认知方式对不规则几何图形识别绩效影响的眼动研究

实验以眼动仪为主要设备研究人格特征对不规则几何图形的识别绩效的影响，采用混合式3因子析因设计，认知方式为被试间设计，显示条件和显示方式为被试内设计。研究发现认知方式对不规则几何图形识别绩教的影响差异显著，场独立性被试的作业绩效高于场依存性被试。特别是在显示条件不良的情况下，这种差异更为显著。     

儿童数字加工绩效研究

本研究采用Posner的经典内源性注意和外源性注意实验范式,以数字加工反应时和数字距离效应为考察对象,探讨了儿童数字加工的绩效。结果表明:(1)两种注意条件下,在数字加工过程中提示效度和被试类型的交互作用显著;(2)数字加工绩效随年龄增长而提高,三年级的儿童处于发展中,六年级儿童已经接近成人水平。     

网页布局对视觉搜索影响的眼动研究

以12名大学生为被试,研究基于网页布局的视觉搜索的眼动特性,探讨了网页布局对被试视觉搜索的影响。实验以眼动仪为主要实验设备。研究结果表明：（1）网页布局对注视点数目、总扫视距离和注视时间影响显著。（2）不同网页布局首视点分布的象限差异不显著,但在同一布局下不同象限的首视点分布差异显著。（3）被试在视觉搜索时,“T”型网页布局的绩效优于其它网页布局。     

基于可视化呈现的数字化健康信息认知研究

目的 研究数字化健康信息的呈现状态和呈现方式对年轻用户健康信息认知理解的影响。方法 采用两因子组内设计的人因学实验,测试了18名年轻受试者在两种信息呈现状态（静态呈现,动态呈现）及三种信息呈现方式（条形图,仪表图,文本型）下的认知绩效、主观感知及眼动行为,并采用重复测量方差分析法分析实验数据。结果 信息呈现状态显著影响用户认知理解绩效,动态呈现方式能有效降低用户信息搜索时间。呈现方式显著影响感知易用性和满意度等主观评价指标,两种图形类方式主观感知评价显著高于文本型。信息呈现状态和呈现方式对眼动行为存在显著主效应及交互作用,条形图和文本型在动、静态呈现时的首次注视时间无显著差异,但动态仪表图的首次注视时间晚于静态仪表图。图形类呈现方式的总注视时长较之于文本型也较短,其信息认知效率较高。结论 呈现状态中,动态呈现能够提高用户提取重要信息的效率;而呈现方式中,图形类呈现方式有更好的用户主观认知评价。研究结果有助于揭示呈现状态和呈现方式对数字化健康信息认知的影响机制,为优化数字化健康信息的编码设计提供了指导。     

电子商务网站结算页面版式的眼动研究

本研究采用视觉搜索范式和眼动跟踪技术,对电子商务网站结算页面的内容模块的版式进行研究,探讨了不同版式对搜索绩效的影响.实验以12名大学生为对象,采用了2（不同版式：均一化、非均一化）×2（不同任务：非目标浏览、典型目标搜索）的被试内设计.结果发现：两种版式中,被试在页面中央的平均注视时间和平均注视点显著高于其余位置.说明,被试关注点跟内容无关,跟位置有关.非均一化版式的搜索效率要显著高于均一化版式,即非均一化版式的设计对于被试的搜索而言,网页设计的可用性水平更高.     

激发点击的不同注视时间参数对眼控交互操作绩效的影响

目的在基于注视作为激发点击的眼控交互中,考察激发点击的不同注视时间(300ms、500ms、700ms、900ms)参数对任务操作绩效的影响,确定适宜的时间参数推荐值。方法 16名被试分别完成4种注视时间水平下的数字搜索并选中点击任务,采用任务完成率、任务完成时为指标比较不同注视时间水平下的绩效差异。结果 (1)如果把任务超时和误击均作为操作失败,任务完成率随注视时间的增加显著提升,当注视时间达到700ms后,不再发生显著的变化;如果仅以任务超时作为操作失败,则任务完成率在不同注视时间水平下均没有显著差异;(2)任务完成时随注视时间的增加显著增长,当注视时间达到500ms后,趋于稳定,不再发生显著的变化。结论综合考虑注视时间对任务完成率和任务完成时指标的影响,在基于注视作为激发点击的眼控交互中,700ms是适宜的参数推荐值。     

食物处理烹饪方式对儿童饮食关注和偏食影响的眼动研究

目的探讨食物处理形状、烹饪方式和摆放方式这三种条件对儿童饮食关注和偏好的影响。方法以儿童成长中最常见的白菜和马铃薯为例,招募5-6岁儿童20名,实验室环境下,采用眼动追踪技术分析浏览不同食物图片时的眼动情况。结果 (1)炒和煮两种不同的食物处理烹饪方式对被试浏览食物图片时的首次注视时间、总注视时间、注视次数影响不显著,但儿童在现实生活中会倾向于"炒"这一烹饪方式。(2)切块、切片和切丝三种不同的食物处理方式对被试浏览食物图片时的首次注视时间、总注视时间、注视次数影响显著。(3)食物摆放方式的不同对被试浏览食物图片时的首次注视时间、总注视时间、注视次数影响极其显著。结论不同的食物处理烹饪方式对学龄前儿童饮食关注和偏好存在影响,炒的烹饪方式、碎丁状的食物处理形状及富有趣味造型的食物摆放形状对儿童的食欲激发有良好效果,可以作为家庭中及幼儿园为儿童准备食物时的一种较好的选择方式。     

阅读类型对不同阅读材料影响的眼动研究

阅读可以分为精读和速读两种,通过阅读研究揭示出的阅读规律可以指导阅读教学,提高学生的阅读效率。本研究对被试用两种阅读类型阅读中英文时的眼动进行记录,结果发现:(1)精读在注视时间、注视次数、凝视次数上高于速读,在注视频率、凝视频率、眼跳距离、瞳孔直径方面低于速读,且阅读类型在凝视次数和凝视频率两指标上主效应显著。(2)阅读英文时在注视时间、注视次数、注视频率、凝视次数上高于阅读中文,在凝视频率、眼跳距离方面低于中文。本研究的结果提示我们:速读的阅读效率高于精读,速读是一种有效、成熟的阅读类型,对中文阅读效果更好。     

基于眼动指标的飞行仪表布局评估研究

目的研究飞行仪表布局变化对飞行员观察各仪表注视时间、注视点、仪表间注视转移频率和扫视轨迹的影响,以开展飞机飞行仪表布局的工效学评估。方法设计眼动测量试验,通过搭建简易仿真平台,让12名被试驾驶塞斯纳172、波音737-300和波音737-800依次完成直线爬升、平直飞行和水平转弯3个阶段的模拟飞行任务,同时记录被试的眼动数据。结果 (1)同一飞行任务中飞行员对各飞行仪表的注视时间百分比和注视点百分比没有因为仪表布局的差异而产生显著性差异。(2)对于不同型号飞机的飞行仪表布局,同一飞行任务中飞行员在各飞行仪表间的注视转移频率基本一致,但对波音737-800飞机飞行仪表的扫视轨迹长度更短且具有明显差异。结论随着飞行仪表布局的优化,飞行员观察飞行仪表时的注意力分配和各仪表间的注视转移频率并无明显差异,但扫视轨迹长度逐渐变短且变化显著。     

冲裁件几何形状特征识别

在冲裁件的几何形状识别中,基于二维几何图形特点提出了外轮廓特征、内部图形布置特征、外轮廓特征矢量和内部图形距离。通过几何外部相似性与内部相似性,给出了外轮廓相似度计算与内部图形布置相似度计算方法。并根据外轮廓特征矢量的匹配,设计了二维图形的几何形状识别算法,利用实例验证了几何形状识别算法的可行性和有效性。     

呈现方式和任务导向对网络广告受众的眼动影响

考察呈现方式和任务导向对网络广告受众注意的影响。研究采用2(呈现方式:动态切换、静态)×2(任务导向:目标、非目标)的被试间设计。结果发现:(1)被试对动态广告和静态广告的注视次数及注视时间均无显著差异;(2)非目标导向的被试对网络广告的注视次数及注视时间均显著多于目标导向的被试;(3)相比于认知评价法,眼动分析法对网络广告效果的评估更为精细准确。研究表明,网络广告受众注意受任务导向的影响,而不受呈现方式的影响。     

字号和词频对汉语阅读眼动模式的影响

研究旨在通过操作文本字号和目标词词频,考察视觉刺激模式和词汇加工难度对中文读者眼动模式的影响。研究采用2（字号：16号,32号）×2（目标词词频：高频词,低频词）的被试内实验设计,结果显示：（1）读者阅读较小字号文本的总阅读时间与较大字号文本没有显著差异,但平均眼跳幅度、平均注视时间和跳读词数显著大于较大字号文本,再注视词数显著小于大号字体文本;（2）词频对目标词的凝视时间和总注视时间有显著影响,但不影响首次注视时间、跳读率和再注视概率;字号对首次注视时间、跳读率和再注视概率有显著影响,但不影响对目标词的凝视和总注视时间。说明视觉刺激模式和词汇加工难度均影响被试的眼动模式。     

The Role of Secondary Packaging on Brand Awareness: Analysis of 2 L Carbonated Soft Drinks in Reusable Shells Using Eye Tracking Technology

Even with new technologies emerging daily that reduce the barriers to identify and purchase products, the average consumer still reports having less time to devote to shopping. A study conducted at Clemson University, sponsored by a reusable packaging company, Rehrig Pacific Company, investigated if a unique shipping shell/crate design with on‐message and product branding (direct colour print onto the shell) increased brand awareness, attention and purchase intent when placed directly onto the retail shelf. Reusable packaging for 2 L bottles of carbonated soft drink packaged in proprietary reusable shells with a multicolour logo of the major US beverage company was chosen for the study. The branded proprietary reusable shell was evaluated against a standard reusable shell in the industry used by the same company. Testing was conducted using state‐of‐the‐art eye tracking hardware and CUshop?, a full immersion consumer retail experience laboratory. Data captured from 89 study participants indicated a strong preference for the new branded reusable shell. Statistical analysis demonstrated a 47% increase in eye fixations on the branded display and an increase in fixation duration, a measure of how long consumers looked at the display, of 34% (p  < 0.05). More significantly, an increase in the visual saliency of the primary package, the 2 L bottle, was illustrated by an increase in fixation duration of 46% (p  < 0.05) and an increase of the number of fixations of 54% (p  < 0.01) when displayed in the branded reusable shell. Thus, results indicate that in‐store marketing incorporating a unique secondary packaging may lift brand awareness and increase purchase intent. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

平面手机广告认知效果的眼动评价

采用Tobii T120型眼动仪记录测试对象观看手机广告时的眼动数据,并结合主观评定法,探讨品牌位置和背景类型对广告效果的影响。结果表明:广告受众偏爱品牌在广告的左半部分;对手机广告的背景存在偏好,最喜欢以人物为背景,然后为风景、广告词;广告背景不同时,对手机广告内容的注意也有差异,当背景为人物和风景时,对手机和背景的注意比品牌多,但对左边品牌的注意比右边多。研究结论为手机平面广告的设计提供了参考依据。     

柱透镜光栅式裸眼三维显示系统视区分析

分析基于柱透镜光栅的裸眼立体显示系统,并建立明确的观察区域几何模型。首先建立了柱透镜光栅式裸眼3D显示系统观察区域的几何模型,研究了柱透镜光栅板的分光作用,分析了柱透镜参数和观察距离、观察视角之间的关系;然后通过建立的几何模型,对形成的观察区域进行分析,得出了观察范围的表达式以及柱透镜参数、显示屏参数和观察范围之间的关系;最后引用质量因子概念结合主观评测方法对两台裸眼3D显示设备形成的观察区域内的图像质量进行评价。实验结果表明:根据建立的几何模型可以计算出裸眼3D显示器的最佳观察区域。本模型为自由立体显示器的最优设计和具体实现提供了参考。     

Microstructural evolution of aluminum alloy during friction stir welding under different tool rotation rates and cooling conditions

The microstructural evolution during friction stir welding (FSW) has long been studied only using one single welding parameter. Conclusions were usually made based on the final microstructure observation and hence were one-sided. In this study, we used the “take-action” technique to freeze the microstructure of an Al-Mg-Si alloy during FSW, and then systematically investigated the microstructures along the material flow path under different tool rotation rates and cooling conditions. A universal characteristic of the microstructural evolution including four stages was identified, i.e. dynamic recovery (DRV), dislocation multiplication, new grain formation and grain growth. However, the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) mechanisms in FSW depended on the welding condition. For the air cooling condition, the DRX mechanisms were related to continuous DRX associated with subgrain rotation and geometric DRX at high and low rotation rates, respectively. Under the water cooling condition, we found a new DRX mechanism associated with the progressive lattice rotation resulting from the pinning of the second-phase particles. Based on the analyses of the influencing factors of grain refinement, it was clearly demonstrated that the delay of DRV and DRX was the efficient method to refine the grains during FSW. Besides, ultra-high strain rate and a short duration at high temperatures were the key factors to produce an ultrafine-grained material.     

一种抗几何攻击的小波域水印算法

目的针对小波变换域数字水印算法抗几何攻击能力差的问题,提出一种基于SIFT特征点匹配的DWT数字水印算法。方法将SIFT算法提取匹配特征点所具有的旋转、缩放和平移不变性的特性与DWT水印算法相结合,根据SIFT特征点的尺度特征和坐标关系,实现带水印图像的几何攻击参数估计和校正。结果仿真结果表明:提出的水印算法在受到系列旋转、缩放和平移攻击及组合攻击后,提取水印的NC值均大于0.8394,说明了算法的可行性。尤其是对于抗旋转攻击,优于其他同类或相关算法。结论提出的算法对旋转、缩放、平移等3种几何攻击都具有较好的鲁棒性。     

Factors influencing premature graduation from the use of child restraints in Japan

This study examined the association of child passenger restraint use by younger and older children taking into account situational factors and driver/child passenger characteristics. The Japanese national traffic accident data pertaining to children injured in rear-end collisions where the drivers were not-at-fault was analyzed, while applying the quasi-induced exposure method. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the adjusted effects of predictors for proper restraint use by 0-5, 6-9, and 10-12-year-old children. Unbelted drivers, child's seating position, the number of total occupants, and the child's age were significantly associated with restraint use by both younger and older children. Riding in the rear seats was strongly associated with older SB-age children not being properly restrained, suggesting a link between the lack of booster seat-use requirements and the generally low restraint use rate in rear seats as well as the premature graduation from CRS use in general. The results were discussed in light of other international findings in this field.     

Recognition of the interference spiral image in a fiber optical sensor employing optical vortices

Three methods of processing the image of an interference spiral formed in a fiber optical sensor employing optical vortices have been considered. It is established that a method based on recognition of the spiral image is most stable with respect to noises. Using this technique, it is possible to determine the angle of spiral rotation even when the visibility of the interference pattern decreases to 0.2. The passage from intensity measurements to determination of the geometric parameters of the image significantly increases the range of linearity of interferometric devices employing optical vortices.     

A simple method for prediction of chilling times: extension to three-dimensional irregular shapes

The extension of a previously published empirical chilling time prediction method to three-dimensional irregular shapes was investigated. The real geometric shapes were related to equivalent ellipsoids using simple geometric measurements. Chilling time estimates were made using two shape-dependent parameters in conjunction with the first term in the series-analytical solution for convective cooling of a sphere. Experiments for eight geometric shapes (21 runs) were used to validate the model for thermal centre temperature predictions. The accuracy of the model for predicting mass-average temperatures of irregular shapes was not tested. Accurate chilling time prediction by a method employing only simple algebraic expressions is now possible for objects of any shape.