基于随机共振和信息几何的协作频谱感知方法

为提高频谱感知系统在低信噪比环境下对微弱信号的感知性能,提出了一种基于随机共振技术和信息几何理论的频谱感知方法。首先通过随机共振技术增强输入信号的能量,以提高感知信号的信噪比。然后,基于信息几何理论将信号矩阵的协方差矩阵对应成流形上的点,并计算流形上样本点之间的散度距离作为感知信号的特征数据。最后,采用BP神经网络对信号特征数据进行分类,有效避免了决策阈值的计算,快速实现了频谱决策。仿真实验证明,所提方法在低信噪比条件下具有更好的感知性能,有效提高了复杂环境下的频谱检测概率。     

随机共振在认知无线电频谱感知中应用的最新研究进展

频谱感知是认知无线电网络的一项关键技术.低信噪比(SNR)环境下频谱检测的性能会大幅降低,而随机共振(SR)能有效提高信号信噪比,所以将其应用到频谱感知中,能增强认知用户对主用户(PU)的检测性能.首先介绍了随机共振在认知无线电频谱感知中应用的最新研究进展,包括随机共振在本地感知中(如能量检测、协方差矩阵频谱感知、循环平稳特征检测)及协作感知中的应用,然后指出了随机共振在认知无线电频谱感知中还有待解决的问题,并提出了下一步的研究方向.     

基于Wishart矩阵特征值的频谱感知算法

为了提高频谱感知性能,克服经典算法的缺点,提出了一种新的基于Wishart随机矩阵理论的协作频谱感知算法.根据多个认知用户接收信号样本协方差矩阵特征值的对数分布特性,利用样本协方差矩阵最大特征值与几何平均特征值的比值,得到简单的判决阈值闭式表达式,实现频谱感知判决.该算法不需要知道主用户的任何先验信息,不受噪声不确定性的影响.仿真结果表明,所提算法在协作用户数少、信噪比低、采样点数极少的情况下,仍能获得较高的感知性能.该算法受虚警概率和极端值的影响较小,比同类算法有更好的检测性能.     

基于随机矩阵特征值比的频谱感知改进算法

针对认知无线电中现有频谱感知方法的不足,利用大维随机矩阵理论分析了随机矩阵的渐近谱特性,研究了接收信号样本协方差矩阵平均特征值的分布特性,提出两种基于随机矩阵特征值比的频谱感知改进算法.改进算法不需要知道主用户信号的先验信息,也不需要知道背景噪声的功率,得到的判决阈值也具有十分简单的闭式表达式.仿真结果表明,在低样本点、低协作用户数、低信噪比和低虚警概率的条件下,改进算法也可以获得很好的感知性能.     

利用卷积神经网络和协方差的协作频谱感知算法

针对基于信号协方差矩阵的频谱感知算法门限难于准确得到及没有充分利用原始信号信息等问题,提出了基于卷积神经网络和协方差矩阵的协作频谱感知算法。首先将接收的I、Q两路正交信号的归一化协方差矩阵组成双通道输入矩阵,然后使用卷积神经网络直接提取协方差矩阵的特征信息,并进行训练得到分类器,最后使用训练好的模型进行频谱感知。仿真结果表明,本文所提出的频谱感知算法优于对比算法,在信噪比为-13 dB、40个次用户协作感知时,本文算法虚警概率低于0.1,检测概率达到0.9以上。      

认知无线电中基于SVD分解的频谱感知新算法

为了解决认知无线电中能量检测法在低信噪比下检测概率低的问题,本文提出了一种基于SVD分解的频谱感知算法。首先利用接收信号构造Hankel矩阵,通过SVD分解,将矩阵分离成信号空间与噪声空间,再将较小的奇异值置零,然后重构矩阵,从而提高接收信号的信噪比（SNR）。其次,将SVD系统输出信号功率对噪声功率进行归一化,把降低噪声功率转化成提高主用户信号功率。最后进行能量检测,以此来提高检测概率。理论分析和计算机仿真表明,在相同条件下,基于SVD分解的频谱感知算法与传统的能量检测法相比,检测概率显著提高;要达到相同的检测概率,对信噪比的要求也显著降低。      

基于随机共振的双门限协作频谱感知算法

针对现有频谱感知算法在低信噪比（SNR）环境中性能检测不佳的问题以及传统随机共振（SR）检测弱信号的方法在实际应用中存在的局限性,通过设置最优门限,计算出最优的协作用户数量,提出了一种基于随机共振的双门限协作频谱感知算法,并对提出的算法进行了性能分析。DCSSR算法通过将位于双门限不确定区域的统计数据经过随机共振系统,进一步提高频谱感知算法在低信噪比下的检测性能。仿真结果表明,在不同信噪比和虚警概率下,DCSSR算法相较于传统单门限能量协作算法、双门限能量协作算法以及单门限随机共振协作算法,检测性能都得到了提升。在信噪比为-20 dB时,提出的DCSSR算法相较于传统单门限能量检测协作算法,检测概率提高了80%。     

认知无线电中基于阵列天线和协方差矩阵的频谱感知算法

该文提出一种基于阵列天线和协方差矩阵的频谱感知算法,该算法能够在噪声不确定性的条件下进行盲频谱感知。该算法在协方差矩阵的基础上,构建新的检测统计量,推导判决门限,对检测统计量与判决门限进行比较进而做出最终判决;在主用户信号到达方向与认知用户接收天线法线方向不一致的情况下,为使认知用户能完全接收主用户信号,利用了阵列天线技术。仿真结果表明,与Zeng等人(2009)提出的绝对值协方差矩阵频谱感知算法(Covariance Absolute Value Spectrum Sensing, CAVSS)相比,该算法判决门限的计算方法更加准确;在相同条件下,该算法的检测概率高于CAVSS。     

特征值极限分布的改进合作频谱感知

本文采用随机矩阵理论,分析和研究了多认知用户接收信号采样协方差矩阵的最小特征值的极限分布,针对基于最大最小特征值之差的合作频谱感知算法,提出了新的门限判决方法。此算法能有效克服噪声不确定度的影响,且不需预先知道授权用户信号的先验知识和噪声方差。仿真结果表明,与以前的感知算法相比,本文算法有更低的判决门限,在低信噪比、小采样时,在达到设定虚警概率的前提下,该算法能够获得更好的感知性能。      

基于能量和协方差的两步频谱感知

频谱感知是认知无线电中的一项关键技术,主要功能是能够快速准确检测出频谱中是否存在授权用户。频谱感知的能量检测算法简单,但在低信噪比情形下的检测性能不佳,而协方差算法在低信噪比环境下具有较好检测性能。针对上述情况提出了一种这两步相结合检测的算法,从而具有更准确的频谱感知性。仿真结果表明,两步检测算法在低信噪比情况下无需授权用户的先验信息,同时使算法的平均计算量相对于协方差算法有一定程度的降低,并能有效地提高频谱感知性能。     

Cognitive Radio Based Multi-User Resource Allocation in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Multi-Carrier CDMA Modulation

In this paper, we propose a cognitive radio based multi-user resource allocation framework for mobile ad hoc networks using multi-carrier DS CDMA modulation over a frequency-selective fading channel. In particular, given preexisting communications in the spectrum where the system is operating, in addition to potential narrow-band interference, a channel sensing and estimation mechanism is provided to obtain information such as subcarrier availability, noise power and channel gain. Given this information, both frequency spectrum and power are allocated to emerging new users (i.e., cognitive radio users), based on a distributed multi-user resource allocation framework, in order to satisfy a target data rate and a power constraint of each cognitive radio user, while attempting to avoid interference to the existing communications as well as to minimize total power consumption of the cognitive radio users.     

HC-MAC: A Hardware-Constrained Cognitive MAC for Efficient Spectrum Management

Radio spectrum resource is of fundamental importance for wireless communication. Recent reports show that most available spectrum has been allocated. While some of the spectrum bands (e.g., unlicensed band, GSM band) have seen increasingly crowded usage, most of the other spectrum resources are underutilized. This drives the emergence of open spectrum and dynamic spectrum access concepts, which allow unlicensed users equipped with cognitive radios to opportunistically access the spectrum not used by primary users. Cognitive radio has many advanced features, such as agilely sensing the existence of primary users and utilizing multiple spectrum bands simultaneously. However, in practice such capabilities are constrained by hardware cost. In this paper, we discuss how to conduct efficient spectrum management in ad hoc cognitive radio networks while taking the hardware constraints (e.g., single radio, partial spectrum sensing and spectrum aggregation limit) into consideration. A hardware-constrained cognitive MAC, HC-MAC, is proposed to conduct efficient spectrum sensing and spectrum access decision. We identify the issue of optimal spectrum sensing decision for a single secondary transmission pair, and formulate it as an optimal stopping problem. A decentralized MAC protocol is then proposed for the ad hoc cognitive radio networks. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed protocol.     

无人机测控系统中干扰感知与频谱资源管理技术

为了提高无人机测控系统在复杂电磁环境下的适应性、安全性和可靠性,解决多站多机同空域工作时面临的动态频谱资源管理问题,提出了一种基于干扰感知和频谱资源管理技术的无人机测控系统。该系统将通信侦察技术与认知无线电频谱感知技术相结合,为上/下行链路提供全频带干扰识别以及动态频谱资源管理。搭建了干扰感知和频谱资源管理系统无线测试平台,测试结果表明,当上/下行链路存在干扰信号且链路质量较差时,系统能自适应调整链路的频谱资源,可有效避开干扰信号对系统的影响,提升了无人机测控系统的生存能力和使用效能。     

The Master-Slave Stochastic Knapsack Modeling for Fully Dynamic Spectrum Allocation

Scarcity problem of radio spectrum resource stimulates the research on cognitive radio technology, in which dynamic spectrum allocation attracts lots of attention. For higher access efficiency in cognitive radio context, we suggest a fully dynamic access scheme for primary and secondary users, which is modeled by a master-slave stochastic knapsack process. Equilibrium behavior of this knapsack model is analyzed: expressions of blocking probability of both master and slave classes are derived as performance criterion, as well as forced termination probability for the slave class. All the theoretic results are verified by numeric simulations. Compared to traditional opportunistic spectrum access (OSA), which can be regarded as half dynamic due to primary users?? rough preemption, our scheme leads to less termination events for the secondary users while keeping the same performance for the primary class, thus promotes the system access performance. Nonideal spectrum sensing algorithm with detection error is also taken into consideration to evaluate its impact on system access performance, which is a practical issue for implementation.     

Performance Analysis of Composite Fading Channel Based on Point Estimate Method

Existing spectrum sensing methods for cognitive radio do not consider the secondary network’s characteristics to obtain the frequency of spectrum sensing, i.e., the sensing period would be identical for secondary networks that have different traffic characteristics. In this paper, a hybrid sensing algorithm is proposed that finds the optimal sensing period based on both primary and secondary networks’ properties. A continuous-time Markov chain system is used to accurately model the spectrum occupancy, and a novel method is proposed that adaptively varies its parameters to avoid unnecessary sensing tasks, while guaranteeing the priority of the primary network. We conduct simulation work to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. It is shown that the proposed technique outperforms the non-hybrid approach with respect to sensing efficiency and energy consumption. A cognitive sensor network is also considered based on IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee radios, and it is shown that significant energy savings can be achieved by the proposed method.     

CR系统谱感知技术研究

认知无线系统中谱感知是基础与前提,以认知无线系统谱感知的研究为主题,在综合相关研究成果的基础上从谱感知研究的核心技术内容入手,着重对有关本地检测的技术手段、先验知识的参考应用、谱预测与主用户网络信息的利用等关键性问题进行了阐述分析,对涉及问题解决的核心要点进行了概括分析,同时在综合考虑认知无线系统工作应用实际的情况下,对今后认知无线系统谱感知研究需要重点关注的方向进行了讨论分析。     

Signal Processing in Cognitive Radio

Cognitive radio allows for usage of licensed frequency bands by unlicensed users. However, these unlicensed (cognitive) users need to monitor the spectrum continuously to avoid possible interference with the licensed (primary) users. Apart from this, cognitive radio is expected to learn from its surroundings and perform functions that best serve its users. Such an adaptive technology naturally presents unique signal-processing challenges. In this paper, we describe the fundamental signal-processing aspects involved in developing a fully functional cognitive radio network, including spectrum sensing and spectrum sculpting.      

认知无线电技术及应用

认知无线电技术是目前无线传输领域的主要研究热点之一。对认知无线电的不同定义进行了讨论,并从认知无线电系统组成及认知无线电与其他无线电(特别是自适应无线电和智能无线电)的关系2方面分析了其内涵,重点介绍了无线频谱感知、智能资源管理、自适应传输和跨层设计等认知无线电系统主要关键技术;最后给出了认知无线电可能的应用场景。     

Cooperative Communications for Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radio is an exciting emerging technology that has the potential of dealing with the stringent requirement and scarcity of the radio spectrum. Such revolutionary and transforming technology represents a paradigm shift in the design of wireless systems, as it will allow the agile and efficient utilization of the radio spectrum by offering distributed terminals or radio cells the ability of radio sensing, self-adaptation, and dynamic spectrum sharing. Cooperative communications and networking is another new communication technology paradigm that allows distributed terminals in a wireless network to collaborate through some distributed transmission or signal processing so as to realize a new form of space diversity to combat the detrimental effects of fading channels. In this paper, we consider the application of these technologies to spectrum sensing and spectrum sharing. One of the most important challenges for cognitive radio systems is to identify the presence of primary (licensed) users over a wide range of spectrum at a particular time and specific geographic location. We consider the use of cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems to enhance the reliability of detecting primary users. We shall describe spectrum sensing for cognitive radios and propose robust cooperative spectrum sensing techniques for a practical framework employing cognitive radios. We also investigate cooperative communications for spectrum sharing in a cognitive wireless relay network. To exploit the maximum spectrum opportunities, we present a cognitive space–time–frequency coding technique that can opportunistically adjust its coding structure by adapting itself to the dynamic spectrum environment.