Rapid Analysis of Flavor Volatiles in Apple Wine Using Headspace Solid‐Phase Microextraction

Flavor volatiles are important components of alcoholic beverages. In this study, headspace solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS) were investigated for the determination of flavor‐contributing volatiles for apple wine. HS‐SPME parameters were defined, including fiber coatings, extraction time, and extraction temperature. Good linearity, recoveries, and repeatability of the SPME method using carboxen‐polydimethylsiloxane (carboxen‐PDMS) fiber were obtained with r² values, recoveries, and relative standard deviations ranging from 0.9112 to 0.9960, 80.23% to 110.21%, and 1.5% to 6.4% respectively using standard solution. No significant effects of ethanol concentration on headspace concentrations of analytes were observed when ethanol concentration changed from 0% to 12% (v/v), indicating that the HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS method can be used for the determination of flavor volatiles in apple wine with an alcohol content below 12% (v/v) as well as in apple juice, and the method enables the monitoring of volatiles in mash during fermentation.     

Effect of γ‐aminobutyric acid supplementation on the composition of Chinese rice wine

This study investigated the effect of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplementation on the composition of Chinese rice wine. GABA was added at 188.5 and 377 mg/L at the beginning of primary fermentation or post‐fermentation. Addition of GABA during primary fermentation had no impact on alcohol and total acid formation or the utilisation of sugar. However, total free amino acids, total essential amino acids and GABA in rice wine supplemented with GABA were significantly lower than the control rice wine without supplementation. Alcohol formation, total acid, sugar content and total essential amino acids were similar compared with the control. However, the GABA post‐supplementation was significantly higher, suggesting that GABA supplementation post‐fermentation process could enhance the GABA content in rice wine. © 2018 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

混菌发酵猕猴桃果酒工艺条件优化及抗氧化性研究

为改善单一酿酒酵母酿造猕猴桃果酒的风味与口感,研究非酿酒酵母与酿酒酵母共同发酵对猕猴桃果酒的影响.以葡萄园有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora vineae)与安琪果酒酵母(SY)为试验菌株,猕猴桃为原料,在单因素试验基础上,进行正交优化试验,确定混菌发酵猕猴桃果酒的最佳发酵工艺,同时测定·OH、DPPH自由基、A...     

Characteristics and antioxidant capacities of five hawthorn wines fermented by different wine yeasts

Different yeast strains can influence the characteristics and active constituents of hawthorn wines. Hawthorn wines were produced using five different yeasts and characterized in terms of their profiles of typical properties and antioxidant capacities. The wine antioxidant capacities of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2′‐azino‐bis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid, superoxide anion (O₂ · ^–) scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were determined. It was found that the general wine compositions showed the expected variations. Except for yeast Lalvin W15 all of the yeasts exhibited good sugar‐utilizing ability and alcohol production. Yeast Lalvin 71B exhibited an excellent fermentation capability. Hawthorn wine fermented by yeast Lalvin 71B had the lowest residual sugar, titratable acidity and colour density and the highest alcohol content. SIHA Active Yeast 3 had good performance in respect to oxidation resistance. The highest content of anthocyanins and polyphenols in the wine was found with hawthorn wine fermented by SIHA Active Yeast 3, and this wine contained the highest antioxidant activity as determined by the DPPH assay, O₂ · ^– assay and FRAP. Statistical analysis indicated that pH value was significantly correlated with colour density (?0.954**) and alcohol content (0.905**) in the hawthorn wines. There was a strong positive correlation between the polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity as determined by the DPPH (0.915**) and FRAP (0.914**) assays, respectively. Copyright © 2013 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling.     

三华李果酒发酵工艺的优化及香气成分分析

以三华李为原料,进行三华李果酒主发酵工艺条件优化并分析鉴定果酒中的香气成分。通过比较不同品牌酵母产酒精能力的大小选择马利干酵母作为三华李果酒主发酵的发酵菌。研究了不同的酵母菌接种量、初始糖度、初始pH值、发酵温度对三华李果酒酒精度（酒精体积分数）的影响;在单因素试验的基础上进行了四因素三水平三华李果酒主发酵工艺条件的响应面优化。结果表明,三华李果酒主发酵的最佳工艺条件为：接种量5%、初始糖度24 °Bx、初始pH 3.70、发酵温度28 ℃、发酵时间5 d,在此条件下得到的酒精度为12.4%。该果酒经22 d后发酵,采用顶空固相微萃取法,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其香气成分进行分析与鉴定,结果表明：从三华李果酒中共鉴定出31 种香气成分,占总峰面积的99.48%;其香气物质主要是异戊醇、异丁醇、乙酸乙酯和辛酸乙酯。     

Optimization of fermentation conditions for Chinese bayberry wine by response surface methodology and its qualities

Colour and flavour are both important challenges for bayberry wine production because of a shortage of selected strains. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YF152, separated from a natural Chinese bayberry fermentation mash [alcohol tolerance capacity (18.0%), SO₂ (200 mg/L), sugar content (40%) and pH (2.50)] was employed to brew Chinese bayberry wine. Response surface methodology was used to simultaneously analyse the effects of the fermentation conditions on Chinese bayberry wine. The optimum conditions were found to be a temperature of 26.5 °C, an initial sugar content of 22.0°Brix, an inoculum size of 4.0% and an initial pH of 2.90. Under these conditions, the final alcohol content of the bayberry wine was 13.4%, the anthocyanin content was 77 mg/L and the residual sugar content was 1 g/L. These numbers agreed well with the predicted values. The major characteristic flavour components of the wine were 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, 2‐phenylethanol, ethyl acetate, 2‐methylbutyl acetate and acetic acid. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

具高乙醇耐受力酵母菌的选育及其在猕猴桃果酒中的应用

以呼市周边各旗县果园的果实和土壤中筛选出的具有乙醇耐受力酵母菌株HJ-1为实验菌株,猕猴桃为原料,探究了猕猴桃果酒的发酵工艺。通过紫外诱变处理后经TTC法筛选、杜氏小管筛选等四级筛选,挑选正向突变酵母菌株,并应用于猕猴桃果酒发酵。后经单因素实验与正交实验,研究了发酵温度、接种量、初始pH等因素对猕猴桃果酒品质的影响。经紫外诱变最终筛得一株高乙醇耐受力正向突变菌株HJ-1E,其乙醇耐受力可达18% vol,产酒精能力为11.9% vol。猕猴桃果酒生产的最佳工艺为菌株接种量3.5%,初始pH5.7,SO₂添加量70 mg/L,发酵温度为21℃。诱变所得正向突变菌株HJ-1E在此发酵条件下生产的猕猴桃果酒果香浓郁,酒体醇厚,酒精度为13.3% vol,为猕猴桃果酒的酿造提供了参考。     

Alleviation of stuck wine fermentations using salt‐preconditioned yeast

The influence of salt (sodium chloride) on the cell physiology of wine yeast was investigated. Cellular viability and population growth of three wine‐making yeast strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and two non‐Saccharomyces yeast strains associated with wine must microflora (Kluyveromyces thermotolerans and K. marxianus) were evaluated following salt pre‐treatments. Yeast cells growing in glucose defined media exposed to different sodium chloride concentrations (4, 6 and 10% w/v) exhibited enhanced viabilities compared with nontreated cultures in subsequent trial fermentations. Salt ‘preconditioning’ of wine yeast seed cultures was also shown to alleviate stuck and sluggish fermentations at the winery scale, indicating potential benefits for industrial fermentation processes. It is hypothesized that salt induces specific osmostress response genes to enable yeast cells to better tolerate the rigours of fermentation, particularly in high sugar and alcohol concentrations. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Determination of γ‐aminobutyric acid in Chinese rice wines and its evolution during fermentation

γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a functional amino acid that is widely present in Chinese rice wine. In this study, high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection (HPLC‐UV) was established for the determination of γ‐aminobutyric acid in 22 Chinese rice wines collected from the Shaoxing region of China. Furthermore, the evolution of GABA was studied in Chinese rice wine during primary and post‐fermentation process. Results showed that the HPLC method was reliable with good linearity, accuracy, precision and stability. Additionally, the GABA content varied significantly in the 22 Chinese rice wines, and the content was much higher in wine samples with long aging periods. Regarding the evolution of GABA in Chinese rice wine during the brewing process, the level slowly increased during primary fermentation. A decrease in GABA was observed in the wine at the early stage of the post‐fermentation process. However, a marked increase on the GABA content occurred in wine at the late stage of post‐fermentation. The findings from this study are that HPLC can be successfully applied to determine GABA in Shaoxing brewed rice wines, and further provide useful information on quality control of such wines. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

一种猕猴桃果酒专用酵母的高效筛选方法

为探索猕猴桃果酒专用酵母的筛选方法,提高果酒品质,以雅安红阳猕猴桃为原料,从自然糖度（150 g/L）和添加白砂糖达到高糖度（350 g/L）的两组猕猴桃汁发酵液中筛选酵母,对其发酵性能进行测定,并通过微生物质谱检测对其进行菌种鉴定。结果表明,经一级筛选,各分离出3株菌株,编号分别为ZR-1、ZR-2、ZR-3及GT-1、GT-2、GT-3,其中菌株ZR-1及ZR-3被鉴定为柠檬形克勒克酵母（Kloechera apiculate）,其他菌株均被鉴定为酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）。菌株GT-2发酵力最持久,产酒精力最强,发酵液中酒精度达9.5%vol,且对150 mg/L的SO2和pH=3.0的酸性环境的耐受性最强;菌株GT-1对12%vol酒精耐受性最强,原酒感官评分最高。说明以高糖启动自然发酵,从中筛选酵母简便且准确度高,可作为猕猴桃果酒专用酵母的高效筛选方法。     

猕猴桃果酒酿造

以猕猴桃为原料进行发酵酿酒实验,介绍了猕猴桃酒的生产工艺及其关键技术。以新鲜猕猴桃果实为原料,接种6.0%的活性干酵母,加白砂糖100g/L,在25℃下进行发酵,可获得色泽黄绿、果香浓郁、口味协调、酒体厚实的猕猴桃发酵酒,其酒精度为10.5%vol。所得猕猴桃发酵酒经蒸馏后得到无色透明,具有清爽果香味的猕猴桃白酒,其酒精度达到18%vol。然后,通过提取出茉莉花茶中的香味成分,加入到猕猴桃白酒中,使其具有特殊的茉莉花茶香味。     

3种野生水果酿造酒的特性分析

目的 分析酿造果酒中酒精度、总酸含量、总糖含量和微生物菌落数。方法 选用3种市售的野生水果酿造酒,按照国标方法测定3种酿造酒中的酒精度、总酸,总糖和微生物菌落数。结果 凤梨酒、樱桃酒和猕猴桃酒的酒精度在11.0～13.0之间。樱桃酒和猕猴桃酒的总酸含量分别为6.7 g/L和6.5 g/L,凤梨酒的总酸含量为14.8 g/L。凤梨酒和樱桃酒总糖含量分别为31.9 g/L和14.8 g/L,猕猴桃酒总糖含量为6.3 g/L。参照国标检测方法对3种野生水果酿造酒迚行了细菌和霉菌数的检测,3种野生水果酿造酒中菌落总数(CFU/mL)均≤50。结论 樱桃酒和猕猴桃酒这2种酿造果酒酿造过程正常,酒的品质优良,而凤梨酒口感稍差。凤梨酒和樱桃酒属于半甜酿造酒,猕猴桃酒属于半干酿造酒。3种野生水果酿造酒的菌落总数均符合国家标准。     

Effects of overexpression of the alcohol acetyltransferase‐encoding gene ATF1 and disruption of the esterase‐encoding gene IAH1 on the flavour profiles of Chinese yellow rice wine

Alcohol acetyltransferase (AATase), which is mainly encoded by ATF1, is one of the most important enzymes for acetate ester synthesis. On the other hand, isoamyl acetate is degraded into a higher alcohol under the catalysis of IAH1‐encoded esterase. In this study, Chinese Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as the parent strain to construct an ATF1 overexpression and IAH1 disruption mutant. The results show that after 5 days of pre‐fermentation, the concentrations of ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and isobutyl acetate in the yellow rice wines fermented with EY1 (pUC‐PIAK) increased to 468.94 mg L^?1 (which is approximately 22‐fold higher than that of the parent cell RY1), 99.86 and 7.69 mg L^?1 respectively. Meanwhile, isoamyl alcohol production was reduced to 56.37 mg L^?1 (which is approximately 50% of that produced by the parent strain RY1). Therefore, ATF1 overexpression and IAH1 disruption can significantly increase acetate esters contents and reduce isoamyl alcohol content in Chinese yellow rice wine, thereby paving the way for breeding an excellent yeast strain for high‐quality Chinese yellow rice wine production.     

猕猴桃米酒酿造工艺优化

以猕猴桃和糯米为原料,制备猕猴桃米酒。以感官评分为评价指标,通过单因素试验及正交试验对猕猴桃米酒发酵工艺进行优化,并利用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）-气质联用（GC-MS）技术检测猕猴桃米酒中挥发性风味物质。结果表明,最适酿造工艺条件为猕猴桃汁添加量35%、发酵时间12 d、发酵温度30 ℃、蔗糖添加量9%。在该优化条件下,猕猴桃米酒酒精度为12.5%vol,感官评分为95分,其理化指标和微生物指标均符合相关国标要求。GC-MS共检测出猕猴桃米酒中31种风味物质,其中醇类9种、酯类14种、酸类5种、其他类3种。其中醇类、酯类、酸类的相对含量分别为69.02%、15.14%、13.10%。     

Rapid evaluation and discrimination of γ‐irradiated carbohydrates using FT‐Raman spectroscopy and canonical discriminant analysis

Chemical changes induced by gamma irradiation of selected sugar systems—honey and fructose—were investigated through their molecular fingerprint using Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT‐Raman). Generalized two‐dimensional (2‐D) correlation spectroscopy was applied to FT‐Raman spectra of the control and 17 kGy irradiated fructose to elucidate changes in the chemical structure upon irradiation. The irradiation induced changes in the ring (below 700 cm^?1) and conformational structure (800–1500 cm^?1) of fructose were identified by means of a 2‐D FT‐Raman correlation spectroscopy. The irradiation damage depicted from the C? H stretch region (2800–3000 cm^?1) of the FT‐Raman spectra of honey was used to develop a pattern recognition model for classifying honey based on the irradiation dose. A hybrid partial least squares (PLS)–canonical variate analysis (CVA) with the optimum number of factors from PLS was used for rapid discrimination of honeys irradiated at 1, 5, 10 or 17 kGy. The present study demonstrated that FT‐Raman spectroscopy, together with chemometrics, could be a rapid tool for classification of foodstuffs with high sugar content and provides a viable option to explore radiation‐induced modifications to sugar systems subjected to irradiation processing. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

酿酒酵母ZGJ-1在猕猴桃果酒发酵中的研究及应用

为了将专利菌ZGJ-1在工业上进行广泛的应用并为猕猴桃产业开辟一条深加工新途径,分别以游离和固定化的酵母菌ZGJ-1为研究对象,采用单因素试验和正交试验,研究了猕猴桃果酒的最优发酵工艺条件。结果表明,固定化酿酒酵母ZGJ-1发酵果酒的最佳工艺参数为接种量5%,SO2添加量100 mg/L,起始糖度200 g/L。在此优化条件下,猕猴桃果酒酒精度为9.6%vol,残糖为32.28 g/L,发酵速度快,所产果酒香味浓郁,各项品质指标均达到相关国标标准。抗氧化能力试验结果表明,固定化酿酒酵母ZGJ-1发酵果酒对 ·OH、DPPH·、O2-·清除率分别为42%、96%、80%,显示其较好的抗氧化能力。     

Proximate composition and sensory evaluation of anthocyanin‐rich purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) wine

Purple sweet potato (PSP) is a special type of sweet potato having high anthocyanin pigment in the root. The starch contents of PSP (root/water homogenised in 1:1 ratio) were enzymatically saccharified [using commercial thermostable enzymes Termamyl^® (0.2%) and Dextrozyme^®GA (1%)] to fermentable sugars, and the filtrate was ameliorated with cane sugar to achieve 20° Brix, for subsequent fermentation into a red wine using 2% yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as starter culture. The wine had the following proximate compositions: total soluble sugar (TSS), 2.25° Brix; starch, 0.15 g per 100 mL; total sugar, 1.35 g per 100 mL; TA, 1.34 g tartaric acid per 100 mL; phenol, 0.36 g (caffeic acid equivalent) per 100 mL; anthocyanin, 55.09 mg per 100 mL; tannin, 0.64 mg per 100 mL; lactic acid, 1.14 mg per 100 mL; ethanol, 9.33%(v/v); and pH, 3.61. 2, 2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of the wine was 58.95% at a dose of 250 μg mL^?1. Principal component analysis reduced the eleven original analytical and proximate variables (TSS, starch, total sugar, TA, phenol, anthocyanin, tannin, lactic acid, ethanol, pH, DPPH) to four independent components, which accounted for 76.65% variations. Sensory evaluation was carried out by sixteen trained panellists on various attributes such as clarity, colour, viscosity, odour, flavour, spritz and finish. Independent ‘t’ test confirmed that all the sensory attributes of the PSP wine scored closely (within 10% variation) to that of a commercial grape wine. The red wine produced contains essential antioxidants and acceptable sensory qualities.     

Overexpression of vacuolar H+‐ATPase‐related genes in bottom‐fermenting yeast enhances ethanol tolerance and fermentation rates during high‐gravity fermentation

Vacuolar H⁺‐ATPase (V‐ATPase) is thought to play a role in stress tolerance. In this study it was found that bottom‐fermenting yeast strains, in which the V‐ATPase‐related genes DBF2, VMA41/CYS4/NHS5 and RAV2 were overexpressed, exhibited stronger ethanol tolerance than the parent strain and showed increased fermentation rates in a high‐sugar medium simulating high‐gravity fermentation. Among the strains examined, the DBF2‐overexpressing bottom‐fermenting yeast strain exhibited the highest ethanol tolerance and fermentation rate in YPM20 medium. Using this strain, high‐gravity fermentation was performed by adding sugar to the wort, which led to increased fermentation rates and yeast viability compared with the parent strain. These findings indicate that V‐ATPase is a stress target in high‐gravity fermentation and suggests that enhancing the V‐ATPase activity increases the ethanol tolerance of bottom‐fermenting yeast, thereby improving the fermentation rate and cell viability under high‐gravity conditions. Copyright © 2012 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

果酒发酵酵母菌株的发酵性能初探

针对一株用于猕猴桃及橙子果酒发酵皆较优的酿酒酵母GJ-JS1,初步探索其各项发酵特性,对其发酵条件筛选得到：初始糖度0.115g/mL,初始pH值应控制在2.8~3.4之间为宜,发酵初始菌浓度2.32×104个/mL。对GJ-JS1进行耐受实验得到：该菌株发酵时间最好控制在24h~36h内,发酵pH值不低于3.2,综合分析得发酵酸度以pH3.2~3.4为宜。酒精度可控制于6%vol左右,糖浓度不高于200g/L,有利于菌株生长。     

Study of Fourier transform near infrared (FT‐NIR) spectra of ghee (anhydrous milk fat)

Ghee is chemically highly complex in nature. The authentication and characterisation of edible fats and oils by routine chemical methods are highly laborious and time‐consuming. Fourier transform near infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy has emerged as the predominant analytical tool in the study of edible fats/oils. In order to assign absorption bands in the infrared (IR) spectrum, spectra of cow and buffalo ghee samples were acquired in the NIR region (10 000–4000 cm^?1). In the FT‐NIR spectrum, a total of nine peaks were obtained for cow and buffalo ghee, with almost equal intensity of absorption. The intensity of absorbance was higher for cow ghee compared to buffalo ghee.