Effect of Temperature of Milk Acidification on Rennet Gel Properties

Changes in mineral solubilization and rennet reaction rate were investigated after decreasing milk pH to 6.3 by lactic acid addition at a temperature of acidification (TAC) of 25 or 35 °C with a short period of equilibration. With increasing TAC, casein micelles retained higher amounts of Ca and P, and at a given temperature of coagulation, rennet clotting time was increased, and dG'/dt decreased. This effect was confirmed by the microstructure of casein micelles during the first stage of the enzymic coagulation indicating that the aggregation of para-k-casein was observed later at higher TAC. The effect of TAC on rennet milk gel formation could be attributed to the nature of the micellar mineral content and the conformational state of casein micelles before rennet action.     

The Effect of Milk Processing on the Microstructure of the Milk Fat Globule and Rennet Induced Gel Observed Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

ABSTRACT: Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was successfully used to observe the effect of milk processing on the size and the morphology of the milk fat globule in raw milk, raw ultrafiltered milk, and standardized and pasteurized milk prepared for cheese manufacture (cheese-milk) and commercial pasteurized and homogenized milk. Fat globule size distributions for the milk preparations were analyzed using both image analysis and light scattering and both measurements produced similar data trends. Changes to the native milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) were tracked using a MFGM specific fluorescent stain that allowed MFGM proteins and adsorbed proteins to be differentiated on the fat globule surface. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the identity of native MFGM proteins isolated from the surface of fat globules within raw, UF retentate, and cheese-milk preparations, whereas only casein was detected on the surface of fat globules in homogenized milk. The microstructure, porosity, and gel strength of the rennet induced gel made from raw milk and cheese-milk was also found to be comparable and significantly different to that made from homogenized milk. Our results highlight the potential use of CLSM as a tool to observe the structural details of the fat globule and associated membrane close to its native environment.     

Fat Content of Milk and Cream and Effects on Fat Globule Stability

Milk fat globules with crystalline fat content were sheared in defined flow conditions in order to ascertain the critical strain rate, which led to destabilization of the fat globules. Based on a fluid-mechanical model which considered the influence of the dispersed phase, a critical shear rate was defined. The model predicted a linear decrease in destabilization shear rate coupled with an increase in fat volume concentration. This interrelationship was confirmed in experiments. Fat globule stability, as related to shear strain rate, increased at decreasing temperatures. Critical shear rates for milk and cream should be calculated at a fat content not exceeding 45% for temperatures between 5 and 20°C. Any motion at higher fat content had a destabilizing effect on fat globules.     

The Macrostructure of Milk Lipids: The Fat Globules

The aim of this review article is to summarize the information available related to milk fat globules (MFGs) in order to highlight their contribution to the nutritional and technological characteristics of milk and dairy products. The macrostructure of milk lipids is composed of globules made up of triglycerides with different melting points, enveloped by a biological membrane from the mammary epithelial cell. In milks of different animal species, there are different-sized MFGs, ranging from diameters of less than 0.2 μm to a maximum of 15 μm. The average diameter and the number of globules are affected by endogenous, physiological, and exogenous factors. The size of the globules in turn affects the qualitative characteristics of milk and cheese. In addition, the average diameter of the globules and their surface that is exposed to the digestive system affect fat digestibility in different ways. Finally, the components of the MFG membranes have been shown to take part in the secretion process of globules and to have a beneficial effect on human health. In conclusion, by acting on factors influencing the dimensions of the fat globules and by increasing the content of the milk membrane could help adapt milk production to specific consumer targets and improve milk nutritional properties.     

影响UHT稀奶油脂肪球大小的因素

大豆磷脂是UHT稀奶油适合的乳化剂。适合的复合乳化剂HLB值约为7.4。稀奶油的均质宜采用低压均质,为4×106-5×106Pa。与常温贮存相比,低温贮存时,稀奶油的脂肪球聚集、结晶、固化,稀奶油脂肪球体积平均粒径增大。在6个月的保质期内,随着保质期的延长,稀奶油脂肪球体积平均粒径由2.833μm升高到11.770μm,搅打率从115%降低到92%。文中所讨论的稀奶油产品适合蛋挞制作,蛋挞切面整齐、组织致密,无析水现象。     

母乳与山羊乳功能性不饱和脂肪酸及脂肪球微观结构的比较

本研究采用气相色谱-质谱法及显微观察手段分析不同泌乳期母乳与山羊乳常乳中主要功能性不饱和脂肪酸相对含量、理化性质和微观结构,旨在为母乳脂质的研究及以山羊乳为基质的婴幼儿配方奶粉母乳化提供一定的数据支撑。结果表明：母乳初乳、过渡乳、成熟乳脂肪质量浓度显著增加（P＜0.05）,分别为（26.7±3.6）、（33.7±4.6）g/L和（41.0±6.8）g/L;山羊乳脂肪质量浓度（（42.1±4.3）g/L）显著高于母乳初乳和过渡乳（P＜0.05）。但母乳中主要功能性脂肪酸相对含量显著高于山羊乳,尤其是亚油酸相对含量（过渡乳中最低,为19.76%）显著高于山羊乳（4.43%）（P＜0.05）。在物理特性方面,母乳初乳脂肪球具有最大体积平均粒径（（5.63±0.51）μm）和最低ζ电位（（－5.72±0.21）mV）,而山羊乳脂肪球体积平均粒径和ζ电位分别为（3.63±0.31）μm、（－13.69±0.27）mV。脂肪球粒径、ζ电位与脂肪质量浓度显著相关（P＜0.05）。不同泌乳阶段母乳中主要功能性脂肪酸相对含量及脂肪球物理特性不同,与山羊乳差异明显。本实验结果可进一步用于母乳及山羊乳制品的研究。     

Formation and Coalescence Stability of Emulsions Stabilized by Different Milk Proteins

The volume fraction of oil emulsified, surface area, droplet diameter, and coalescence rates of emulsions stabilized by different milk proteins were studied at protein concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% (w/w); pH 4, 5, and 7; and ionic strengths 0.1 and 0.2. The emulsion activity index (EAI) and coalescence stability generally increased with increasing protein solubility and hydrophobicity. The volume fraction of oil emulsified decreased with increasing ionic strength. Coalescence stability correlated with droplet diameter for emulsions stabilized by α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and sodium caseinate (r²=0.96). With the exception of β-lactoglobulin-stabilized emulsions, coalescence stability was largely unaffected by pH.     

Composition and Structure of Fat Globule Surface Layers in Recombined Milk

Protein coverage, composition and structure of surface layers of fat globules in recombined milk were determined. Average protein load was ～6 mg/m² fat surface. Both casein and whey proteins were present in the fat globule surface layer, with casein adsorbed in preference to whey proteins and α_s (α_sl+α_s2)-casein adsorbed in preference to β-casein. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the surface layer of fat globule was made up of casein micelles, fragments of casein micelles and a thin layer of protein, possibly whey proteins. Experiments with surface layers that had been dispersed in EDTA showed that the extent of dissociation of caseins followed the order: β-casein > α_s-casein ≦ K-casein, suggesting that most of the K-casein was probably associated directly with the fat surface.     

Hydrocolloid/Milk Gel Formation and Properties

Three rheological measurements, as well as cryo-scanning electron microscopy, were used to study the mechanism of gel formation and structure of a hydrocolloid-based milk gel. Processing conditions included combinations of pH level and total solids concentration as well as fat content. The first two variables and their interaction influenced gel point, gel strength, viscoelasticity and syneresis; while fat served primarily as a filler of the gel matrix, it also influenced those properties. In model studies of carrageenan and kappa-casein, calcium ions promoted gelation. Gel microstructure was dictated by processing variables and governed physical properties. The cold-setting mechanism occurred in three stages, hypothesized to include increased viscosity and molecular alignment, molecular interaction, and aggregation.     

粒径分析法研究稳定剂对含乳饮料稳定性的影响

研究水溶性大豆多糖(SSPS)、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)和高酯果胶(HMP)在含乳饮料中的粒径分布和离心沉淀率。结果表明：在SSPS、CMC和HMP的质量分数大于0.3%时,酸性含乳饮料的体系开始趋于稳定,当HMP添加量为0.3%、SSPS和CMC的添加量分别为0.5%时,含乳饮料体系稳定性最好,而且粒径分析与离心沉淀率结果相一致。通过分析含乳饮料的粒径分布和离心沉淀率可以快速、准确的判断所添加稳定剂的含量在含乳饮料体系中应用的可行性。     

乳脂肪含量对牛乳理化性质的影响

以人工制备的不同含脂量（0.5%、1.5%、2.5%、3.5%）的牛乳为样品（不同批次,n=12）,对其成分、显微结构、粒径、色度和稳定性进行对比分析。结果表明,随着含脂量的增加,牛乳中总固形物含量及酪蛋白含量显著增加（P＜0.05）,蛋白质含量差异不显著（P＞0.05）。新鲜牛乳的酸度在16～18 °T范围内,其大小与含脂量高低成正比,另外,含脂量越高,牛乳中脂肪球粒径越大,体系越不稳定,色泽越黄。本实验为探索牛乳脂肪含量和其理化性质之间的关系提供基础数据,为牛乳制品的研发及生产工艺优化提供了技术依据。     

均质法控制PET奶茶脂肪上浮的研究

采用物理方法——均质法控制奶茶中脂肪上浮,研究了不同的产品均质次数和奶粉均质方式对奶茶脂肪上浮的影响。研究结果显示,产品均质次数越多,所制备产品粒径越小,但随着均质次数的增加,粒径减小的幅度减小。奶粉的均质对奶茶产品脂肪上浮没有影响。粒度测量结果与奶茶脂肪上浮趋势一致。     

广西水牛奶脂肪含量对感官特性的影响

以荷斯坦牛奶为对照品,分析了广西水牛奶的主要成分、理化指标和粒径分布特点,发现两种牛奶的非脂乳固体、酸度、pH值等指标并无明显差异．水牛奶的蛋白质、脂肪、总固形物质量分数及电导率明显高于荷斯坦牛奶,特别是脂肪质量分数差异尤为明显。两种牛奶脂肪在粒经分布上也表现出不同的特点,水牛奶的脂肪粒径在0．5～20μm之间,而荷斯坦牛奶的粒径在0．5～10μm之间。为此,进一步比较分析了不同脂肪质量分数水牛奶的感官差异．发现水牛奶的风味受脂肪质量分数很大的影响．提示在开发水牛奶产品时应注意调节脂肪质量分数。     

磷脂强化乳脂肪体系对易氧化营养素包埋稳定性的影响

通过添加外源性大豆卵磷脂的方法保护牛乳均质后的脂肪球膜磷脂层，并利用新生成乳脂肪球分别包埋和保护富含多不饱和脂肪酸的鱼油、VE和β-胡萝卜素3 种易氧化营养素。结果表明，外源性磷脂的添加使牛乳均质过程中形成了结构完整、粒径更小、表面电位绝对值更大的油滴。在油脂加速贮藏实验过程中，富含磷脂和鱼油的2 种均质加工乳可减缓鱼油初级和次级氧化的程度，油脂氧化的初期阶段产生的脂质氢过氧化物含量最终分别为1.28 mmol/mL和1.79 mmol/mL，显著低于无外源性磷脂添加的2.81 mmol/mL。2 种磷脂强化乳在次级氧化阶段产生的丙二醛分别为4.29 nmol/mL和6.64 nmol/mL，显著低于无外源性磷脂添加的15.87 nmol/mL。磷脂强化乳中的VE保存率和β-胡萝卜素的保存率在贮藏实验的12 d后分别达到90.80%和71.02%，显著高于无外源磷脂添加的均质乳（80.63%和64.54%），该工艺方法可降低VE和β-胡萝卜素的降解程度。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1凝乳酶对羊奶干酪成熟特性的影响

为探究解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1凝乳酶制备的羊奶干酪(干酪B)成熟特性的变化,以采用商业凝乳酶和同批次羊奶制作的干酪(干酪A)为对照组,比较两组干酪在60d成熟期主要组分、质构特性、微生物指标及风味物质的变化。结果表明,两组干酪得率相差不大。成熟期间干酪的水分、蛋白质及脂肪含量呈先上升后下降趋势,干酪B始终高于干酪A;干酪游离氨基酸总量在成熟期间呈先下降后上升趋势,且干酪B中苯丙氨酸、天冬氨酸、异亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸、丝氨酸含量高于干酪A。成熟前期干酪B质构特性优于干酪A。干酪A成熟后乳酸乳球菌数量增加了(5.22±0.02)%,干酪B无显著变化(P>0.05)。成熟期内,两组干酪中挥发性风味物质种类和含量均增加,但干酪B中的壬酸、辛醇、2-庚酮、2-壬酮、二甲基砜使羊奶干酪风味独特、浓郁。因此,GSBa-1凝乳酶具备替代商业凝乳酶用于羊奶干酪生产的潜力,可对干酪风味的形成和品质的提升起到一定促进作用。     

Effect of SDS on Casein Micelles: SDS-Induced Milk Gel Formation

ABSTRACT: The addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) during skim-milk reconstitution contributed to a modification of hydrophobic interactions and, consequently, to change in the micellar structure. SDS-induced modifications in casein micelles were investigated by biochemical measurements (soluble mineral and protein analyses, granulometric and electrokinetic potential measurements, and casein micelle solvation). SDS induced micellar κ-casein dissociation and caused a decrease in steric, hydration, and electrostatic repulsive forces between casein micelles and as a result altered micellar stability. Consequently, SDS-modified micelle aggregation occurred. Mineral analysis indicated that Ca, PO₄^3- and Mg partitioning between aqueous phase and curd is similar, suggesting a possible bridging mechanism via minerals and SDS molecules.     

Photooxidative Stability of Ice Cream Prepared from Milk Fat

ABSTRACT: :
The photooxidation of ice cream containing 14.25% milk fat prepared from 7 fat materials with different compositions was investigated by conducting sensory evaluations for oxidized off-flavor and by monitoring hydroperoxide formation. They showed a wide range of oxidative stability against light, and the flavor score was related to peroxide value (correlation coefficient, 0.795). The photooxidative stability of ice cream was influenced mainly by the riboflavin content and by the oil's susceptibility to photooxidation. These contributing proportions were 53.7 and 17.6%, respectively, with a multiple regression model. The photooxidative stability of the oil fraction increased with the increasing tocopherol homologues ratio, γ-tocopherol/α-tocopherol (correlation coefficient, 0.846). Furthermore, the photooxidative stability of ice cream was influenced by the amount of free-fat content.     

Modeling Milk Clotting Activity in the Continuous Production of Microbial Rennet from Mucor miehei

Production of microbial rennet, a milk clotting enzyme, from a commercial strain of Mucor miehei (NRRL 3420) was investigated in a continuously fed fermenter system for prolonged periods. The spherical film-wise growth of the culture has been accomplished and the effects of medium pH, mixing and dilution rates, and feed of D-glucose concentration on milk clotting activity was investigated. In model simulation studies, maximum milk clotting activity was generated from a multiple linear function. This was expressed in terms of fermentation medium pH, D-glucose, dissolved oxygen concentrations and dilution rate at the time of maximum milk clotting activity.     

牛乳和双峰驼乳中乳脂球膜蛋白的差异分析

为阐明双峰驼乳中乳脂球膜蛋白（milk fat globule membrane proteins,MFGMP）的组成以及与牛乳MFGMP之间的差异,以牛乳和双峰驼乳中的MFGMP为研究对象,采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、双向电泳和液相色谱-串联质谱（liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS）技术对其中的高丰度蛋白质进行表征,并对双峰驼乳MFGMP提取方法进行选择。结果显示,双峰驼乳和牛乳MFGMP中含量最高的蛋白组分依次为嗜乳脂蛋白、黄嘌呤氧化还原酶/脱氢酶、乳凝集素（MFG-E8或PAS6/7）、脂肪分化相关蛋白（ADRP或PLIN2）,3 种方法分析双峰驼乳和牛乳中MFGMP中高丰度蛋白组分的结果具有一致性。基于LC-MS/MS技术对双峰驼乳的MFGMP进行鉴定,并将对鉴定出的蛋白质进行基因本体功能注释和京都基因与基因组百科全书路径分析,发现这些蛋白主要是细胞膜、线粒体、内质网膜等组分,参与的生物途径有翻译和翻译的起始、氧化还原过程、细胞内蛋白质转运、蛋白质折叠、细胞氧化还原稳态等,具有结合活性和分子催化等分子功能。     

UHT乳贮存期间脂肪变化的研究

在UHT乳贮存期间,对其脂肪酶活力、上层脂肪含量、上层脂肪粒径、游离脂肪酸含量进行测定。结果表明,随着贮存时间的延长,脂肪酶活力、上层脂肪含量、上层脂肪粒径、游离脂肪酸含量变化极显著(P<0.01);贮存时间与脂肪酶活力、上层脂肪含量、上层脂肪粒径、游离脂肪酸含量间均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。