Adhesion of in situ precipitated calcium carbonate in the presence and absence of magnetic field in quiescent conditions on different solid surfaces

Deposition of in situ precipitated calcium carbonate from Na(2)CO(3) and CaCl2 solutions on different substrates, i.e. stainless steel, copper, aluminium, and glass, was investigated at different temperatures, 20 degrees C, 40 degrees C, 60 degrees C and 80 degrees C, both in the absence and presence of S-S 0.1T magnetic field (MF). It was found that in quiescent conditions during 2h the amounts deposited firmly on the surfaces decreased with increasing temperature. If MF was present the deposition was reduced at all temperatures, and depended on the nature of the substrate. The largest MF effect was found on glass at 60 degrees C, which amounted 50% reduction of the deposit. However, at 80 degrees C no deposition was found in the presence of MF on aluminium surface. At this temperature the reproducibility of the experiments was poor, and an additional effect due to the metal surface corrosion (especially that of aluminium and copper) may be thought in alkaline environment of the experiments (pH ca. 10). Based on optical microscope photographs, it was concluded that the amounts of crystallographic forms of CaCO3 depended on the nature of substrate on which the precipitation and then the adhesion took place. To some extent the ratios of CaCO3 forms precipitated were different in the bulk phase than on the substrate surfaces at the same temperature, and this conclusion was based on the X-ray diffractograms. Some possible mechanisms causing MF effects are discussed.     

Effect of a magnetic water treatment on homogeneous and heterogeneous precipitation of calcium carbonate

In this paper are reported experimental results on the effect of a magnetic field on the precipitation process of calcium carbonate scale from a hard water. Carbonically pure water was circulated at a constant flow rate in a magnetic field. After this treatment, calcium carbonate precipitation was induced by degassing dissolved carbonic gas. The nucleation time was identified from the variations of the pH and the Ca(2+) concentration. The ratio between homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation was determined from the measurement of the mass of precipitated calcium carbonate. It is shown that the magnetic treatment increases the total amount of precipitate. This effect depends on the solution pH, the flow rate and the duration of the treatment. In addition, the magnetic treatment modifies the ratio between homogeneous/heterogeneous nucleation. Homogeneous nucleation is promoted by an increasing the pH of water, the flow rate as well as the residence time. The magnetic treatment enhances these effects with a maximum for a 15 min treatment time. It is shown that the presence of calcium carbonate colloid particles is not necessary. It is advanced that the main magnetic effects concern the associations of ionic species which are present in the solution and which are involved in the nucleation process of calcium carbonate precipitation.     

A spectrophotometer-based study of magnetic water treatment: assessment of ionic vs. surface mechanisms

A technique previously used to study the effects of magnetic fields on calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitate is revisited in order to investigate the two most widely reported mechanisms. The laboratory-based study tested the effect of treating solutions and particulates of CaCO3 and showed that a repeatable magnetic effect on precipitation is observed, but only when CaCO3 particulates are exposed to magnetic fields, and not when a solution of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is exposed to magnetic fields. Issues regarding the reproducibility of the test are also discussed.     

The effect of antiscalant addition on calcium carbonate precipitation for a simplified synthetic brackish water reverse osmosis concentrate

The primary limitations to inland brackish water reverse osmosis (RO) desalination are the cost and technical feasibility of concentrate disposal. To decrease concentrate volume, a side-stream process can be used to precipitate problematic scaling salts and remove the precipitate with a solid/liquid separation step. The treated concentrate can then be purified through a secondary reverse osmosis stage to increase overall recovery and decrease the volume of waste requiring disposal. Antiscalants are used in an RO system to prevent salt precipitation but might affect side-stream concentrate treatment. Precipitation experiments were performed on a synthetic RO concentrate with and without antiscalant; of particular interest was the precipitation of calcium carbonate. Particle size distributions, calcium precipitation, microfiltration flux, and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the effects of antiscalant type, antiscalant concentration, and precipitation pH on calcium carbonate precipitation and filtration. Results show that antiscalants can decrease precipitate particle size and change the shape of the particles; smaller particles can cause an increase in microfiltration flux decline during the solid/liquid separation step. The presence of antiscalant during precipitation can also decrease the mass of precipitated calcium carbonate.     

Application of pulsed spark discharge for calcium carbonate precipitation in hard water

The effect of underwater pulsed spark discharge on the precipitation of dissolved calcium ions was investigated in the present study. Water samples with different calcium hardness were prepared by continuous evaporation of tap water using a laboratory cooling tower. It was shown that the concentration of calcium ions dropped by 20-26% after 10-min plasma treatment, comparing with no drop for untreated cases. A laser particle counting method demonstrated that the total number of solid particles suspended in water increased by over 100% after the plasma treatment. The morphology and the crystal form of the particles were identified by both scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Calcite with rhombohedron morphology was observed for plasma treated cases, comparing with the round structure observed for no-treatment cases. It was hypothesized that the main mechanisms for the plasma-assisted calcium carbonate precipitation might include electrolysis, local heating in the vicinity of plasma channel and a high electric field at the tip of plasma streamers, inducing structural changes in the electric double layer of hydrated ions.     

Electrochemical treatments for selective growth of different calcium carbonate allotropic forms on carbon steel

Different allogropic forms of calcium carbonate scales (calcite and aragonite) were electrochemically deposited on carbon steel surfaces, using different electrochemical techniques: cyclic voltammetry or potentiostatic pulses. To simulate conditions of Mexican refinery cooling systems, this study was performed in the presence of known concentrations of other salts at pH 7.8 and 40 degrees C with low and high calcium carbonate concentrations. Reduction reactions for dissolved oxygen and water occurring in such systems modified the pH at the substrate-solution interface to promote scaling of the calcium carbonate present. A systematic scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis of the carbon steel surface showed that the formation of calcite and aragonite depended on the initial state of substrate surface (clean or damaged) and on the concentration of calcium carbonate present in the system.     

超细碳酸钙对端硅烷基聚醚密封胶性能影响的研究

实验分析了不同品种、不同规格、不同添加量的超细碳酸钙对端硅烷基聚醚密封胶性能的影响。通过检测密封胶的流变性能、力学性能以及观察扫描电镜图,考察了超细碳酸钙对密封胶的补强效果及相容性。     

Contribution of marine and continental aerosols to the content of major ions in the precipitation of the central Mediterranean

The region of the investigated receptor is situated in the southern part of the Adriatic Sea in the Mediterranean. The measuring station is located on the seashore, which, being considered as a border area, is representative for the qualitative and quantitative estimation of the influence of marine and continental aerosols on the content of major ions in precipitation. In the sampling period, precipitation in the region of the investigated receptor was more abundant during the summer and autumn than during the winter and spring. The most frequent precipitation heights were up to 20 mm, while high precipitation came exclusively from the continental region. The results of the measurements of ions readily soluble in water were used for the differentiation of marine from continental contributions of primary and secondary aerosols to their content in the precipitation. Using PCA, it was shown that main contribution of Cl(-), Na(+) and Mg(2+) came from primary marine aerosols, while the contribution from continental sources was dominant for the content of SO(4)(2-), NO(3)(-), NH(4)(+) and Ca(2+) in the precipitation. The continental origin of Ca(2+) was from a primary source, while SO(4)(2-), NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) were representatives of secondary aerosols produced by reactions between acid oxides and alkaline species in the atmosphere, but SO(4)(2-) and NO(3)(-) also exist in the precipitation as free acids. The origin of the trace elements Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the precipitation came from anthropogenic emission sources. The results obtained in this work are based on experimental data from 609 samples collected during the period 1995-2000.     

P-recovery by secondary nucleation and growth of calcium phosphates on magnetite mineral

Precipitation of calcium phosphates from supersaturated solutions seeded with magnetite powder (magnetite mineral, Fe3O4) has been studied in lab scale in the pH range 6.9-7.7. While the initial concentration of phosphorus was 1.29 mmol/l, the initial molar ratio of Ca/P was taken one to three times of the stoichiometric calcium to phosphorus ratio of hydroxyapatite. To bring out the secondary nucleation, the precipitation system was allowed to relax and pH of the solution was maintained at the initially preset value. The period before base was added for the first time during relaxation was defined as lagtime and sodium hydroxide added during the relaxation was evaluated as the degree of growth. The lagtime was found to be dependent on the solution pH, therefore on the initial amount of precipitation. Coverage of seed surface by heterogeneous nucleation is essential. Since all precipitation by secondary nucleation took place on the seed material, precipitation during relaxation was due to growth of the solid phase on the seed surfaces. It was found that there was a pH range in which growth rate was directly proportional to pH. However, at lower residual concentrations of phosphorus, despite relatively higher pH, the growth rate was decreased.     

碳酸钙对木质粉尘层最低着火温度影响研究

为研究碳酸钙含量对木质粉尘层最低着火温度的影响,利用HY16430粉尘层引燃温度试验装置测定油磨木粉、人工打磨木粉及两者分别与碳酸钙混合的粉尘层最低着火温度.结果表明:油磨木粉、人工打磨木粉、碳酸钙中位粒径分别为7.344、7.269、7.859μm,堆积厚度为5 mm时,油磨木粉尘层最低着火温度为324℃,人工打磨木...     

Effect of antiscalants on precipitation of an RO concentrate: Metals precipitated and particle characteristics for several water compositions

Inland brackish water reverse osmosis (RO) is economically and technically limited by the large volume of salty waste (concentrate) produced. The use of a controlled precipitation step, followed by solid/liquid separation (filtration), has emerged as a promising side-stream treatment process to treat reverse osmosis concentrate and increase overall system recovery. The addition of antiscalants to the RO feed prevents precipitation within the membrane system but might have a deleterious effect on a concentrate treatment process that uses precipitation to remove problematic precipitates. The effects of antiscalant type and concentration on salt precipitation and precipitate particle morphology were evaluated for several water compositions. The primary precipitate for the synthetic brackish waters tested was calcium carbonate; the presence of magnesium, sulfate, minor ions, and antiscalant compounds affected the amount of calcium precipitated, as well as the phases of calcium carbonate formed during precipitation. Addition of antiscalant decreased calcium precipitation but increased incorporation of magnesium and sulfate into precipitating calcium carbonate. Antiscalants prevented the growth of nucleated precipitates, resulting in the formation of small (100-200 nm diameter) particles, as well as larger (6-10 μm) particles. Elemental analysis revealed changes in composition and calcium carbonate polymorph with antiscalant addition and antiscalant type. Results indicate that the presence of antiscalants does reduce the extent of calcium precipitation and can worsen subsequent filtration performance.     

Effects of pH and precipitation on autohydrogenotrophic denitrification using the hollow-fiber membrane-biofilm reactor

Experiments carried out in a hollow-fiber, membrane-biofilm reactor (HFMBR) showed that the optimum pH for autotrophic denitrification was in the range 7.7-8.6, with the maximum efficiency at 8.4. Increasing the pH above 8.6 caused a significant decrease in nitrate removal rate and a dramatic increase in nitrite accumulation. The pH rose by 1.2 units when a large buffer was not added, suggesting that some field applications may require pH control. Precipitation of Ca(2+) occurred in every experiment. Precipitation was the largest sink for carbonate, and it also offset alkalinity production by denitrification. Although the alkalinity increased in most cases, systems with a high carbonate buffer and high pH accentuated precipitation, and the net change in alkalinity was negative. The long-term success of field applications of the HFMBR may depend upon the interactions among calcium concentration, total carbonate concentration, pH, and alkalinity changes.     

锂渣对水泥-聚羧酸减水剂体系早期Zeta电位和电导率的影响研究

锂渣是新疆规模排放的固体工业废弃物,可作为混凝土用的活性矿物掺合料,在新疆混凝土工业中得到了一定的应用。但混凝土中掺入锂渣往往会对混凝土早期新拌性能产生一定的影响,为此,采用电声法测定了不同掺量的锂渣与不同掺量的聚羧酸减水剂对水泥早期水化Zeta电位的影响,并同时测定水泥水化溶液体系的电导率。结果表明,虽然自身Zeta电位值接近于零的锂渣掺入水泥后却提高了水泥水化早期的Zeta电位值,并且聚羧酸减水剂分子可能优先吸附与锂渣颗粒表面。     

碳酸钙、磷酸二氢氨与二氧化硅对面粉爆炸的抑制作用

以面粉为研究对象,采用20 L 爆炸球和哈特曼管测试系统,分别测试了碳酸钙、磷酸二氢氨、二氧化硅和碳酸钙与磷酸二氢氨复合对面粉最大爆炸压力、压力上升速率、火焰传播速度等特性参数的影响。对比分析了4 种惰性粉体的抑制效果及机理。结果表明：磷酸二氢氨除物理吸热外还通过化学分解抑制面粉燃烧和爆炸,其抑爆效果优于二氧化硅和碳酸钙;碳酸钙与磷酸二氢氨两者间会发生抑制燃烧爆炸的附加反应,二者复合比单一惰化粉体有更高的惰化效能。     

Influence of chemical conditioning on the ion exchange capacity and on kinetic of zinc uptake by clinoptilolite

Aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the use of clinoptilolite as a barrier material to eliminate heavy metals from roof runoff. The effect of chemical conditioning with 1 M NaCl solution upon the ion exchange capacity and on kinetic of zinc uptake by clinoptilolite has been investigated. According to the batch experiments the modified clinoptilolite has up to 100% higher sorption capacity, regarding Zn than the natural material. The pre-treatment of clinoptilolite results in an acceleration of the ion exchange process up to 40% regarding zinc. In order to define the reasons of this behaviour, both materials, modified and natural, were analysed for: (i) chemical composition, (ii) density, (iii) pore size distribution and (iv) zeta potential. The clogging of the pores, the charge of the grain surface, the pH of the initial metal solution and the ion metal concentration are the factors which are mainly affecting the ion exchange capacity and the rate of zinc uptake by clinoptilolite.     

Experimental study on the effect of magnetic field on the heat conductivity and viscosity of ammonia-water

External magnetic field may enhance the ammonia absorption in ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system. In this paper, the variations of viscosity and heat conductivity of magnetized ammonia-water are studied experimentally. The measured ammonia-water is magnetized by an electromagnet with magnetizing intensity from 132.64 to 261.35 mT. Different magnetization times including 10, 20 and 30 min are adopted. Engler viscosity measurement and transient double hot-wires measurement are used in the measurement of viscosity and heat conductivity respectively. The results show that the viscosity of ammonia-water solution decreases after magnetization, the decrease in viscosity is greater when the magnetic field is stronger and the magnetization time is longer. The heat conductivity of ammonia-water solution after magnetization increases with the prolonging of magnetization time and the increase of magnetizing intensity. It is not helpful to increase the heat conductivity of ammonia-water by increasing the magnetizing intensity and magnetization time unlimitedly. In the present experimental conditions, when the magnetization current is 8 A and the magnetization time is 30 min, the increase of the heat conductivity reaches the maximum. The variations of the viscosity and heat conductivity of magnetized ammonia-water may be attributable to Lorentz force and hydrogen bond breaking in microstructure.     

水灰比和碳酸锂对硫铝酸盐水泥水化历程的影响

研究了水灰比和碳酸锂对硫铝酸盐水泥水化历程的影响。水化放热历程测试结果表明:随着水灰比的增大,硫铝酸盐水泥的水化放热速率增大,水化放热量提高;碳酸锂的掺入使得水化诱导期消失,水泥在加入水后直接进入水化加速期,与水灰比的影响相比,碳酸锂的掺入对水化加速期放热速率的影响更为显著;同时,碳酸锂的掺入使得硫铝酸盐水泥的早期水化速率和水化放热量增加,后期水化放热量减小。X射线衍射测试结果表明:碳酸锂的作用仅是提高了硫铝酸盐水泥的水化进程和水化速率,对生成水化产物的种类无影响。     

Effect of pH and temperature on calcium carbonate precipitation by CO2 removal from iron‐rich water

In the present work, the effect of temperature and solution pH on calcium carbonate precipitation from iron‐rich waters was investigated. Calcium carbonate was precipitated by CO₂ removal. The increase in the temperature or the solution pH leads to the acceleration of calcium carbonate nucleation and crystal growth. Iron addition retards the formation of calcium carbonate crystals and enhanced the precipitation in the bulk solution. At high supersaturations, the inhibition effectiveness of iron is small and it could be improved by lowering the solution pH. The results of the present work show that it is possible to reduce or completely prevent scale formation in different water treatment processes by controlling the operating parameters which favourably affects the water treatment costs, increases the equipment life and allows increased product water recovery.     

Impact of natural organic matter and divalent cations on the stability of aqueous nanoparticles

The stability of nanoparticles in aquatic environment plays an important role in determining their environmental implication and potential risk to human health. This research studied the impact of natural organic matter (NOM) and divalent cations (Ca²⁺) on the stability of engineered metal oxide nanoparticles (e.g. ZnO, NiO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃ and SiO₂). When nanoparticles were present in neutral water, a relatively weak electrolyte concentration (0.01 M KCl) could result in their aggregation; however, with the addition of 1 mg/L NOM, the negative surface charge of nanoparticles increased significantly and therefore their propensity to aggregate is reduced. 4 mg/L NOM stabilized most nanoparticles by producing −30 mV or higher zeta potentials. On the other hand, the negative charge that NOM imparted to nanoparticles could be neutralized by divalent cations (calcium ions). 0.04 M-0.06 M Ca²⁺ induced the aggregation of NOM-coated nanoparticles. It should be noted that among all the studied nanoparticles, SiO₂ exhibited the unique stability due to its low NOM adsorption capacity and small Hamaker constant. SiO₂ remained stable no matter whether the solution contained NOM or Ca²⁺.     

氯化钙及陶粒参数对泡沫混凝土性能的影响

陶粒泡沫混凝土具有良好的隔热保温性能及较高的强度。基于国内外研究现状,采用物理发泡工艺制备了掺氯化钙的陶粒泡沫混凝土,采用室内实验的方式对混凝土的力学性能影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:影响陶粒泡沫混凝土性能的主要因素为陶粒掺量、陶粒粒径、氯化钙掺量;当陶粒掺量为45%时,混凝土的28 d抗压强度最高;陶粒粒径小于10 mm时,试件吸水率和均匀性较好;氯化钙掺量为3%时,试件的抗压强度最高。