复合TiO_2-SiO_2光催化剂的制备及性能研究

以SiO_2气凝胶为载体,采用溶胶凝胶法制备出复合TiO_2-SiO_2光催化剂。通过扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射图谱和比表面积测定等分析手段对复合光催化剂进行表征。结果表明,TiO_2微粒均匀搭载在SiO_2气凝胶的表面,复合光催化剂具有丰富的空间孔结构和良好的比表面积。在单因素实验和响应面优化实验基础上得出制备复合光催化剂的最佳工艺条件为:正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和水的用量比(V/V)为4∶1,悬浮液中TiO_2的浓度为2.21 g/L,溶胶凝胶时间为3.11 d;最优工艺条件下制备的复合光催化剂对10 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液进行24 h降解处理,去除率达到99.1%。     

Sol-gel法制备Y_2O_3∶Eu~(3+)/Yb~(3+)@SiO_2太阳能上转换材料的研究

采用pechini溶胶-凝胶法制备Eu~(3+)/Yb~(3+)共掺Y_2O_3纳米颗粒,采用经典的St?ber方法制备SiO_2包覆上述纳米颗粒的核壳结构。借助X射线衍射仪和傅里叶红外光谱仪等测试手段,研究材料的结构性能。结果表明:SiO_2包覆后,Y_2O_3的晶体结构和粒子的上转换发光机制均未发生改变,Y-O-Si键的形成说明SiO_2成功包覆在Y_2O_3∶Eu~(3+)/Yb~(3+)粒子表面。紫外-可见光分光光度计和光致发光谱测试结果对比表明,SiO_2包覆后的粒子在980 nm处仍有光谱吸收,并且材料的发光强度有较大提高。     

工业槽式太阳能集热管SiO_2增透膜的研究

讨论4m槽式太阳能集热管增透膜的制备工艺,并通过加速老化实验测试膜层的耐候性能。溶胶—凝胶法适合大规模工业化生产,尤其适合在槽式集热管这样的非平面器件上双面制膜。本文采用溶胶—凝胶法在4 m长的槽式真空集热管的外罩玻璃内外表面提拉制备多孔SiO_2增透膜,镀膜后的透过率在太阳光谱区(300~2500 nm)的平均透过率达到96%以上。     

二次催化对SiO2溶胶成膜性能的影响

采用酸碱两步法的3种不同二次催化手段制备相应的SiO_2溶胶,研究其纳米颗粒粒径、膜层表面形貌、透过率增益以及膜层硬度等性能差异,并与最初的碱催化溶胶进行比较。结果表明:以酸碱两步法Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型这3种方式进行二次催化之后,溶胶颗粒粒径均变大且粒径分布范围扩大;镀膜表面不同程度的趋向于致密化;透过率增益降低但膜层硬度提高。经对比,酸碱两步法Ⅰ型所制备膜层综合性能最佳。     

二元氧化物修饰催化剂的制备及其自增湿性能

利用锡硅二元氧化物分别采用前修饰法和后修饰法修饰Pt/C催化剂,制备得到两种复合催化剂,并用于阳极催化层制备膜电极(MEA).首先,考察修饰方式对膜电极性能的影响.膜电极的电池性能测试表明,使用前修饰法制备的Pt/SnO2-SiO2/C复合催化剂表现出更优的电池性能:在电池温度为50℃、完全增湿条件下,0.6 V的电流密度高达1100 mA/cm2.同时该膜电极也显示出良好的自增湿性能和稳定性:在电池温度为50℃、完全不增湿(干气)条件下,0.6 V的电流密度为930 mA/cm2,且经过10 h稳定性测试后,性能仅降低13％,而空白膜电极在2 h内性能下降63％.进一步比较在不同相对湿度条件下的膜电极性能,结果表明该膜电极在相对湿度较低的条件下表现出优异的自增湿性能.根据实验数据,初步推测出一种使用Pt/SnO2-SiO2/C复合催化剂的膜电极的自增湿机理.     

TiO_2/SiO_2双层减反膜在太阳电池上的应用

利用二氧化硅(SiO_2)对太阳电池表面的钝化作用,对传统的二氧化钛(TiO_2)单层减反膜进行了改良.基于理论模拟分析了光反射率随膜层(TiO_2/SiO_2)厚度变化规律,结合实验上SiO_2最佳厚度经验值,制备了晶体硅太阳电池(即TiO_2/SiO_2/Si),并和SiN_x/Si结构的晶体硅太阳电池相比较.分别测试了少子寿命、反射率、电性能参数等,结果表明这种改良后的TiO_2减反膜也可以取得很好的减反效果和钝化效果.镀有TiO_2,SiO_2双层膜与SiN_x减反膜绒面晶体硅片的积分反射率分别为4.9%和3.9%;使用以上两种不同减反膜制备的太阳电池的开路电压均可达到0.62V.可见这种TiO_2双层膜有望在将来的生产中得到具体应用.     

溶胶-凝胶制备工艺对TiO_2薄膜光催化性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备纳米TiO_2溶胶,并通过旋涂法制备高效光催化TiO_2薄膜。研究络合剂、pH值和焙烧温度对TiO_2薄膜光催化性能的影响。络合剂能有效抑制钛酸丁酯水解速率,双络合剂制备的薄膜具有更强的光催化性。pH值能影响钛酸丁酯的水解和薄膜表面介孔结构的生长。焙烧温度决定TiO_2晶型和尺寸,同时对薄膜表面粗糙度和光学特性有重要影响。高效光催化TiO_2薄膜的最佳制备工艺为以pH值为6、双络合剂制备的溶胶为原料,旋涂后在500℃条件下焙烧3 h。     

N2O在锰系低温催化剂上的生成途径

实验对比了由浸渍法、共沉淀法以及溶胶凝胶法制备的锰系低温催化剂在选择性催化还原(SCR)反应中的差异,发现溶胶凝胶法制备的催化剂在整个测试区间内都具有最高的脱硝效率,但是也有最多的 N2O 生成。针对溶胶凝胶法,进一步研究了N2O在SCR过程中的生成情况。发现N2O主要来源于NH3的直接氧化以及NH3和NO的反应,后者为N2O的主要生成途径。添加Ce、V后,随着反应温度升高,NH3的直接氧化逐步成为N2O主要来源。     

活性二氧化钛膜除污防雾性能的研究与应用

简述了几种制备TiO2薄膜方法,着重指出溶胶－凝胶法的优缺点,研究了活性TiO2膜的光催化原理和光诱导亲水性原理对其除污防才性能的作用,因实验室采用溶胶0凝胶法制备TiO2膜,并对两种含氯苯酚进行顾降解反应试验,结果表明其降解效果明显,具有工业应用前景,最后分析了活性TiO2膜作为一种功能材料目前在国内外工业应用状况,。     

堇青石基透波材料的抗热震性能分析

随着微波技术的发展,透波材料成为材料制备领域的研究热点。堇青石具有热膨胀系数低、热导率小、介电常数低、抗热震性能好及化学稳定性好等优点,将其作为微波冶金的承载体材料,满足了微波冶金过程的使用要求和适用条件。采用MgO、Al_2O_3、SiO_2三种原料,同时添加部分纳米SiO_2粉体代替工业SiO_2,在不同的原料配比下微波烧结合成Mg-Al-Si-O系堇青石基透波材料,并测定分析所得样品在未热震前、热震4次及热震8次的测试下,样品的弯曲强度及抗热震性能的变化。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.