位上升了(1.93±0.22) m,湖泊年均面积扩张了(197.75±6.3) km²,湖泊水量增加了(8.93±0.12) km³。     

浙江省主要农作物水足迹时空特征研究

农作物水足迹是衡量水资源利用效率的重要指标,为解决水资源短缺问题提供了新的研究视角.以浙江省主要农作物为研究对象,利用CROPWAT8.0、CLIMWAT2.0和ArcGIS软件,计算和分析了2002-2018年浙江省的主要农作物水足迹时空特征.结果表明:2002-2018年浙江省农作物总水足迹变动幅度较大,总体呈下降...     

黑龙江省水足迹时空分布规律及空间均衡分析

利用水足迹理论,量化2000—2018年黑龙江省13个地级市的不同类型水足迹,分析其时空演变规律,并结合空间均衡分析研究了各地区水足迹的差异性。结果表明:2000—2018年黑龙江省总水足迹呈波动上升趋势,但灰水足迹一直下降,2018年人均灰水足迹为300.7m³;水足迹空间分布不均匀,水足迹富足和水足迹匮乏同时存在,整体上呈现出北低南高、东低西高的趋势;研究时段内,黑龙江省人均灰水足迹和人均水足迹的空间分布较为均匀,其总体空间均衡度超过0.6;水足迹强度、工业蓝水足迹和生态环境蓝水足迹的空间分布存在较大差异;水足迹的总体空间均衡度在逐渐上升,但最大值不超过0.6,区域分布仍有较大差异。     

基于SWAT的沁河流域水资源生态足迹计算及承载程度分析

水资源生态足迹能够反映人类发展对自然界水资源的压力,明确流域水资源承载状况可为生态环境保护、经济社会发展和水资源科学管理提供决策依据,对推动流域生态文明建设和高质量发展具有重要意义。以沁河流域为例,借助水资源生态足迹模型,利用SWAT模型输出结果计算各子流域水资源生态足迹,并评估沁河流域水资源承载状况。结果表明：2010—2016年沁河流域水资源量多年平均值为6.17×10⁸ m³,主要受到降水量影响;各子流域水资源生态压力指数均大于1,说明沁河流域水资源处于不可承载状态,供需矛盾突出;2010—2016年水资源承载状况虽有所改善,但仍处于不可持续利用状态。研究结果可为沁河流域水资源科学管理提供参考依据,同时为其他流域尺度上的水资源生态足迹计算提供新思路。     

The water footprint challenge for water resources management in Chilean arid zones

ABSTRACT

The water footprint concept is difficult to apply to water-shortage conditions because of private management and variability in the water balance. Chilean water law stipulates that water allocation depends on water rights and private organization criteria, according to the basin water supply and not necessarily crop irrigation demand, crop yield or irrigation technology. This paper explores the resultant complications.     

塔里木河流域绿洲水土资源匹配特征及稳定性分析

水土资源是维持干旱区绿洲可持续发展的关键要素,其时空变化直接影响绿洲的社会经济发展和生态安全.文章旨在通过水足迹与空间分析相结合的方法揭示塔里木河流域绿洲水土资源的时空匹配特征及其相互影响.1990-2015年间塔里木河流域农业水足迹增加了225.2亿m3,人工绿洲增加了1.30万km2,天然绿洲减少了0.16万km2...     

碳足迹与水足迹的概念、研究方法和应对政策比较

基于概念和研究方法的视角,分析碳足迹和水足迹的起源和特征,比较二者的相似性和差异性,并讨论碳足迹与水足迹的应对策略,探讨两个领域的研究如何相互借鉴,以降低有关水足迹的错误认识、解释和应用的潜在风险。     

扑草净对鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）生长的影响及其导致的水体营养盐变化

为评价扑草净在水环境中造成的生态风险,以扑草净作为目标污染物,以鲫鱼作为受试生物,于实验室内水族箱中进行试验。持续监测鲫鱼体质量体长及水体营养盐浓度,考察扑草净对鲫鱼生长的影响,及其导致的水体营养盐浓度变化特征。结果表明：鲫鱼体质量生长率、体长生长率及营养盐浓度随时间的变化可利用Logistic方程描述（R²=0.959~0.997）;有扑草净组鲫鱼体质量生长率等比无扑草净组低8.7%～50.3%。无鱼时扑草净对水体中氮磷营养盐浓度、营养盐比例及总氮/总磷比例无显著影响;有鱼时,有扑草净组的总颗粒氮和总颗粒磷浓度分别比无扑草净组低41.4%及33.8%,有无扑草净组各形态磷营养盐浓度与总磷的比例以及总氮/总磷浓度比例差异显著。研究表明扑草净对鲫鱼的毒性效应可间接影响水体营养盐浓度。     

基于蓝绿水核算的稻田水资源利用效用评价

为了科学区分和评价稻田蓝、绿水资源利用效用,开展了每日蓝、绿水交互迁移过程的试验观测,基于作物全生育期蓝、绿水资源迁移机制,建立了蓝、绿水分解方法和用水效率评价指标体系,揭示了不同降水条件下的稻田蓝、绿水利用表现。结果显示：试验期2015-2018年稻田水资源收入为1 322.9 mm(蓝水占30.7%),其中572.3、246.0和375.2 mm分别以蒸散发、地表排水和田间渗漏的形式流出。全生育期绿水利用效率(GE)、蓝水利用效率(BE)分别为0.425、0.490,干旱年的利用效率明显高于湿润年。净蓝水生产率(BP)和绿水生产率(GP)分别为4.334与2.301 kg/m³,后者受降水影响不大。相较于本文的结果,不考虑蓝、绿水迁移过程的传统方法得到的BE、GP分别高46.2%和29.7%。忽略蓝、绿水交互迁移过程会高估稻田的灌溉效率,同时也会低估降水在作物生长中的贡献。本研究的方法为作物生产水足迹和农田蓝、绿水资源效用评价提供了新路径。     

Water Footprint of Grain Product in Irrigated Farmland of China

China faces the dual challenge of grain production pressure and water scarcity. It is significant to reduce water footprint of grain product (WFGP, m³/t) in irrigated farmland. The focus of grain production and agricultural water use, and the precondition is to determine the WFGP and its composition. This paper estimates the WFGP in irrigated farmland of 31 provinces (including municipalities, autonomous regions) a by collecting actual data of 443 typical irrigation districts in 1998, 2005 and 2010, and analyses its temporal and spatial variation in irrigated farmland of China. The result shows that the WFGP in each province decreases with time except in Jiangxi and Hunan, and the average value of all provinces reduced from 1494 m³/t in 1998 to 1243 m³/t in 2010. The WFGP decreases faster in more developed municipal cities and major grain production provinces. The annual average WFGP in irrigated farmland is 1339 m³/t and the blue and green water account for 63.5 % and 36.5 % of the total, respectively. The WFGP and its composition are significantly different between provinces. Generally, provinces distributed inside and beyond Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, have a higher water productivity, lower WFGP and blue water footprint of grain product, while most provinces located in northwest, northeast, southeast and south China have a higher WFGP and lower proportion of green water in the WFGP as a whole. Portion of the blue water footprint (BWFGP) is not consumed for crop evapotranspiration (BWFGP _ET ) but conveyance loss (BWFGP _cl ). The national averaged BWFGP _cl decreases with time and but still remains up to 466 m³/t in 2010, making up 34.8 % of the WFGP. In order to safeguard grain security and ease the water resource pressure, the Chinese government should increase investment and apply advanced technology for developing water-saving agriculture, improve the efficiency of water use and further reduce the WFGP. Considering also the contribution of grain output and the relatively high WFGP, the government should give priority to developing water-saving agriculture in the Northeast of China.     

Bilateral virtual water trade in agricultural products: a case study of Germany and China

Most studies in the field of virtual water trade concentrate either on the global, national or sub-national level, or on the water footprint of individual products. This article assesses the virtual water trade in agricultural products between Germany and China during the period 2008–2010. Germany exported 192 million m³ of virtual water to China and imported 801 million m³ from China. Through the bilateral trade, Germany saved 69.8 million m³ water, while China had a net water loss of 469.4 million m³. Thus, the global water loss amounts to 399.6 million m³.