烟气的危害及装修材料的防火

本文分析了烟气的毒性，烟的浓度对人员的影响，燃烧发展变化和烟气蔓延对人员的影响，例举了近年火灾中烟气造成人员伤亡的实例；介绍了对各使用部位装修材料的防火要求。     

实验室尺度烟气毒性评价标准对比分析

在火灾中,燃烧烟气和毒性气体的吸入是阻碍人员疏散和造成火灾伤亡的主要原因之一,如何在实验室尺度下模拟火灾发展并评估燃烧烟气毒性的危害是亟待解决的问题。总结了国内外实验室尺度的采用流经试验评价材料燃烧烟气毒性的标准,分析了各标准间的异同及优劣,并对我国材料燃烧烟气毒性标准的制定提出建议。     

“有机建材烟气毒理分析”课题完成

中国建筑科学研究院建筑防火研究所完成的“有机建材烟气毒理分析”课题是针对我国火灾发生次数越来越多,造成的生命财产损失越来越惨重,火灾时化学建材发烟及产生的毒性气体致人死亡的问题也越来越严重的现实,经过５年的认真试验与探索,建立了一套新的材料防火性能的分级体系,提出了复合材料不燃性评估方法,并开辟了一条新的材料燃烧烟及毒性气体评价体系,即烟气毒性浓度指数体系。该课题的研究,为减少火灾中烟及毒性气体对人类的危害作出了贡献。“有机建材烟气毒理分析”课题完成     

烟气的危害与装修材料的防火

本文分析了烟气的毒性、烟的浓度对人员的影响、燃烧发展变化和烟气蔓延对人员的影响；例举了近年火灾中烟气造成人员伤亡的实例；介绍了对各使用部位装修材料的防火要求     

防火线缆在工程中的应用

正随着科学技术的深入发展,人们对事物客观规律的认识不断完善,对材料燃烧特性内涵的理解和定义也从仅指火焰蔓延、火焰传播扩展到燃烧过程的热释放速率、热释放量、烟浓度和燃烧生成物的毒性等。因此人们在线缆的阻燃技术开发研究中,除了考虑降低线缆的火焰传播速度外,还同时考虑如何降低燃烧中烟的浓度以及烟气产生的毒性。日前常见的阻燃线缆有普     

高分子材料的燃烧生成气体及其毒性

论述了高分子材料燃烧时所产生的烟气组成及主要燃烧生成气体的毒性，指出高分子类材料主要燃烧生成物是二氧化碳和一氧化碳，实验结果可以得出：燃烧奈件不同，即使燃烧生成物是相同的物质，其所产生的种类和量也各不相同。     

火灾烟气的亚致命效果

1　前言　　 4 0多年来 ,火灾烟气毒性对于消防安全专业人士来说是一个反复提及的话题。这是因为所有的易燃建筑和装修材料都能产生有毒害的烟气 ,多数美国火灾受害者都是死于烟气中毒的问题是如何在标准和规范尚未“制定”之前来处置烟气毒性。来自烟气中的危险是烟气的毒性大小和个人暴露于烟气中的变化性浓度以及热应力 (暴露时间内在火灾附近受到的 )的一个函数。随着暴露量不断增加 ,烟气的一些效果增加 ,而其他的效果也几乎同时增加。在一个正在燃烧的房屋、公共的建筑物或交通设施里 ,烟气浓度和烟气分布取决于这些因素 ,如化学组分…     

城轨车辆内装材料烟气毒性测试方法研究

按照欧洲轨道车辆防火标准EN 45545-2:2015的要求,对10种国内城轨客车内装材料的产烟毒性进行测试。结果表明:城轨客车内装材料燃烧烟气中主要含有CO、CO_2、HCN、NO_x、HCl,测试的10种城轨客车内装材料CIT值均较低,都通过了EN 45545-2烟气毒性测试;使用NBS产烟箱获得的燃烧烟气浓度几乎达到FTIR的检测下限,可能会导致测试数据误差较大。建议出台适合我国国情的城轨客车内装材料产烟毒性评价标准。     

小尺度和中尺度产烟模型烟气毒性评价研究

摘 要：以现行燃烧性能分级框架内的小尺度动态管式炉法和中尺度单体燃烧试验为产烟模型,选取典型阻燃和非阻燃材料开展燃烧产烟试验,利用FTIR等气体分析技术实时测量烟气组分数据,借助有效剂量分数（FED）等计算模型进行烟气毒性量化研究。结果表明：根据动态管式炉产烟气体分析计算的FED1值约为单体燃烧试验FED3max值的4～17倍;难燃材料单体燃烧试验获得的FED值较小,通常在0.15以下,而易燃材料的FED值则高达0.65;以小尺度动态管式炉和中尺度单体燃烧试验为产烟模型,应用毒性组分计算模型FED1和FED3,可对材料在火灾无焰燃烧（氧化热解）阶段和通风充足的有焰燃烧阶段的烟气毒性做出具有代表性的有效便捷评价。     

火灾中有毒气体的阐述

近几年来,由于大量使用新型建筑材料,合成纤维和塑料等合成高分子物进行室内装修,这些装修材料大都是高聚物,在燃烧时,发热量较大不但燃烧速度快,而且释放出大量的有毒气体。特别是聚氨脂泡沫燃烧,产生的浓烟中含有氰、酸、氢等剧毒物质,这是大火形成,人员中毒死亡不可忽视的原因之一。本文就火灾燃烧生成物及其毒性,主要有毒气体、火场缺氧问题作一略述。 一、火灾燃烧生成物及其毒性: 建筑材料,室内装修材料和家俱等可燃物通常受到火灾高温的直接影响,会发生热分解产生气体,然后和空气中的氧发生反应而燃烧,产生各种生成物,形成火灾中的烟气,这些烟气中所含物质是及其复杂的。这主要是由于火灾现场的情况多变,一些物质燃烧充分,产生的烟气中生成物少,而另一些物质燃烧不充分,产生的烟气中生成物多,且大都有毒性。     

Generation and Transport of Smoke Components

Smoke is a mixture of gases, vapors, and suspended particulate matter, or aerosols. The nature of the aerosol component of smoke can play a significant role in its deposition in the fire environment and in its lethal and sublethal effects on people. This paper presents the current state of knowledge about smoke aerosol phenomena that affects smoke toxicity: soot generation, fractal structure of soot, agglomerate transport via thermophoresis, sedimentation, and diffusion, agglomerate growth through coagulation and condensation, and the potential for the aerosols to transport adsorbed or absorbed toxic gases or vapors into the lungs. Tables are included for measured smoke yields and aerodynamic particle sizes, equations and references are provided for the smoke agglomerate transport properties and wall loss, and key literature references are provided for adsorption of irritant gases on soot particles and water droplets and the toxicity of nanosize particles.     

离子色谱法在火灾烟气分析中的应用研究

离子色谱法是分析火灾烟气成分的主要分析方法之一。采用离子色谱法对火灾烟气中常见毒性气体相对应的阴离子F^-、Cl^-、NO2^-、SO4^2-、Br^-、NO3^-、PO4^3-等进行了分析研究，给出了离子色谱法在实际火灾中的应用案例。     

更正说明

室内火灾具有较高的危险性,是建筑火灾造成人员伤亡和财产重大损失的灾害之首。利用计算流体动力学(CFD)的方法,建立了室内火灾时期烟气流动的三维大涡数值模型,目的是通过对火灾烟气流动的数值模拟,为多室火灾的控制和人员救助提供理论基础。模拟结果认为,火灾及附近地区温度较高,烟流浓度较大,高温引燃其他易燃物品的可能性加大。通风与火灾的发展状态存在密切关系,通风既能降低室内温度,加快烟流及有毒有害气体的扩散速度,同时也为火灾的进一步发展提供条件。从模拟结果与实验验证可得出结论:火源功率大小及房屋的几何尺寸影响着火灾程度、温度及烟流浓度的分布和变化,数值计算的结果总体上与实测结果存在较好的一致性。     

Estimating Data for Incapacitation of People by Fire Smoke

Fire hazard and risk analyses establish the basis for providing conditions of safety for people, including those that are more sensitive to fire smoke than others. For this purpose, this paper develops a method for estimating, from information on lethal and incapacitating exposures for rats, smoke toxic potency values for incapacitation of smoke-sensitive people. For those engineering applications where the mix of combustibles is unknown, generic values are derived of the concentration of smoke that would incapacitate smoke-sensitive people in 5 min: 6 g/m³ for a well-ventilated fire and 3 g/m³ for an underventilated (e.g., post-flashover) fire. These values are estimated with significant assumptions in their derivation, resulting in an estimated uncertainty of about a factor of two. Further, there is a wide range of smoke toxic potency values reported for various combustibles, and some of these will lead to values significantly higher or lower than these generic figures.     

Flame Retardance and Smoke Suppression of Poly(vinyl chloride) Using Multicomponent Systems

Metal-based organic complexes (MBO) are a class of FRSS additives that comprise a transition metal and an organic ligand that cleaves at an elevated temperature thereby releasing the metal in a reactive state. They help in the formation of char and thus act as an effective smoke suppressant. Use of MBO complexes as flame retardant smoke suppressants, phosphate ester as a flame retardant and active filler as endothermic material is reported here as multicomponent FRSS systems. MBOs used in the present study are the chelates of pentanediono. They were used alone as well as in combination with aluminum trihydrate (ATH) as filler were used to impart flame retardancy and smoke suppression to poly vinylchloride. Their performance was measured in terms of flammability, smoke generation, char formation and evolution of combustion gases. MBOs of molybdenum and chromium were found to be very efficient flame retardant smoke suppressants.     

The Balcony Spill Plume: Entrainment of Air into a Flow from a Compartment Opening to a Higher Projecting Balcony

In the design of smoke ventilation systems, a crucial input parameter for balcony spill plume calculations is the mass flow rate of gases at the spill edge. In some cases, depending upon the specific geometry, these calculations can require the entrainment of air into a flow from a compartment opening to a higher projecting balcony to be determined. Entrainment of air into these smoke flows are not well understood and the current guidance available to the designers of smoke ventilation systems is crude. This work presents a simple empirical correlation to predict the entrainment of air into these flows, and hence, the subsequent mass flow rate of gases at the spill edge. A combination of computational fluid dynamics modelling and physical scale modelling was used in the analysis. In general, this work has demonstrated that the current guidance on the entrainment of air into these flows is conservative.     

Evaluation of Toxic Potency Values for Smoke from Products and Materials

Many devices have been used to generate data on the toxic potency of smoke from burning products and materials. This paper critically reviews those apparatus and sorts them by the combustion conditions (related to a type of fire) producing the smoke, the specimens tested, and the animal effect measured. All the usable data were derived using rats, and the toxicological effects encountered were lethality, represented by an LC₅₀value, and incapacitation, expressed as an IC₅₀ value. The data showed a wide range of toxic potency values for the products and materials tested. For those engineering applications where the mix of combustibles is unknown, generic values of smoke toxic potency were derived. Statistical analysis of the wealth of published data yielded a generic LC₅₀value of 30 g/m³ ± 20 g/m³ (one standard deviation) for 30 minute exposure of rats for smoke from well-ventilated combustion. There are limited data for underventilated combustion, and a value of 15 g/m³ ± 5 g/m³ is suggested. The mean value of the ratios of IC₅₀ values to LC₅₀values is 0.50 ± 0.21, consistent with a prior review. Thus, for well-ventilated fires, a generic 30 minute IC₅₀ value (for rats) would be 15 g/m³ ± 10 g/m³; for underventilated fires, the corresponding number would be 7 g/m³ ± 2 g/m³. There are some materials with appreciably lower potency values, indicating higher smoke toxicity. If materials like these are expected to comprise a large fraction of the fuel load, a lower generic value should be used.     

预测FTIR光谱中烟气毒性组分体积分数的定量模型

分析烟气中毒性组分FTIR图谱的定量方法很多，鉴于每种方法都有其独特的优缺点，着重介绍了经典最小二乘法(CLS)和偏最小二乘法(PLS)。     

PVC塑料难燃化技术研究

难燃ＰＶＣ建筑塑料产品是一种新型材料。介绍了低烟、低毒、难燃ＰＶＣ塑料型材的基本配方，性能测试与结果。     

分布式排烟管对侧向排烟效率提升效果分析

为了进一步提高隧道火灾侧向排烟效率,以港珠澳大桥海底沉管隧道为研究对象,利用FDS数值模拟软件进行等尺寸建模,将火源热释放速率设置为10,20,50 MW,排烟速率设置为4,6,8,10 m/s,宽高比设置为1:2、1:1、2:1、3:1,共计48组工况,在各个侧向排烟口处加装"分布式排烟管",通过控制变量法分析分布式...