Atmospheric turbulence with respect to moving ground vehicles

A random-process model is developed for the turbulent wind with respect to a moving ground vehicle. The spatial and temporal variations of the wind turbulence component normal to the direction of motion of the vehicle are considered, and numerical results are given for the power spectral density, cross-correlation, square-root coherence and phase-lag functions.The power spectral density and aerodynamic-admittance functions of side force are evaluated, on the basis of a linear relationship between unsteady side force and turbulence velocity. A numerical example shows that significant excitation of vehicle suspension modes ($\text{f}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{\$}\text{?}\text{1}\text{Hz}$) may occur for vehicle speeds exceeding 40 m s^?1, the turbulence energy increasing approximately with the square of mean wind speed.The model gives valuable insight into the structure of turbulent wind with respect to moving vehicles, and should facilitate the interpretation of experimental data. The results also aid rational design of suspension systems for high-speed ground vehicles, to cope with loads due to wind turbulence.     

深圳平安国际金融大厦风致响应大涡模拟分析

运用一种新的湍流脉动流场产生方法模拟了三种风场的湍流边界条件,采用一种新的大涡模拟的亚格子模型,基于Linux系统下软件平台Fluent 6.3的并行计算技术,对深圳平安国际金融大厦进行了全尺寸、高雷诺数（高达10×10⁸量级）的数值风洞模拟。计算了三种风场下建筑表面平均、脉动风压及风荷载时程数据。利用惯性风荷载（IWL）法得到三种风场下深圳平安金融大厦的基底等效静风荷载以及结构顶部峰值加速度响应。分析了不同的湍流来流对结构风压系数、风荷载及加速度响应的影响。分析结果表明：三种来流风场条件下,深圳平安金融大厦周围风场相差较大,来流的湍流强度越高,建筑物前方的脉动风速越高;顺风向等效风荷载主要受平均风速控制,横风向等效风荷载主要受脉动风控制;湍流强度越大,横风向等效风荷载越大;中国规范建议的湍流流场下,深圳平安金融大厦10年重现期顺风向、横风向峰值加速度响应满足居住者舒适度要求。     

风力机叶片周边瞬态风场的混合数值模拟

本文根据已有的三维瞬态风场混合数值模拟方法,首先利用k-ε湍流模型对风力发电机叶片周边的时均湍流场进行CFD数值模拟,用ESDU推荐的方法计算了叶片附近的Reynolds应力张量,并修正叶片周边风场的脉动风功率谱密度函数。基于随机流场生成方法逐点模拟了叶片周边的三维脉动风速场,为今后进行叶片脉动荷载的求解奠定了基础。     

On the propagation of uncertainty in inflow turbulence to wind turbine loads

When stochastic simulation of inflow turbulence random fields is employed in the analysis or design of wind turbines in normal operating states, it is common to use well-established standard spectral models represented in terms of parameters that are usually treated as fixed or deterministic values. Studies have suggested, though, that many of these spectral parameters can exhibit some degree of variability. It is not unreasonable to expect, then, that derived flow fields based on simulation with such spectral models can be in turn highly variable for different realizations. Turbine load and performance variability would also be expected to result if response simulations are carried out with these variable flow fields. The aim here is to assess the extent of variability in derived inflow turbulence fields that arises from the noted variability in spectral model parameters. Simulation of these parameters as random variables forms the basis of this study. A commercial-sized 1.5 MW concept wind turbine is considered in the numerical studies. Variability in turbulence power spectra at field points on the rotor plane and in turbulence coherence functions for separations on the order of a rotor diameter and smaller is studied. Using time domain simulations, variability in various wind turbine response measures is also studied where the focus is on statistics such as response root-mean-square and 10-min extreme estimates. It is seen that while variability in inflow turbulence spectra can be great, the variability in turbine loads is generally considerably lower. One exception is for turbine yaw loads whose larger variability arises due to sensitivity to a coherence decay parameter that is itself highly variable. Finally, because reduced-order representations of turbulence random fields using empirical orthogonal decomposition techniques allow useful physical insights into spatial patterns of flow, variability in the energy distribution and the shapes of such empirical eigenmodes is studied and a simplified model is proposed that retains key variability sources in a limited number of modes and that accurately preserves overall inflow turbulence field uncertainty.     

基于可靠度的风荷载分析

综述了影响统计平均风速的几个因素 ,特别阐述了时距对平均风速的影响。根据Shinozuka的理论和Davenport脉动风速功率谱模拟产生了风速、风压样本 ,并利用蒙特卡洛法分析了忽略脉动风速平方项对脉动风压功率谱密度函数的影响 ,进而分析了其对于风荷载作用下的结构动力响应的影响     

Measurement of extreme aerodynamic interference forces acting on circular cylinders in turbulent boundary layers

Extreme interference wind loads on circular cylinders are investigated in wind tunnel simulations of atmospheric boundary layers with high turbulence levels. Since for circular cylinders interference effects caused by vortex shedding are pronounced, the present work tries to clarify to which extent turbulence effects are reducing the interference in this case. Aerodynamic forces and moments were measured with a piezoelectric six-component wind tunnel balance. The balance is distinguished by a large dynamic range, low interferences and a high natural frequency. The numerous results include comparisons of mean values, r.m.s. values and extreme values of force coefficients with and without interference with reference to the velocity profiles and the turbulence levels in two different boundary layer simulations. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the application of the results in estimating wind loads on cylindrical structures.     

北京郊外近地面风场特性实测研究

基于北京延庆县某一近地风剖面观测点,观测获得了近地面冬季季风剖面实测数据,研究了近地风剖面的平均风速和风向角、湍流度、阵风因子、相干函数、湍流积分尺度和功率谱密度等风场特性参数,并与现行欧洲、美国、日本等相关国家规范进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：实测风速沿高度的变化规律除3.5m高度外,12.5m高度范围内实测结果与各国规范值基本符合;随着高度的增加,湍流度和阵风因子呈逐渐减小的趋势;实测湍流度结果与欧洲、美国、日本等相关规范湍流度取值较为接近,而与GB 50009-2012《建筑结构荷载规范》差异较大;10m高度范围内顺风向、横风向湍流积分尺度随着高度增加而增大,随着平均风速增大而增大,实测湍流积分尺度结果与国外规范值存在一定差异;随着测点间距增大,竖向相关性的衰减系数明显增大,且实测衰减系数结果与Davenport建议的衰减系数有明显差异;10m高度范围内各高度处的实测功率谱密度曲线基本一致,与已有经验谱有一定差异,但与Devenport谱接近。     

Measurement of the Reynolds stress structure and turbulence characteristics of the wind above a two-dimensional trapezoidal shape of hill

Wind tunnel experiments were carried out to measure the mean velocity and turbulence structure of the wind flow over a two-dimensional trapezoidal shape of hill. The quadrant analysis technique was employed to analyze the structure of the Reynolds stress. Analysis of the turbulent velocity spectrum of the wind above the hill under different wind attack angles is conducted. The fractional speed-up ratios of the present measured results are found in agreement with the wind tunnel data of Lemelin et al. (J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 28 (1988) 117) for the case of the wind attack angle of 30°. Measurements of the mean velocity profiles disclose that the speed-up phenomenon is mostly manifest at Z/H=0.6 for the case of wind attack angle of 10°. Turbulence intensity profiles measured at different locations show that the turbulence intensity decreases as shifting from far upstream location of the hill (X/H=−20) to the downstream location at the center of hill (X/H=0). The decrease of the turbulence intensity is obviously at the distance close to the surface of the hill. Results of the quadrant analysis indicate that the sweep and ejection events are the major contributors to the Reynolds stress. Others like inward and outward interaction events make negative contributions. The values of the stress fractions of ejection and sweep events become the lowest as the wind attack angle is 20°. Analysis of the turbulent velocity power spectrum density shows that the spectrum density is increasing in the lower-frequency region as the wind attack angle increases. The power spectrum density is found to decrease for increase in the wind attack angle at the higher-frequency region.     

About the penetration of a horizontal axis cylindrical vortex into the nearby downwind region of a vertical porous fence

Wind tunnel experiments have been conducted on a cylindrical vortex embedded in a low turbulence stationary horizontal stream, running through a two-dimensional narrow vertical woven fence located on the wind tunnel floor.The vortex was continuously generated upwind of the fence by means of a vortex tube located well below the fence top level, with its axis aligned with the mean velocity of the external stream. The fence installed along the entire width of the tunnel had a porosity of 70%. Visualization experiments showed that approaching the fence the vortex moves away from the mean wind direction of the adjacent stream along a rising curved trajectory while the direction of the surrounding mean flow remained nearly horizontal. The results suggest that this deviation could be promoted by the vortex slanting velocity field relative to the fence, which “sees” a fence with much lower optical porosity than the fence perpendicular velocity of the nearby mean flow.The fence top shear layer flow, which dominates the downwind evolution of the mixing layer, appears to be highly sensitive to the presence of this type of vortex. The most energetic changes in the flow due to the presence of the vortex occurred in the mixing layer region. Windbreaks are usually designed in terms of mean velocity, turbulence intensity, geometric dimensions, and porosity. The results presented in this paper suggest that the sheltering ability of a porous fence depend also on the particular flow pattern of the oncoming turbulent structures embedded in the incident wind. The results show the importance for a particular wind sheltering application in knowing a priori at least some aspects of the flow pattern of the most representative turbulent structures of the local wind.     

A phenomenological model for the dynamic response of wind turbines to turbulent wind

To predict the average power output of a wind turbine, a response model is proposed which takes into account: (i) the delayed response to the longitudinal wind speed fluctuations; (ii) a response function of the turbine with arbitrary frequency dependence; (iii) wind fields of arbitrary turbulence intensity. In the limit of low turbulence intensity, the dynamical ansatz as proposed in 1992 by Rosen and Sheinman is reproduced. It is shown, how the response function of the turbine can be obtained from simulation experiments of a specific wind turbine. For two idealized situations the dynamic effect of fluctuating wind is estimated at turbulence intensities 0?I_u?0.5. At the special mean wind speed , the turbine response function is determined from simulation data published by Sheinman and Rosen in 1992 and 1994.     

考虑桨叶旋转效应的海上风力发电高塔系统随机风振响应与动力可靠度分析

研究了考虑桨叶旋转效应的海上风力发电高塔系统随机动力响应与风振可靠度分析.在风场模拟中,桨叶风荷载需要考虑旋转效应的影响.因此,对塔体风荷载,直接采用基于物理机制的随机Fourier谱,而对桨叶风荷载,则采用考虑桨叶旋转机制的随机Fourier谱概念.在此基础上,结合概率密度演化理论,对海上风力发电高塔系统进行了随机动力响应分析以及基于塔顶位移响应的风振动力可靠度分析.结果表明,上述方法能够有效地进行此类结构的随机动力响应及可靠度分析.     

Savonius风力机叶片气动性能模拟与分析

针对Savonius阻力型风力发电机扰流流动特点,建立了二维不可压缩湍流模型,并对基于流体连续性方程和N-S方程及k-ε湍流模型的二维流场进行数值模拟计算.用ICEM构建了风力机叶片二维模型,完成了网格的划分,在FLUENT中模拟了流场内叶片截面的受力情况和速度分布情况,得到了Savonius风机的气动性能.     

体育场悬挑屋盖结构风压特性研究

结合一大跨度悬挑屋盖结构的刚性模型风洞试验,研究不同屋盖倾角、不同风向及看台后部是否开敞等因素对屋面平均风压分布特性的影响。在总结上述分析结果的基础上,将屋盖风压近似简化为二维形式,对屋盖跨向风荷载进行分段描述,供抗风设计参考。     

Wind tunnel simulation of the wind conditions inside bidimensional forest clear-cuts. Application to wind turbine siting

The flow field within bidimensional forest clear-cuts, oriented perpendicular to the wind direction, has been modelled in a wind tunnel, studying the effect of porosity and length of the leading forest and clear-cut. A simple foam model provides an effective simulation of the forest canopy flow, following similar turbulence characteristics found in other wind tunnel and field tests. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements provide a clear picture of the displacement of the boundary layer above the porous canopy and the development of a cavity shear layer at the height of the forest. This shear layer originates high velocity gradients, turbulence intensities and wind gusts. The study of extreme winds is carried out using extreme value analysis on the PIV fields. The results are applied to study the technical feasibility of wind turbine siting in forests following the IEC61400-1 norm. With respect to the forest-free conditions, the turbulence intensity is increased by 4-9%, the wind energy is reduced by 5-20% and the extreme velocities are 15-30% higher. As a rule of thumb, the clearance between the rotor and the ground should be at least two times the forest height to avoid the cavity shear layer.     

大跨度柱面网壳结构风荷载特性风洞试验研究

为研究大跨度柱面网壳结构受特征湍流影响的风荷载特性,在大气边界层风洞中对一大跨度柱面网壳干煤棚结构进行刚性模型同步测压试验,获得了结构表面测点在36个风向角下的测压数据。根据测试结果分析了结构的平均、脉动风压分布特性,脉动风荷载谱以及测点间脉动风荷载的相关性等。结果表明：结构在不同风向角下,特征湍流的影响情况不同,平均风压和脉动风压最大值出现的位置和范围存在较大差别;结构迎风位置测点脉动风荷载无量纲功率谱数值较大,且频谱成分复杂,随着气流向尾流区域发展,无量纲功率谱谱峰宽度及对应的无量纲频率具有增大的趋势,且高频段的衰减速度变缓;测点间脉动风荷载相关性随着频率及测点间空间距离的增加而减小,当频率达到30 Hz时,其相干函数值快速衰减,可以近似认为不相关。     

中信广场风场特性与结构响应实测研究

利用超声风速仪和加速度传感器现场实测了中信广场在台风"达维"的作用过程中的风场特性、建筑物表面风压以及加速度响应时程,分析了平均风速、平均风向的变化历程,以及纵向、横向和竖向风速谱特性和加速度响应谱特性。结果表明,中信广场顶部的风速谱与von Karman谱较为接近,通过现场实测的加速度响应谱得到中信广场的固有频率比有限元模型的计算结果大32%,分析认为由于非结构构件参与工作,增加了结构刚度以及结构没有满负荷工作,结构的实际质量小于有限元分析中的计算质量。     

Numerical evaluation of wind effects on a tall steel building by CFD

A comprehensive numerical study of wind effects on the Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Council (CAARC) standard tall building is presented in this paper. The techniques of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), such as Large Eddy Simulation (LES), Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS) Model etc., were adopted in this study to predict wind loads on and wind flows around the building. The main objective of this study is to explore an effective and reliable approach for evaluation of wind effects on tall buildings by CFD techniques. The computed results were compared with extensive experimental data which were obtained at seven wind tunnels. The reasons to cause the discrepancies of the numerical predictions and experimental results were identified and discussed. It was found through the comparison that the LES with a dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) model can give satisfactory predictions for mean and dynamic wind loads on the tall building, while the RANS model with modifications can yield encouraging results in most cases and has the advantage of providing rapid solutions. Furthermore, it was observed that typical features of the flow fields around such a surface-mounted bluff body standing in atmospheric boundary layers can be captured numerically. It was found that the velocity profile of the approaching wind flow mainly influences the mean pressure coefficients on the building and the incident turbulence intensity profile has a significant effect on the fluctuating wind forces. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly simulate both the incident wind velocity profile and turbulence intensity profile in CFD computations to accurately predict wind effects on tall buildings. The recommended CFD techniques and associated numerical treatments provide an effective way for designers to assess wind effects on a tall building and the need for a detailed wind tunnel test.     

Numerical simulation of the wind field around different building arrangements

A numerical model with the RNG κ−ε turbulence closure model and a pressure correction algorithm of SIMPLEC is used to examine three different building configuration effects on wind flow. Comparisons of computational results with experimental data have been carried out for the vertical velocity profiles at some measurement points. For the experimental study, the building arrangements were presented by 1:150 scale models and tested in a low-speed wind tunnel. It was found that the wind environment for two improved arrangements with lower interval-to-height ratio is better than that for the reference layout with higher aspect ratio in terms of the natural ventilation. The interference effect is more obvious for two improved arrangements than the reference one. The numerical results also show that changing wind direction from perpendicular to the building facades to a 45°-incidence angle has significant effect on the flow field for different configurations.     

台风“苏力”近地风场脉动特性实测研究

利用设置在福建省霞浦县牙城镇的观测点,成功测得了2013年超强台风“苏力”的近地脉动风场数据,在此基础上对台风的湍流强度、阵风因子、湍流积分尺度和功率谱进行了分析。研究结果表明：湍流强度和阵风因子随平均风速的增大而减小,当平均风速大于10 m/s时,数值趋于稳定;台风风场的横风向、竖直向湍流强度分量显著增强,顺风向、横风向、竖直向湍流强度分量比值达到1∶0.8∶0.55;台风风场的湍流积分尺度离散性较大,与平均风速、湍流强度无明显相关性,实测的台风脉动风功率谱与von Karman谱比较接近。     

Wind-induced fatigue of structures under neutral and non-neutral atmospheric conditions

The authors of this paper have carried out a wide research project aimed at determining the wind-induced fatigue of structures, hypothesising the wind field as neutrally stratified, as it is typical of evaluations addressed to ultimate loading conditions. As wind-induced fatigue is sensitive to moderate wind velocities, for which stable or unstable atmospheric conditions can occur, this paper extends the procedures previously established to non-neutral thermal stratifications. The mean wind velocity profile and the cross-power spectral density functions of the atmospheric turbulence are expressed in terms of the Monin–Obukhov length. The occurrence of stable, unstable and neutral conditions is taken into account by means of the joint probability distribution of the mean wind velocity and direction and of the Monin–Obukhov length. The effects of non-neutral stratifications on the structural response and on the mean fatigue life are preliminary discussed with reference to an example concerning a steel chimney.