在溶剂中合成2-硝基-4-甲基苯胺的研究

以 4-甲基苯胺为母体 ,合成了 2 -硝基 -4-甲基苯胺。产品收率在 86%以上。在乙酰化、硝化反应中引入了 1 ,2 -二氯乙烷溶剂。用正交实验法确定了最佳原料配比 ,n(4 -甲基苯胺 )∶n(醋酐 )∶n(硫酸 ) =1∶ 1 .3 0∶ 1 .1 3。改进后 ,每 mol母体的醋酐用量由 3 1 6g减少至 1 3 2 .6g,浓硫酸用量由3 64g减少至 1 1 0 .4g,溶剂回收率在 95 %以上。     

5,6-二甲基苯并咪唑的合成工艺改进

以 3,4 二甲基苯胺为母体 ,合成了 5 ,6 二甲基苯并咪唑。产品收率达 41%。在乙酰化、硝化反应中引入了 1,2 二氯乙烷溶剂。用正交实验确定了最佳原料配比 :n(3,4 二甲基苯胺 )∶n(醋酐 )∶n(硫酸 ) =1 0 0∶1 30∶1 13。改进后 ,每mol母体的醋酐用量由 30 3 0g减少至 132 6g ,浓硫酸用量由 30 3 8g减少至 110 74g。     

合成2-甲基烯丙基二乙酸酯的新工艺

以甲基丙烯醛和无水醋酐为原料及强酸性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂合成了2．甲基烯丙基二乙酸酯,考察了催化剂用量、物料配比、反应温度及反应时间对反应的影响。确定了适宜的反应工艺条件：n（醋酐）／n（甲基丙烯醛）为1,2;强酸性阳离子交换树脂用量以甲基丙烯醛的用量（mol）为基准,2．0g/mol;反应时间5h,反应温度-10℃。在此条件下,甲基丙烯醛转化率为95.5％,2．甲基烯丙基二乙酸酯选择性和收率分别为95.7％和91．4％。并对产物进行了红外光谱表征,产物的红外谱图和标准谱图基本吻合。     

4,5-二甲基-1,2-二苯胺的合成工艺改进

以3,4-二甲基苯胺为原料,合成了4,5-二甲基-1,2-二苯胺,产品收率达69%以上。在乙酰化、硝化反应中引入了1,2-二氯乙烷溶剂。用正交实验确定了最佳原料配比:n(3,4-二甲基苯胺)∶n(醋酸酐)∶n(硫酸)=1.00∶1.15∶1.10,硝化反应温度为13°C,反应时间为3.5h,硝化产物收率为90.56%,溶剂回收率95%以上。改进后,每摩尔母体的醋酸酐用量由303g减少至118g,浓硫酸用量由304g减少至108g。     

对乙酰氨基苯磺酰胺合成工艺的改进

以苯胺为母体合成对乙酰氨基苯磺酰胺，在氯磺化反应中引入四氯化碳作溶剂，在反应后期加入氯化钠．用正交实验确定了最佳原料配比：n（乙酰苯胺）：n（氯磺酸）：n（氯化钠）=1．0：4．3：0．4．工艺改进后．氯磺化反应的收率由80．00％提高到了86．73％．物料稀释温度和氨解打浆温度由5℃提高到了13℃，节省了能源，方便了生产．     

N-苯基马来酰亚胺的合成与表征

以顺丁烯二酸酐和苯胺为原料,研究在催化剂作用下合成N_苯基马来酰亚胺（N—PMI）的新工艺,在N-苯基马来酰胺酸合成时采用乙酸已酯作溶剂,在N-PMI合成时采用乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）钠盐作为催化剂、醋酐作为脱水剂、丙酮作为溶剂,考察了原料配比、催化剂的选择及用量、反应温度与反应时间等因素对反应结果的影响,合成N-PMI的最佳工艺条件为：顺酐与苯胺质量比为1．06：1,0,催化剂用量为O．35g／g中间体,反应温度为55℃,反应时间为4h。在最佳工艺下产品收率可达92％以上,产品纯度可达99％（质量分数）以上,并通过气相色谱检测了产品纯度,通过红外光谱对产品结构进行了表征。     

β-环糊精催化合成N-苯基邻苯二甲酰亚胺

以β-环糊精为催化剂,苯胺和邻苯二甲酸酐为原料,在水溶剂中合成N-苯基邻苯二甲酰亚胺,考察了反应时间,催化剂用量,胺酐比,溶剂用量等因素对产物收率的影响.结果表明,β-环糊精有着很好的催化活性,当反应时间为5h,胺酐比为1.3:1(mol),β-环糊精浓度1%(以溶剂质量计)时,在30mL加入少量盐酸的水溶剂中,收率可...     

表面活性剂催化合成N-苯基邻苯二甲酰亚胺

以多种表面活性剂为催化剂,苯胺和邻苯二甲酸酐为原料,在水溶剂中合成N-苯基邻苯二甲酰亚胺,考察了反应时间,催化剂用量,胺酐比等因素对产物收率的影响。结果表明,采用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠有最好的催化活性,当反应时间为5h,胺酐比为1．1：1（m01）,表面活性剂浓度2％（以溶剂质量计）时,收率可达到93．8％,且催化剂重复使用性好。     

无水AlCl3催化合成N-甲基-N-氰乙基苯胺

本文报道了以N-甲基苯胺和丙烯腈为原料，用无水AlCl3作催化剂，低温常压合成N-甲基-N-氰乙基苯胺的新工艺，研究了催化剂用量、反应温度、回流时间、原料配比等因素对合成反应的影响。在n（N-甲基苯胺）：n（丙烯腈）：n（AlCl3）=1：1．2：0．08、85％左右反应18h，用气相色谱检测，标题化合物的纯度高达97％，产率高于96％。     

国外均苯四酸二酐发展概况(下)

PMDA作为聚酰亚胺的原料,要求纯度必须在98％以上,因此提纯精制是十分重要的一环。 1.重结晶法。方法一般是将粗酐在溶剂中加热回流30分钟,冷却过滤,精制后的均酐在80℃真空干燥再升温至240℃三小时即可。溶剂有二氧六环—醋酐,四氢呋喃—     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。