聚合物熔体在任意长径比圆锥口模的挤出胀大唯象研究

深入讨论了聚合物熔体在不同长径比、不同角度圆锥口模的挤出胀大现象及机理。对口模长径比较小的挤出胀大,由于熔体入口拉伸弹性变形来不及松弛,产生较大的挤出胀大;对长径比较大的口模,熔体在平直流道内停留时间较长,入口弹性形变逐渐松弛,这时主要是流动剪切应变引起的弹性变形,产生较弱的挤出胀大,比长径比小的挤出胀大来得小,并且聚合物熔体的挤出胀大随着长径比的增大而趋向一恒定值。结果还表明:聚合物熔体在圆锥口模的挤出胀大受到挤出口模入口角影响。当L/D较小时,挤出胀大与口模入口角有关;当L/D较大时,口模入口角对挤出胀大影响较小。     

LDPE熔体在圆锥型短口模挤出过程的粘弹行为研究

主要研究不同入口圆锥角短口模流道挤出流动过程中聚合物熔体的粘弹特性,以及在口模流动过程压力损失,入口弹性贮能和挤出胀大比之间的关系。对于不同的口模入口角,有不同的剪切速率与剪切应力的规律,流变曲线各自不同。同时,不同的圆锥入口角,表现出不同的Bagley校正因子对应不同的挤出胀大值,反映了聚合物熔体在不同圆锥入口角短口模挤出过程拉伸弹性形变特性的差异。聚合物熔体在不同入口圆锥角短口模挤出流动过程的压力降,依赖口模流道的几何形状(入口角、长径比)、温度、流动速率等,入口损失主要归因于拉伸形变的弹性贮能。     

高填充性聚丙烯基纳米复合材料挤出胀大行为研究

使用毛细管流变仪考察了3种高填充聚丙烯（PP）纳米复合材料的挤出胀大行为,研究了口模温度、剪切速率、熔体压力、纳米粒子填充比例和纳米粒子形貌对PP纳米复合材料熔体挤出胀大比的影响。结果表明,3种PP纳米复合体系熔体的挤出胀大比均随口模温度的增加而减小,且大致呈线性关系;随着剪切速率的增大而增加,且随着填料填充比例的增加有减小的趋势;随着熔体压力的增大而增加,并且随着熔体压力的增加,其挤出胀大比随填料填充比例的增加而减小的幅度下降;3种颗粒形貌纳米粒子填充体系中,在相同的体积分数和温度下,片状结晶纳米氢氧化镁［Mg（OH）2］填充体系熔体挤出胀大比最小,球状纳米碳酸钙（CaCO3）填充体系熔体挤出胀大比最大,棒状粒子埃洛石纳米管（HNTs）填充体系熔体挤出胀大比介于两者之间。     

并列型PA 6/PET复合扁平纤维挤出成形工艺的数值模拟

以聚酰胺6(PA 6)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)两种聚合物为原料,利用Polyflow软件建立并列型PA 6/PET复合扁平纤维挤出成形的模型,模拟在不同流量、不同纺丝温度下纤维挤出成形的过程,分析在此过程中纤维横截面形状系数及丝条温度的变化情况。结果表明:在复合扁平纤维纺丝中,两种流体入口流量比的变化会引起共挤出界面位置和形状的变化;PA 6/PET复合扁平纤维形状系数随着PA 6∶PET流量比的增大而减小,随着总流量的增加而增大,而丝条温度降低的趋势变缓;复合扁平纤维的形状系数随着纺丝温度升高而降低。     

不同角度圆锥口模对聚合物熔体挤出胀大的影响

从理论上和实验上研究了圆锥挤出口模的几何结构对挤出胀大的影响,引入口模入口角、流动自然收敛角来计算圆锥型口模的挤出胀大比,从理论上和实验上指出聚合物熔体在圆锥口模的挤出胀大受到挤出口模入口角影响的一些规律.结果表明,不同角度圆锥口模挤出过程中,熔体在收敛流道受到拉伸流变,导致强烈的入口弹性效应,表现出熔体在不同角度圆锥口模挤出时有不同的挤出胀大比.当L/D较小时,挤出胀大与口模入口角有关,口模入口角θ为15°、30°时,挤出胀大较小,当口模入口角θ=45°～120°时,挤出胀大较大,但在这个圆锥口模入口角范围内,口模入口角的变化对挤出胀大影响很小;当L/D较大时,口模入口角对挤出胀大影响较小.     

聚烯烃/PET共混物的微纤形成及力学性能

研究了聚烯烃/聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)共混物的微纤形成、制备工艺条件、连续相聚烯烃的选择和力学性能。用单螺杆挤出机挤出嵌段共聚聚丙烯(PP-B)/PET和高密度聚乙烯/PET时,挤出产物中会形成部分短而粗的微纤;采用"熔融挤出—热拉伸—淬火"工艺制备的PP-B/PET共混物中会生成更多长径比较大的PET微纤,且随拉伸比的增加,微纤数量增多,长径比增大,共混物的熔体流动速率降低;在挤出工艺条件下,最适合的连续相是PP-B,最适宜的工艺条件是:从进料口到机头温度分别为220,250,260,220℃,螺杆转速为50 r/min,拉伸比为3;PP-B/PET原位微纤共混物的拉伸屈服应力比纯PP-B提高约33%;增大拉伸比可提高共混物的拉伸屈服应力和抗冲击性能。     

PP/MRP复合材料熔体挤出胀大行为的研究

采用熔体流动速率仪考察了温度、剪切应力、以及微胶囊红磷(MRP)含量对聚丙烯(PP)/MRP复合体系熔体挤出胀大比的影响。结果表明:PP/MRP复合体系熔体的挤出胀大比随着温度的升高而呈减小的趋势,随剪切应力的增加而显著增大,并且在185℃时,挤出胀大比与剪切应力之间基本符合线性关系;MRP含量增大,则PP/MRP复合体系熔体的挤出胀大比值呈减小的趋势。     

回收料制备人造草丝熔体的流变性能研究

采用聚合物动态流变测试仪研究了含回收料的人造草丝熔体的流变性能,探讨了回收料用量、温度、口模长径比对熔体表观黏度和挤出胀大比的影响。结果表明,人造草丝熔体属于假塑性熔体,其表观黏度随剪切速率和回收料用量的增加而降低。在剪切速率500s-1时,回收料用量越低,熔体的表观黏度降低越明显;剪切速率1800s-1时,熔体的表观黏度变化平缓且较为接近。对于100%回收料草丝熔体,其表观黏度随温度的升高和口模长径比的减小而降低;挤出胀大比则随温度的升高和口模长径比的增大而降低。     

聚合物熔体在圆锥短口模的挤出胀大方程

深入讨论了聚合物熔体在不同长径比、不同角度圆锥短口模的挤出胀大现象及机理，利用生产用挤出机进行不同角度的圆锥短口模实验。结果表明，圆锥短口模挤出过程中，熔体在收敛流道受到拉伸流变，导致强烈的入口弹性效应，表现为熔体在短口模挤出时显著的挤出胀大。理论和实验研究结果进一步表明不同圆锥口模入口角对实验材料表现出有不同的挤出胀大值。     

ABS/HGB与PP/HGB挤出流动中弹性性质的研究

应用XNR-400A型熔体流动速率测定仪,比较了ABS/HGB及PP/HGB复合材料的弹性性质。结果表明:ABS/TK 70及PP/TK 70体系熔体的挤出胀大比B均随着剪切应力τw的增大而增大。对ABS/TK 70体系,当τw>120 kPa时,其熔体的挤出胀大比增幅明显增大。ABS/TK 70体系的挤出胀大比随着温度的上升而增大;而PP/TK 70体系的挤出胀大比随着温度的上升而减小。相同剪切应力下ABS/TK 70体系挤出胀大比随着HGB的体积分数增加而增大;而PP/TK 70体系的挤出胀大比随着HGB的体积分数增加而减小。     

A parallel coextrusion technique for simultaneous measurements of radial die swell and velocity profiles of a polymer melt in a capillary rheometer

This article proposes a new experimental technique to simultaneously measure radial die swell and velocity profiles of polystyrene melt flowing in the capillary die of a constant shear rate rheometer. The proposed technique was based on parallel coextrusion of colored melt‐layers into uncolored melt‐stream from the barrel into and out of the capillary die. The size (thickness) ratio of the generated melt layers flowing in and out of the die was monitored to produce the extrudate swell ratio for any given radial position across the die diameter. The radial velocity profiles of the melt were measured by introducing relatively light and small particles into the melt layers, and the times taken for the particles to travel for a given distance were measured. The proposed experimental technique was found to be both very simple and useful for the simultaneous and accurate measurement of radial die swell and velocity profiles of highly viscous fluids in an extrusion process. The variations in radial die swell profiles were explained in terms of changes in melt velocity, shear rate, and residence time at radial positions across the die. The radial die swell and velocity profiles for PS melt determined experimentally in this work were accurate to 92.2% and 90.8%, respectively. The overall die swell ratio of the melt ranged from 1.25 to 1.38. The overall die swell ratio was found to increase with increasing piston speed (shear rate). The radial extrudate swell profiles could not be reasoned by the shear rate change, but were closely linked with the development of the velocity profiles of the melt in the die. The die swell ratio was high at the center (～1.9) and low (～0.9) near the die wall. The die swell ratio at the center of the die reduced slightly as the piston speed was increased. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1960–1969, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Experimental studies on radial extrudate swell and velocity profiles of flowing PS melt in an electro‐magnetized die of an extrusion rheometer

This article investigates the radial extrudate swell and velocity profiles of polystyrene melt in a capillary die of a constant shear‐rate extrusion rheometer, using a parallel coextrusion technique. An electro‐magnetized capillary die was used to monitor the changes in the radial extrudate swell profiles of the melt, which is relatively novel in polymer processing. The magnetic flux density applied to the capillary die was varied in a parallel direction to the melt flow, and all tests were performed under the critical condition at which sharkskin and melt fracture did not occur in the normal die. The experimental results suggest that the overall extrudate swell for all shear rates increased with increasing magnetic flux density to a maximum value and then decreased at higher densities. The maximum swelling peak of the melt appeared to shift to higher magnetic flux density, and the value of the maximum swell decreased with increasing wall shear rate and die temperature. The effect of magnetic torque on the extrudate swell ratio of PS melt was more pronounced when extruding the melt at low shear rates and low die temperatures. For radial extrudate swell and velocity profiles, the radial swell ratio for a given shear rate decreased with increasing r/R position. There were two regions where the changes in the extrudate swell ratio across the die diameter were obvious with changing magnetic torque and shear rate, one around the duct center and the other around r/R of 0.65–0.85. The changes in the extrudate swell profiles across the die diameter were associated with, and can be explained using, the melt velocity profiles generated during the flow. In summary, the changes in the overall extrudate swell ratio of PS melt in a capillary die were influenced more by the swelling of the melt around the center of the die. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2298–2307, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

聚合物多层共挤成型离模膨胀过程的三维黏弹性数值模拟

共挤成型中,聚合物黏弹特性与过程参数波动的耦合作用会产生波动的离模膨胀,使得根据共挤制品的形状设计相应的共挤定型口模在工程上仍是一项技术挑战。基于这一技术问题,通过建立的稳态有限元数值算法,系统研究了过程参数和黏弹性流变性能参数对共挤成型离模膨胀的影响规律和机理。研究结果表明,多层共挤口模芯壳层熔体离模膨胀是由熔体的二次流动引起,主要取决于芯壳层熔体二次流动的方向与强度。熔体二次流动的方向与第二法向应力差的正负号有关,而熔体二次流动的强度则与第二法向应力差大小呈正比。芯层熔体的离模膨胀与口模出口和混合区进口处芯层熔体向外的二次流动强度呈正比,而壳层熔体的离模膨胀取决于壳层熔体内外界面向外的二次流动的相对强度。研究还表明芯、壳层熔体及口模整体的离模膨胀随着壳层熔体黏度的增大而增加,而随着壳层熔体进口流量的增大而减小。     

C形口模共挤出胀大的三维黏弹数值研究

运用有限元方法,采用PTT本构方程和Arrhenius黏度对温度依赖方程,对C形共挤口模中的聚丙烯(PP)和聚苯乙烯(PS)两熔体进行了三维非等温黏弹数值研究,主要研究了口模入口端熔体层间界面位置（r）对挤出胀大率和界面位置稳定性的影响,研究表明,随着r的增大,口模出口处熔体的二次流动程度减弱,挤出胀大率减小;在两熔体入口流率相等的情况下,取使得两熔体入口面面积近似相等的r值,能保证口模内及口模出口端熔体层间界面位置稳定性较好。     

马鞍型异型材挤出成型过程三维等温粘弹性的数值模拟

基于PTT粘弹性本构模型,通过马鞍型异型材挤出成型过程的全三维稳态等温有限元数值模拟,系统研究了聚合物粘弹性流变性能参数和成型工艺参数对异型材口模挤出成型过程的影响规律,并揭示了其影响机理.研究结果表明,聚合物异型材口模挤出离模膨胀是由口模出口处的二次流动引起,离模膨胀比随着口模出口处的二次流动强度增加而增大.聚合物异型材口模挤出离模膨胀随着进口流量和聚合物熔体松弛时间的增加而增加,而随着聚合物熔体材料常数和粘度比的增大而减小.     

Rheological properties of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) in capillary flow

The shear viscosity, extensional viscosity, and die swell of the PTT melt were investigated using a capillary rheometer. The results showed that the PTT melt was a typical pseudoplastic fluid exhibiting shear thinning and extensional thinning phenomena in capillary flow. There existed no melt fracture phenomenon in the PTT melt through a capillary die even though the shear rate was 20,000 s^?1. Increasing the shear rate would decrease the flow activation energy and decline the sensitivity of the shear viscosity to the melt temperature. The molecular weight had a significant influence on the flow curve. The flow behavior of the PTT melt approached that of Newtonian fluid even though the weight‐molecular weight was below 43,000 s^?1 at 260°C. The extensional viscosity decreased with the increase of the extensional stress, which became more obvious with increasing the molecular weight. The sensitiveness of the extensional viscosity to the melt temperature decreased promptly along with increasing the extensional strain rate. The die swell ratio and end effect would increase along with increasing the shear rate and with decreasing the temperature, which represented that the increase of the shear rate and the decrease of temperature would increase the extruding elasticity of the PTT melt in the capillary die. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 705–709, 2005     

Die design for rigid PVC—the effect of die land length on extrudate swell

PVC profile extrusion compounds have a unique morphology. While other polymers gradually decrease in extrusion die swell with increasing length/thickness (L/D) ratio, PVC profile extrusion compounds have a low die swell, quite independent of the die's L/D ratio in the range of 5 to 20. The fact that the die land length can be changed without changing the extrudate swell is an important consideration, which makes die design and balancing dies simpler and easier for PVC profile extrusion compounds. While other polymers substantially increase extrudate swell with increased shear rate, the swell of the PVC profile compounds is not much affected by shear or extrusion rate. This unique behavior allows wider processing latitude in profile extrusion and faster extrusion rates than with other polymers. Another unique factor in the rheology of PVC profile extrusion compounds is that extrusion die swell increases with increasing melt temperature, while other polymers have decreasing die swell with increasing melt temperature. The unusual rheology of PVC profile extrusion compounds is attributed to its unique melt morphology, where the melt flow units are 1 um bundles and molecules that have low surface to surface interaction and entanglement at low processing temperatures but increased melting and increased entanglement at higher processing temperatures. Other polymers, unlike PVC, have melt flow at the molecular level.