Adsorptive properties of albumin, fibrinogen, and γ-globulin on fluorinated diamond-like carbon films coated on PTFE

Fluorinated diamond-like carbon (F-DLC) films were deposited on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) using radio frequency (RF) plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) by changing the ratio of tetrafluoromethane (CF₄) and methane (CH₄). To enhance the adhesion strength of the F-DLC film to the PTFE substrate, the PTFE surface was modified with a N₂ plasma pre-treatment. XPS analysis of the films showed that the C–C bond decreased with increases in the CF₄ ratio, whereas the C–F bond increased with the CF₄ ratio. The F/C ratio of the film also increased with the CF₄ ratio. The pull-out test showed that the adhesion strengths of the films (CF₄-0–60%) were improved with the plasma pre-treatment. In the film without the plasma pre-treatment, adhesion strength increased with the CF₄ ratio. In contrast, in the case with the plasma pre-treatment, the adhesion strength of the F-DLC film decreased with the increased CF₄ ratio. Regarding the adsorption of albumin, fibrinogen, and γ-globulin, the amount of adsorbed albumin on the film decreased with an increasing CF₄ ratio, and the amount of adsorbed fibrinogen and γ-globulin increased with the CF₄ ratio. The CF₄-0% DLC film showed the most adsorbed albumin and the least adsorbed fibrinogen and γ-globulin. This indicates that the CF₄-0% DLC film has higher anti-thrombogenicity than the F-DLC film.     

Speed, Speed Factor and Power Input of Different Designs of Diffusion Pumps, and Remarks on Measurements of Speed

编者按:国际公认并广泛使用的何氏系数是真空术语中以中国人姓氏命名的系数.何增禄先生(1898--1979-05-12)是我国著名的物理学家、教育家、清华大学著名教授(见<真空>杂志1979年第三期第一页前).下面转载的论文是何增禄先生1932年在美国工作时发表的论文(Physics Volume 2 P386～395 may 1932).这篇在国际上很有影响、曾被很多国家用多种文字转载过的学术论文,我国65岁以下的科技工作者中极少有人读过原文.为纪念何增禄先生并配合发表评述文章,特全文转载,以供读者学习.     

Effect of magnesium chloride on growth,crystalline perfection,structural, optical,thermal and NLO behavior of γ-glycine crystals

In the present study, single crystals of γ-glycine possessing excellent non-linear optical properties were successfully grown at room temperature in the presence of magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) for the first time by using the slow solvent evaporation method. The second harmonic conversion efficiency of γ-glycine crystal was determined using Kurtz powder technique with Nd:YAG laser and was found to be 6 times greater than that of the standard inorganic sample potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). The crystalline perfection of the grown crystal was analyzed using high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) rocking curve measurements. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal XRD and powder XRD, which confirmed that the crystal has hexagonal structure and belongs to space group P3₁. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was carried out to quantify the concentration of Mg element in the grown γ-glycine single crystal. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral studies were made to identify the functional groups. The optical band gap was likewise estimated for γ-glycine crystal using UV–vis–NIR study. The optical measurements of γ-glycine crystal helped to calculate the optical constants such as refractive index (n), the extinction coefficient (K), electric susceptibility (χ_c) and both the real (∈_r) and imaginary (∈_i) components of the dielectric permittivity functions of photon energy, which is essentially required to develop optoelectronic devices. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used to study thermal stability and decomposition point of the grown crystal.     

Studies of Ta,Al, and Carbon Sources on Combustion Synthesis of Alumina–Tantalum Carbide Composites

Alumina–tantalum carbide (Al₂O₃–TaC and Al₂O₃–Ta₂C) composites were synthesized by incorporating aluminothermic reduction into a self-propagating combustion process. The test specimens adopted were composed of Ta₂O₅, Al, Al₄C₃, and carbon powders. Experimental evidence showed that the use of Al₄C₃ to provide Al and carbon decreased combustion exothermicity and hindered Ta₂O₅ from being fully reduced. In contrast, for the formation of Al₂O₃–TaC and Al₂O₃–Ta₂C composites, Al₄C₃-free samples with molar ratios of Ta₂O₅:Al:C = 3:10:6 and 3:10:3, respectively, exhibited the highest combustion temperature and reaction rate in the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis process and yielded products with very few minor phases.     

Experimental investigation on the influence of high temperature on viscosity,thermal conductivity and absorbance of ammonia–water nanofluids

To select the optimal ammonia–water nanofluids and apply to ammonia–water absorption refrigeration systems (AARS), this paper investigated the influence of heating on viscosity, thermal conductivity and absorbance of binary nanofluids. The hysteresis phenomenon was observed after heating at high temperature which is rarely reported in the literature. Experimental results show that most of nanofluids' thermal conductivity increased by about 3–12% after heating. However, their viscosities increased by as much as 15% to 25% except the γ-TiO₂ ammonia–water nanofluid, which was reduced by 2% to 7%. This study also shows that the trend of viscosity is consistent with the absorbance. Due to fact that the thermal conductivity of γ-TiO₂/NH₃–H₂O mixture increased after heating, while the viscosity decreased, even if the concentration of the base liquid is 12.5% or 25%, therefore it is the optimal choice for practical research in AARS at present.     

Effects of Ga,Al, Ag,and Ce multi-additions on the properties of Sn–9Zn lead-free solder

Wetting balance method is used to evaluate the effects of Ga, Al, Ag, and Ce multi-additions on the solderability of Sn–9Zn lead-free solders, results show that the optimal addition amounts of Ga, Al, Ag, and Ce is 0.2, 0.002, 0.25, and 0.15 wt% respectively. The surface property of Sn–9Zn–0.2Ga–0.002Al–0.25Ag–0.15Ce solder is studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and auger electron spectroscopy analysis; results indicate that Al aggregates on the surface as a compact aluminum oxide film which prevents the further oxidation. The aggregation of Ce on the subsurface can reduce the surface tension of solder, and improve the solderability accordingly. Meanwhile, SEM and XRD analysis indicate that Cu₅Zn₈ and AgZn₃ intermetallic compounds form at the interface between Sn–9Zn–0.2Ga–0.002Al–0.25Ag–0.15Ce solder and Cu substrate, while AuZn₃ and AuAgZn₂ form at the interface between solder and Cu/Ni/Au substrate. Moreover, results also indicate that the mechanical property of soldered joints is improved duo to the dispersion strengthening effects of AgZn₃ in Sn–9Zn–0.2Ga–0.002Al–0.25Ag–0.15Ce solder.     

Platinum nanoparticles on carbonaceous materials: the effect of support geometry on nanoparticle mobility, morphology, and melting

Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to investigate the morphology and mobility of platinum nanoparticles of various sizes supported by carbon materials. The embedded-atom method was used to model Pt-Pt interactions, and the Lennard-Jones potential was used to model the Pt-C interactions. The C?atoms in the supports were held fixed during the simulations. The supports considered were a single graphite sheet and three bundles of carbon nanotubes. Three sizes of Pt nanoparticles were considered: 130?atoms, 249?atoms, and 498?atoms (Pt(130), Pt(249), and Pt(498) respectively). It was found that for all three sizes, diffusion coefficients were approximately one order of magnitude higher for graphite-supported nanoparticles than for carbon nanotube-supported nanoparticles. In addition, increasing the size of the nanoparticle decreased its diffusion coefficient, with Pt(130) having the highest and Pt(498) the lowest diffusion coefficients. More interestingly, we found that for the Pt nanoparticles of all three sizes the diffusion coefficient increases as temperature increases, reaches a maximum at the melting temperature of the nanoparticle, and then decreases. The melting temperature was found to be strongly dependent on the particle size, but only slightly dependent on the features of the supports. While the size of the nanoparticle was seen to affect the particles' mobility, it did not significantly affect their structure. The nanoparticles supported by graphite have density profiles that indicate a highly ordered, fcc-like structure, while the particles supported by carbon nanotubes have a more disordered structure. An order parameter confirms that the nanoparticles' structure depends on the support morphology.     

Effects of Al,Pr additions on the wettability and interfacial reaction of Zn–25Sn solder on Cu substrate

Zn–25Sn alloy suffers from easy oxidation during soldering. This study investigated the feasibility of Al and rare earth Pr addition for enhancing the wettability of the Zn–25Sn solder. The wettability and interfacial reaction of Zn–25Sn, Zn–25Sn–0.05Al, Zn–25Sn–0.05Al–XPr (X = 0.01, 0.05, 0.08, 0.15 wt%) on Cu substrate were investigated. The additions of 0.05 wt% Al in Zn–25Sn and 0.01, 0.05 wt% Pr in Zn–25Sn–0.05Al enhanced the wettability of solders and depressed the growth of intermetallic compounds. However, the additions of 0.08, 0.15 wt% Pr in Zn–25Sn–0.05Al degraded the wettability and enhanced the growth of the intermetallic compound. Pr and Al were shown to accumulate at the surface of solders and the interfaces between solder and substrate by the Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The phases PrZn₃, Pr₃Sn₅ and (Cu, Al)₄Zn were formed at the solder/substrate interface.     

Influence of Nb addition on microstructure,electrical, dielectric properties,and aging behavior of MnCoDy modified Zn–V-based varistors

The microstructure, electrical properties, dielectric characteristics, and DC accelerated aging behavior of the MnCoDy modified Zn–V-based varistors were investigated for Nb amount of 0.0–0.25 mol% by sintering at 900 °C. The microstructure of the MnCoDy modified Zn–V-based varistors consisted of ZnO grain as a main phase and Zn₃(VO₄)₂, ZnV₂O₄, and DyVO₄ as the secondary phases. The Nb addition led to the increase of grain size, whereas it does not have an effect on the sintered density. The nonlinear coefficient improved with the increase of Nb amount up to 0.1 mol%, whereas the further Nb additions impaired it. A maximum of the nonlinear coefficient (35) was obtained at 0.1 mol% Nb. The Nb acted as a donor less than 0.1 mol% and an acceptor more than 0.25 mol%. The best stability of system against DC accelerated aging stress was obtained at 0.1 mol% Nb, in which %ΔE_1 mA = −0.24%, %Δα = −15.4%, %Δ ε′_APP = −1.4%, and %Δ tanδ = +12.5% for stress state of 0.85 E_1 mA/85 °C/24 h.     

Theory of Nucleation on Dislocations

Cahn's theory of nucleation on dislocationshas been analyzed thoroughly and the imperfectionof the theory in some cases has been discussed.Arevised theory has been proposed with applicationto the problem of precipitation of M(CN)phase inaustenite.     

Influence of thermal treatment on the structure,humidity sensitivity,electrical and magnetic properties of barium–tungsten ferrite

The purpose of this study was to analyze the methods and effects of introducing tungsten ions in a hexagonal barium ferrite structure by partial substitute of barium with tungsten. For this investigation we prepared a tungsten substitution on the barium hexaferrite Ba_0.5W_0.5Fe₁₂O₁₉ using sol–gel self-combustion technology. The powder was treated for 30 min, without atmosphere precautions, at 850 °C, 900 °C, 950 °C, 1000 °C and 1050 °C. Scanning electron microscopy has revealed the crystallite size and shape, and the X-ray diffraction was provided information related to the phase compositions. The investigation was focused on the variation of permittivity and electrical resistivity, in relation to the treatment temperature, frequency and humidity. We have also investigated the influence of thermal treatment on to Curie temperature and frequency characteristics of the relative permeability. Because barium–tungsten ferrite shows a porous structure, the measurements are strongly influenced by humidity conditions, and in this respect we analyzed the variations with humidity of permittivity and electrical resistivity.     

Effect of microstructural evolution in bainite,martensite, and δ ferrite on toughness of Cr–2W steels

Abstract

To investigate the effect of microstructural evolution during heat treatment in newly developed Cr–2W ferritic steels containing from 2 to 15%Cr, Charpy impact testing was carried out after quenching, tempering, and subsequent prolonged aging at 873 K for 3600 ks (1000 h). The ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and the upper shelf energy were determined as functions of heat treatment and Cr concentration. The fracture sequence was examined on fractographs obtained using scanning electron microscopy. The steels consisted of bainite, martensite, and δ ferrite phases and carbide precipitates, depending on the Cr concentration. The DBTT decreased considerably after tempering compared with after quenching, but increased again somewhat after subsequent prolonged aging. The upper shelf energy exhibited converse behaviour. Concerning the effect of alloy phases, the DBTT was increased significantly by the formation of δ ferrite and was slightly higher for the martensite than for the bainite. The effects of the alloy phases and heat treatments on the DBTT are discussed by considering the microstructural evolution, such as dislocation recovery and carbide precipitation, during heat treatment.

MST/1573     

Kinetic study of the aqueous electropolymerization of acrylamide,acrylonitrile andN,N′-methylene-bisacrylamide on an aluminium alloy cathode

This study concerns the potassium persulphate electroinitiated polymerization of acrylamide, acrylonitrile andN, N-methylene-bisacrylamide on a 5182 aluminium-magnesium alloy. Kinetic studies of the polymerization gave the polymerization as -d[M]/dt=K(CD)^0.99 [Persulphate]^1.12 [M]^2.33, whereCD is current density (mA cm^–2), [M] is monomer concentration (mol cm^–3),K is a constant andt is time (s). It is proposed that the thick swollen polymer coating restricted the diffusion of monomers and initiators to the electrode. The problem of mass transfer by diffusion in the present system was confirmed by measurements of the diffusion coefficient and by electron transfer fraction experiments carried out through the use of a cyclic voltammetry technique.     

Influence of Rare-Earth Elements on ElectricalProperties of Pd

The influence of RE (RE = La, Ce. Pr. Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd. Tb. Dy, Er, Yb) additives with dilute concentrations on the electrical properties of Pd has been studied. All RE elements increase the specific resistivity (ρ) and decrease the resistance temperature coefficient (α) of Pd. and (ρ.α) Pd-RE ls equal to (ρ· α)Pd.The RE elements before Gd reduce the thermo-emf of Pd on Cu. other heavy RE enhance the thermo-emf.The experimental data of normalized Pd-0.1 at.-%RE alloys indicate that the effect of light RE additives on the specific resistivity of Pd is larger than that of heavy RE and Ce. Eu and Yb show anomalous strong effect. The valence and atomic size are main factors influencing the electrical properties.     

Effects of Microstructure on the Tensile, Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Behaviour of Gamma Titanium Aluminides

The effects of microstructure on the deformation and fracture behaviour of two-phase TiAl alloys were investjgated under monotonic and cyclical loading conditions, over a range of temperatu res.The tensile behaviour is analyzed for deformation temperatures between RT and 950℃, Fracture resistance behaviour and toughening mechanisms at RT and 800℃ are analyzed. and the inverse relationship botween ductility and toughness is explained using the crack initiation toughness. The preliminary results of load-controlled fatigue behaviour at 800℃ are interpreted using the tensile behaviour because deformation structure and fracture modes are similar under these two loading conditions     

Productivity ratings of institutions based on publication in Scientometrics,Informetrics, and Bibliometrics, 1981–2000

The author surveyed a set of ten scholarly journals that publish the mainstream of papers in the field of Scientometrics, Informetrics, and Bibliometrics (SIB). The survey is limited only to the research articles published in the field for the two decades period 1981–2000. Each journal was examined issue by issue for the institutional affiliations of contributing authors. Institutional rankings for the total period and the two decade periods; 1981–1990 and 1991–2000 were determined by awarding credit to the authors" institutions based on authorship. In the composite of ten journals, the University Sheffield (England), the University of North Carolina (USA), the University of Leiden (Netherlands), the City University of London (England), the National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies (India), the University of Sussex (England), the University of Illinois (USA), the University of Michigan (USA), the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Library (Hungary), and Indiana University (USA) emerged as the ten most productive institutions for the period 1981–2000. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Zn on microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg–Zn alloys

In this study, binary Mg–Zn alloys were fabricated with high-purity raw materials and by a clean melting process. The effects of Zn on the microstructure, mechanical property and corrosion behavior of the as-cast Mg–Zn alloys were studied using direct observations, tensile testing, immersion tests and electrochemical evaluations. Results indicate that the microstructure of Mg–Zn alloys typically consists of primary α-Mg matrix and MgZn intermetallic phase mainly distributed along grain boundary. The improvement in mechanical performances for Mg–Zn alloys with Zn content until 5% of weight is corresponding to fine grain strengthening, solid solution strengthening and second phase strengthening. Polarization test has shown the beneficial effect of Zn element on the formation of a protective film on the surface of alloys. Mg–5Zn alloy exhibits the best anti-corrosion property. However, further increase of Zn content until 7% of weight deteriorates the corrosion rate which is driven by galvanic couple effect.     

Effects of Fluids on the Deformation, Strength and Durability of Polymeric Composites – An Overview

This article provides an overview on the effects of fluids onthe deformation and durability of polymeric composites. This subject isimportant for the ever-increasing application of composites in offshorestructures, submersibles, and civil infrastructure. Since weight-gaindata abound in the literature, it may be useful to recognize that acertain degree of correlation exists between some characteristicfeatures of weight-gain data and the ability of a particular compositeto retain its integrity under specified exposures to a certain fluid. Inaddition, this article provides records of fluid effects on deformationas well as on fluid-affected levels of static fatigue and fatigue livesin some specific circumstances.     

Effect of additives on sintering of α-cristobalite

Sintering is performed for the pure α-cristobalite, with TiO₂ additive, and with CaO additive powder compacts. The sintering temperatures were 1500, 1515, and 1525 °C for different dwell times. The master sintering curve theory is applied to the densification data and the activation energies are obtained. The splitting strength is measured for the sintered specimens. It is found that CaO decreases the activation energy due to the formation of liquid phase at the used sintering temperatures. The TiO₂ increases the activation energy because it exists as solid particles at the used sintering temperatures. The measured splitting strengths of the sintered specimens are shown to be best expressed by a sigmoid function of the work of sintering.