Effects of ozone on the removal of geosmin and the physicochemical properties of fish meat from bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)

Two manners of ozone treatment (washing with ozonized water and ozone-flotation) were selected to remove the geosmin in the fish muscle from bighead carp. A total of 42.09%–54.28% and 42.78%–69.19% geosmin in fish muscle could be eliminated by ozone water and ozone-flotation washing for 5–20 min, respectively. Treatment with ozone of an appropriate condition significantly increased the salt-extractable protein, Ca^2 +-ATPase activity, total sulfhydryl and active sulfhydryl contents, carbonyl content of the myofibrillar protein, and gel strength without improving PV and TBA values too much. No apparent changes in the protein distribution and no new patterns appeared in SDS-PAGE after the ozone water treatment. The results indicate that ozone water treatment is a prospectively mild oxidation protocol than ozone flotation to enhance the physicochemical properties of fish protein from bighead carp as well as to eliminate muddy flavours.Industrial relevanceOzonation has been used for years to disinfect water for drinking purposes in Europe. A number of other commercial uses have been found for ozone including disinfection of bottled water, swimming pools, prevention of fouling of cooling towers, and wastewater treatment. Ozone use may have many advantages in the food industry. There are suggested applications of ozone in the food industry such as food surface hygiene, sanitation of food plant equipment, reuse of waste water, and lowering of the biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of food plant waste.Ozone is a strong oxidant that also has decolorizing and deodorizing effects, and thus offers many advantages in the food industry, and has been traditionally used in freshwater aquaculture systems in the treatment of fish, disinfection of eggs, sterilization of water to improve the water quality, and decomposition of odorous compounds in natural water in addition to its applications for improving the sensory quality and shelf life of fish. Since 1920, scientists have attempted to exploit the wide-range disinfection characteristics of ozone to slow the decomposition for improving the safety of fishing products. A number of commercial uses have been found for ozone, including the disinfection and preservation of aquatic products. In the United States, ozone received Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) classification in 1997, and in 2001, the FDA officially approved ozone for use in the food industry and for direct contact with food products, including fish, meat, and poultry. Ozone has continued to gain momentum in the food processing industry as the safest, most cost-effective, and a chemical-free way of dealing with food safety management.     

Effects of freezing on cell structure of fresh cellular food materials: A review

BackgroundFresh cellular food materials including fruits and vegetables and animal tissues normally consist of fine organized cellular structures. Freezing is a common method to preserve the quality and safety of these cellular foods. However, the formation of ice crystals during food freezing may cause damage to the food microstructure, leading to the deterioration of food quality after thawing.Scope and approachThis review offers current knowledge on freezing damage to cell structure of fresh cellular food materials. Effects of cell structure and water distribution on the texture and sensory properties of fresh cellular foods are presented. Mechanisms of cell structure damages caused by freezing are discussed. Novel methods to control the formation of ice crystals and preserve cell structures are also provided.Key findings and conclusionsThe quality of cellular foods after frozen-thawed is highly correlated with the integrity and viability of tissue cells. The formation of ice crystals, water migration and the inherent characteristics of cell structure are regarded as the main factors affecting the cell structure during freezing. For obtaining better quality of frozen products, further investigation and understanding on freezing damage to cell structure of fresh cellular foods is necessary. It is hoped that the current review will provide more information on improving frozen food quality for the frozen food industry.     

Eleven shades of food integrity: A halal supply chain perspective

BackgroundFood integrity is not only related to the good quality of the food product, nonetheless, it distresses closely more on the health, safety, religious and cultural matters. Weaknesses in handling, monitoring, processing and other factors along the food’s supply chain outbreaks the recent food integrity scandal. These outbreak food integrity scandals could be prevented if clear aspects that affect the food integrity were embraced along the food supply chain. This article is aiming to highlight the factors affecting food integrity in the context of the halal food supply chain and their potential for future research.Scope and approachThis review attempts to provide a wider view of supply chain management in the halal food industry. Attention is drawn to the literature on other food industries and the results there are put in the context of the halal food setting. In this review, it emphasizes the factors could be monitor or control that contributes to the problem of food integrity.Key findings and conclusionsEleven ‘shades’ of food integrity in the halal supply chain are offered, which can be categorized into four supply chain dimensions, related to raw materials, production, service, and the consumer. Each shade is defined and aligned with the results in the literature, and areas for future research are suggested. Theoretical and managerial implications are provided. The ‘shades’ highlighted can be used and considered by managers as fundamental insights to ponder in safeguarding the integrity of halal products.     

臭氧技术在食品工业中的应用

综述了臭氧的理化性质，臭氧的产生，测定方法以及臭氧的杀菌消毒能力，同时列举了臭氧在国内外应用于食品工业中的诸多实例。臭氧处理水果蔬菜被证明可以延长其货架期，也可以降解农残。臭氧应用于食品，因其分解速度快，所以在食品中无残留。本文就臭氧在食品工业中的应用加以讨论，以期加速臭氧在食品加工中的应用。     

Hazard analysis critical control point: A review

Abstract

Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) is a food process control system developed in the early 1970s to ensure the safety of foods for the United States space program. Since the 1970s HACCP has evolved into a recognized means to assure the safety of foods throughout the food industry both within the United States and elsewhere. Based on the principle of prevention rather than detection, HACCP has been extensively and successfully used in the low‐acid canned food industry since the early 1970s. Since that time, HACCP has achieved greater prominence with a refinement of the HACCP principles and the application of HACCP to other processes and products. The purpose of this review is to trace the evolution of HACCP to its present‐day applications in the food industry and discuss its importance for the production of a safer food supply.     

Natural antimicrobial/antioxidant agents in meat and poultry products as well as fruits and vegetables: A review

Synthetic preservatives are widely used by the food industry to control the growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms and to inhibit the process of lipid oxidation extending the shelf-life, quality and safety of food products. However, consumer's preference for natural food additives and concern regarding the safety of synthetic preservatives prompted the food industry to look for natural alternatives. Natural antimicrobials, including plant extracts and their essential oils, enzymes, peptides, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, and fermented ingredients have all been shown to have the potential for use as alternatives to chemical antimicrobials. Some spices, herbs and other plant extracts were also reported to be strong antioxidants. The antimicrobial/antioxidant activities of some plant extracts and/or their essential oils are mainly due to the presence of some major bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, terpenes, aldehydes, and flavonoids. The proposed mechanisms of action of these natural preservatives are reported. An overview of the research done on the direct incorporation of natural preservatives agents into meat and poultry products as well as fruit and vegetables to extend their shelf-life is presented. The development of edible packaging materials containing natural preservatives is growing and their applications in selected food products are also presented in this review.     

Functionalization techniques for improving SERS substrates and their applications in food safety evaluation: A review of recent research trends

BackgroundFood safety and quality have gained much attention in recent years and the capability to evaluate food quality and safety in a sensitive, rapid, and reliable manner is of great importance in the food industry. Therefore, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with the advantages of excellent sensitivity, high selectivity, non-destructive nature and significant enhancement to identify the target has demonstrated a great potential for quick detection of chemical contaminants, chemical constitutes, and pathogens in food samples.Scope and approachThe enhancement of Raman signals for SERS is not only related to the interactions between substrates and samples but also the functionalization of substrates to gain SERS active substrates. In the present review, different types of substrates are briefly discussed, functionalization techniques for SERS active substrates are discussed, and applications of functionalized SERS substrate in food samples are presented.Conclusions and key findingsIt is evident that functionalization techniques for improving SERS substrates have given encouraging outcomes, which provides possibility for identifying multiple target analytes within a complex matrix, and thus could be used as a powerful analytical tool in real-world applications in food safety analysis as well as for enhancing food quality surveillance.     

Quality,functionality, and microbiology of fermented fish: a review

Abstract

Fermentation is a traditional food preservation method and is widely used for improving food safety, shelf life, and organoleptic and nutritional attributes. Fermented fish are produced and consumed in different parts of the world and are an integral part of many food cultures. Furthermore, fermented fish are a source of interesting microbes and are an important industry in many countries. This review tries to update the types and manufacturing processes for fermented fish around the world. The emphasis is on this work related to fermented fish and their health benefits, as well as the contribution of microorganisms to their fermentation. A variety of different approaches have been used to determine and understand microbial composition and functionality. Moreover, some challenges and future research directions regarding fermented fish are also discussed in this review. Further research into fermented fish products is of crucial importance not only for the food industry but also for human health. However, extensive in vivo and toxicological studies are essential before the application of bioactive-rich fermented fish products for human health benefits.     

Effects of atmospheric cold plasma and ozone on prebiotic orange juice

In this study, the effect of plasma and ozone treatments on the quality of orange juice was evaluated. The juice was directly and indirectly exposed to a plasma field at 70 kV for different treatment times: 15, 30, 45 and 60 s. For ozone processing, different loads (0.057, 0.128 and 0.230 mg/O₃ mL of juice) were evaluated. After the treatments, the oligosaccharides were quantified by HPLC. The juice pH, color, total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity were also determined. Both processes promoted a partial degradation of the oligosaccharides in the juice. However, the juice maintained an enough amount of oligosaccharides to be classified as a prebiotic food. The phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the treated samples was also well preserved as the pH and color. Thus, atmospheric cold plasma and ozone are suitable non-thermal alternatives for prebiotic orange juice treatment.Industrial relevanceConsumers are looking for safe food products with high quality. Thus, the food industry is currently considering non-thermal processes as an alternative to reduce the nutrient loss in processed foods. Despite atmospheric cold plasma and ozone are technologies already evaluated as an efficient non-thermal alternative for pathogens inactivation in orange juice, no previous studies on their effects on the oligosaccharides in functional fruit juice was published. This study is of industrial relevance because it demonstrates that after plasma and ozone treatment the overall quality of prebiotic orange juice was preserved and the product maintained its functional appeal.     

Use of ozone in the food industry

Ozone is a strong oxidant and potent disinfecting agent. Even though it is new for the US, it has been utilized in European countries for a long time. Ultraviolet radiation (188 nm wavelength) and corona discharge methods can be used to generate ozone. The bactericidal effects of ozone have been documented on a wide variety of organisms, including Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as spores and vegetative cells. In this review, chemical and physical properties of ozone, its generation, and antimicrobial power of ozone with two suggested mechanisms were explained as well as many advantages of ozone use in the food industry. There are numerous application areas of ozone in the industry such as food surface hygiene, sanitation of food plant equipment, reuse of waste water, treatment and lowering biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of food plant waste. Treating fruits and vegetables with ozone has been found to increase shelf-life of the products. Notably, when ozone is applied to food, it leaves no residues since it decomposes quickly. In this review, use of ozone in food industry was discussed.     

Extrusion processing of raw food materials and by-products: A review

ABSTRACT

Extrusion technology has rapidly transformed the food industry with its numerous advantages over other processing methods. It offers a platform for processing different products from various food groups by modifying minor or major ingredients and processing conditions. Although cereals occupy a large portion of the extruded foods market, several other types of raw materials have been used. Extrusion processing of various food groups, including cereals and pseudo cereals, roots and tubers, pulses and oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, and animal products, as well as structural and nutritional changes in these food matrices are reviewed. Value addition by extrusion to food processing wastes and by-products from fruits and vegetables, dairy, meat and seafood, cereals and residues from starch, syrup and alcohol production, and oilseed processing are also discussed. Extrusion presents an economical technology for incorporating food processing residues and by-products back into the food stream. In contemporary scenarios, rising demand for extruded products with functional ingredients, attributed to evolving lifestyles and preferences, have led to innovations in the form, texture, color and content of extruded products. Information presented in this review would be of importance to processors and researchers as they seek to enhance nutritional quality and delivery of extruded products.     

Potential efficacy of processing technologies for mitigating crustacean allergenicity

ABSTRACT

Crustacean allergy has become a growing food safety concern at a global scale. In the past decades, various food processing approaches have been employed to develop food products with reduced allergenic potential. Thermal treatment can dramatically influence the allergenicity of crustaceans by either reducing or enhancing their allergenic potential. Maillard reaction, enzymatic and acid treatments have shown to be promising in mitigating crustacean allergenicity. Recently, novel processing technologies, namely high-pressure processing, high-intensity ultrasound, irradiation, pulsed ultraviolet light and hurdle technology have attracted special attention from the researchers and the food industry professionals owing to their benefits over the conventional methods. In this context, this review paper provides an updated overview of the current knowledge on how different food processing methods induce structural changes of crustacean allergens and, subsequently, influence their allergenic potential. Data on prevalence and clinical relevance of crustacean allergy are presented, as well as, the molecular characterization of crustacean allergens and the main analytical methods for their detection in processed foods.     

Recent developments in applications of radio frequency heating for improving safety and quality of food grains and their products: A review

Abstract

Food grains constitute a vital part of the daily diet of the population worldwide, and are generally considered as safe products with high storage stability due to their low moisture contents. However, post-harvest losses (PHL) caused by insects, fungi, food-borne pathogens, and undesirable enzymes remain a major concern for the grain industry. Thermal treatments are commonly used to reduce the PHL of grains and their products without any chemical residues. Among which, radio frequency (RF) technology has been regarded as a promising alternative to traditional heating methods for improving safety and quality of food grains due to its fast, volumetric, and deep penetration heating characteristics. This review provided comprehensive information about principles of RF technology and its main applications including disinfestation, pasteurization, enzyme inactivation, drying, and roasting for processing food grains and their products. The methods to improve the RF heating uniformity and effects of RF heating on product quality were also reviewed. Finally, the current problems and recommendations for future work related to RF processing of grains and their products were discussed. This review would improve the understanding of RF heating for food grains and their products and promote the application of RF technology in the food grain industry.     

Nanotechnology in the food sector and potential applications for the poultry industry

BackgroundSalmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are among the most frequently reported foodborne diseases worldwide. Commercial chicken meat has been identified as one of the most important food vehicles for Salmonella and Campylobacter infection. Increased poultry consumption has forced producers to explore methods for increasing their production output, while maintaining the affordability and safety of their products. While the forecast benefits of nanotechnology have yet to be fully realised, it has potential application at many points along the food production chain and offers the opportunity to meet these challenges.Scope and approachThe commercial poultry processing environment plays a significant role in reducing foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms from poultry products prior to being supplied to consumers. This review discusses the potential opportunities and challenges for adopting nano-enabled technologies in the poultry industry, with respect to applications in microbiological food safety and quality assurance in the processing plant.Key findings and conclusionsSeveral possibilities exist to exploit the benefits of nanotechnologies in the poultry processing plant to enhance the microbiological safety and quality of products. Those applications include the adoption of nano-enabled disinfectants, surface biocides, protective clothing, air and water filters, packaging, biosensors and rapid detection methods for contaminants, and technologies that assure the authenticity and traceability of products. Although the fate and potential toxicity of nanomaterials are not fully understood at this time and scientific risk assessments are required, it is evident that there have been significant advances in the application of novel nanotechnologies in the food industry.     

The Role of Auditing,Food Safety,and Food Quality Standards in the Food Industry: A Review

Food safety and quality audits are used widely in the food industry for various reasons (to evaluate management systems, obtain certifications to certain food safety and quality standards, assess the condition of premises and products, confirm legal compliance, and so on). Nowadays, the increased interest of consumers on food safety and quality matters, triggered mainly by recent food scandals, has enabled the public and private food sectors to develop a variety of food safety and quality standards. These standards have both advantages and disadvantages and their effectiveness depends on several factors such as the competency and skills of auditors and the standard used in each case. Although the industry continuously invests in developing and improving these systems, the number of foodborne outbreaks per year appears to be quite stable in both Europe and the United States. This may be an indication that additional measures and techniques or a different approach would be required to further improve the effectiveness of the food safety and quality management systems. This article examines the role of audits and food safety and quality assessment systems in the food industry, presenting the results of several studies and briefly describing the main food safety and quality standards currently used in Europe (with particular emphasis on the United Kingdom and Greece), the U.S., Australia–New Zealand, and Asia.     

A compendium of wheat germ: Separation,stabilization and food applications

BackgroundWheat germ is a precious by-product deriving from the milling industry, as it is a natural concentrated source of essential amino and fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, tocopherols, and phytosterols. However, the presence of high enzymatic activities together with a high content of unsaturated oil, induce a fast decrease in the nutritional value of wheat germ during storage and, consequently, strongly limit product's shelf-life.Scope and approachIn recent decades, flour blends from raw or/and processed wheat germ received great interest from nutritional and technological perspectives. Nevertheless, the quality of the end-product strongly depended on the supplementation level, as well as the type and the severity of separation and stabilization techniques that wheat germ went through. Hence, in this review, the newest advances in wheat germ pre-handling approaches and food applications are discussed to provide relevant and updated information about its worthiness to be a part of the human diet.Key findings and conclusionsTo fully valorize and preserve the nutritious potential of wheat germ, effective pre-treatments of separation and stabilization are needed to guarantee its stability and suitability to meet food quality and safety standards. Such an underutilized ingredient might be a valuable fortifying component for a spectrum of foodstuffs.     

中国水产食品质量及安全控制研究进展

随着经济全球化的深入发展和食品贸易的不断扩大,中国水产食品加工业发展非常迅速,其质量和安全性已成为影响大众消费和工业健康可持续发展的关键因素,引起社会的广泛关注。为了充分掌握现阶段中国水产食品的质量安全控制状况,以便有效控制水产品的质量安全,本文对我国水产食品及质量安全控制现状、国外的先进质量控制技术和监管体系进行分析,并在对我国水产食品目前存在的问题进行总结的基础上,提出改善水产食品质量及安全控制的建议和改进措施。     

发酵肉制品食品安全风险分析及监管建议

随着我国经济社会的快速发展,人们对高品质食品需求增大,对发酵肉制品需求也急剧增长,促使发酵肉制品产业不断发展。本文对我国发酵肉制品的行业现状进行概述,分析我国发酵肉制品监管现状、近年来国内外舆情、质量安全风险、质量安全隐患产生的原因,并就发酵肉制品生产环节质量安全提出相关监管建议。旨在为优化发酵肉制品生产环节质量管控、强化发酵肉制品生产行业管理与监督执法提供参考。     

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS): A novel reliable technique for rapid detection of common harmful chemical residues

BackgroundThe irrational usage of chemical substances including pesticides and drugs in agricultural and food production is a significant food safety issue due to its residues. Therefore, the detection of harmful residues in foods is an indispensable step for guaranteeing the consumer's health. Conventional methods, such as HPLC, GC-MS and LC-MS are accurate enough, but they fail to meet the requirements of the modern industry for rapid and on-line detection. Novel reliable techniques should thus be developed as alternatives.Scope and approachIn this review, fundamentals of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is introduced. Recent advances in its usage for detecting harmful chemical residues in agricultural products including pesticides, antibiotics and β₂-adrenergic agonists are discussed by two typical ways of detection improvement, and the advantages of SERS are addressed. Finally, future trends to routine use of SERS applications in harmful residues are presented.Key findings and conclusionsSERS is a promising detection technique for the detection of common harmful chemical residues with merits of simple sampling, rapid data collection and non-destructiveness. Despite rapid developments in the technology, there is much studies should be done before SERS could be used as a daily tool for the industry.     

Principles and recent applications of novel non-thermal processing technologies for the fish industry—a review

Thermal treatment is a traditional method for food processing, which can kill microorganisms but also lead to physicochemical and sensory quality damage, especially to temperature-sensitive foods. Nowadays consumers’ increasing interest in microbial safety products with premium appearance, flavor, great nutritional value and extended shelf-life has promoted the development of emerging non-thermal food processing technologies as alternative or substitution to traditional thermal methods. Fish is an important and world-favored food but has a short shelf-life due to its extremely perishable characteristic, and the microbial spoilage and oxidative process happen rapidly just from the moment of capture, making it dependent heavily on post-harvest preservation. The applications of novel non-thermal food processing technologies, including high pressure processing (HPP), ultrasound (US), pulsed electric fields (PEF), pulsed light (PL), cold plasma (CP) and ozone can extend the shelf-life by microbial inactivation and also keep good sensory quality attributes of fish, which is of high interest for the fish industry. This review presents the principles, developments of emerging non-thermal food processing technologies, and also their applications in fish industry, with the main focus on microbial inactivation and sensory quality. The promising results showed great potential to keep microbial safety while maintaining organoleptic attributes of fish products. What’s more, the strengths and weaknesses of these technologies are also discussed. The combination of different food processing technologies or with advanced packaging methods can improve antimicrobial efficacy while not significantly affect other quality properties under optimized treatment.